海事强制令
摘要
在现行法律规定不能满足审判实践需要时，便需要立法者创造一种新的法律制度。在海事司法领域，当《民事诉讼法》中的财产保全规定与扣船规定不能解决日益突出的保全需要时，海事强制令制度应运而生。作为《海事诉讼特别程序法》所规定的独有的海事保全制度，海事强制令是针对正在进行的不法侵害或违约而采取的一种积极主动的可避免侵害的诉前和诉中的预防措施。它对于我国民事诉讼中的保全制度来讲，是一个突破、创新和完善。通过对海事强制令制度的定义、性质、意义分析及与其他相关制度的比较，我们可以对这个全新的法律制度有个初步的认识。
《海事诉讼特别程序法》第四章第51条至61条关于海事强制令的规定共11条，在规定上稍过简单，使当事人与法院在适用时有笼统与模糊之感。而作为一种制度的借鉴与引进，海事强制令制度也具有明显的“本土特色”，在保障海事诉讼程序推进的同时，亦存在制度设计上的不足，亟待予以关注与修正，厘定其适用范围，既要发挥其应有的作用，也要防止其滥用所导致的巨大“杀伤力”。本文结合法条规定，分析并阐述了海事强制令在管辖、申请和担保、审查与裁定、复议和异议及执行等过程中会遇到的问题与解决办法，以求对审判实践的适用有所裨益。
为更好的适用海事强制令，有必要在现有法条规定的基础上，在程序上进一步作出完善与发展，例如设立前置程序使双方当事人得到最大的公平，或向世界范围内的强制令方向发展。我国已加入世界贸易组织(WTO)，WTO基本文件明确规定禁令必须作为缔约国司法保护的法律救济措施之一。海事强制令制度为即发侵权行为提供了极为有效的强制措施，考虑到诉讼法的独特价值及其与实体法的配合协调，我国应将强制令制度进行推广适用，在民事诉讼法中弥补保全制度缺陷，使我国的民事保全措施乃至行为诉讼体系得到进一步的完善。
The Civil Procedure Law only has provisions with respect to procedures for preservation of property. However, in maritime adjudication, frequently there are applications for preservation, which do not fall within preservation of property. Based on maritime judicial practice and rational elements of foreign maritime legislation, The Maritime Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Maritime Procedure Law) establishes maritime injunction system, which stipulates that maritime courts may on the application of the maritime claimants, either during court proceedings or prior to commencement of court proceedings, compel the person against whom a claim is made
to do or not to do a certain thing, so as to avoid or minimize loss and protect the legitimate rights and interests of the parties. It is both an innovation and a breakthrough to the existing preservation of property system. Through a careful analysis of the definition, nature and significance of maritime injunction system and an in-depth comparison with other similar systems in this dissertation, we can get a general understanding of this newly adopted system.
The Maritime Procedure Law only contains eleven articles stipulating the procedures with respect to the operation of the maritime injunction system, which are too simple in the sight of the important role this system plays in The Maritime Procedure Law, and are sure to bring about many obstacles in the smooth operation of this system. Though largely drawn from the relevant legislation of the developed countries and the prevailing international practice, the detailed provisions of the maritime injunction still have many demerits due to the restrictions imposed by the existing whole civil procedure system of our country. These provisions should be revised and perfected in time, and meanwhile, the application scope of the maritime injunction system should be ascertained properly, so as to make best use of this system in implementing substantive maritime law and avoid the possible side-effects exerted by the misuse of this system.
Based on the relevant provisions, this dissertation elucidates the problems and their possible solutions, which may arise in the jurisdiction of the case, the application and granting of the maritime injunction, and the review and objection of the injunction order. I hope my elucidation may do a help to the judicial practice.
For the better application of the maritime injunction system, new procedures should be added to existing ones, such as the adoption of the prior procedure for the other party having an opportunity to defend himself. The fundamental documents of the WTO, of which China has already became an official member state, specifically stipulates that the injunction is one of the judicial remedies the contracting states must provide. In considering of the positive effect that the system plays in avoiding coming tort actions, and the conformity between the procedural and substantive law, the injunction system should also be adopted in The Civil Procedure Law to enlarge its application scope and supplement the preservation of property procedures in other areas.
《海事诉讼特别程序法》第四章第51条至61条关于海事强制令的规定共11条，在规定上稍过简单，使当事人与法院在适用时有笼统与模糊之感。而作为一种制度的借鉴与引进，海事强制令制度也具有明显的“本土特色”，在保障海事诉讼程序推进的同时，亦存在制度设计上的不足，亟待予以关注与修正，厘定其适用范围，既要发挥其应有的作用，也要防止其滥用所导致的巨大“杀伤力”。本文结合法条规定，分析并阐述了海事强制令在管辖、申请和担保、审查与裁定、复议和异议及执行等过程中会遇到的问题与解决办法，以求对审判实践的适用有所裨益。
为更好的适用海事强制令，有必要在现有法条规定的基础上，在程序上进一步作出完善与发展，例如设立前置程序使双方当事人得到最大的公平，或向世界范围内的强制令方向发展。我国已加入世界贸易组织(WTO)，WTO基本文件明确规定禁令必须作为缔约国司法保护的法律救济措施之一。海事强制令制度为即发侵权行为提供了极为有效的强制措施，考虑到诉讼法的独特价值及其与实体法的配合协调，我国应将强制令制度进行推广适用，在民事诉讼法中弥补保全制度缺陷，使我国的民事保全措施乃至行为诉讼体系得到进一步的完善。
The Civil Procedure Law only has provisions with respect to procedures for preservation of property. However, in maritime adjudication, frequently there are applications for preservation, which do not fall within preservation of property. Based on maritime judicial practice and rational elements of foreign maritime legislation, The Maritime Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Maritime Procedure Law) establishes maritime injunction system, which stipulates that maritime courts may on the application of the maritime claimants, either during court proceedings or prior to commencement of court proceedings, compel the person against whom a claim is made
to do or not to do a certain thing, so as to avoid or minimize loss and protect the legitimate rights and interests of the parties. It is both an innovation and a breakthrough to the existing preservation of property system. Through a careful analysis of the definition, nature and significance of maritime injunction system and an in-depth comparison with other similar systems in this dissertation, we can get a general understanding of this newly adopted system.
The Maritime Procedure Law only contains eleven articles stipulating the procedures with respect to the operation of the maritime injunction system, which are too simple in the sight of the important role this system plays in The Maritime Procedure Law, and are sure to bring about many obstacles in the smooth operation of this system. Though largely drawn from the relevant legislation of the developed countries and the prevailing international practice, the detailed provisions of the maritime injunction still have many demerits due to the restrictions imposed by the existing whole civil procedure system of our country. These provisions should be revised and perfected in time, and meanwhile, the application scope of the maritime injunction system should be ascertained properly, so as to make best use of this system in implementing substantive maritime law and avoid the possible side-effects exerted by the misuse of this system.
Based on the relevant provisions, this dissertation elucidates the problems and their possible solutions, which may arise in the jurisdiction of the case, the application and granting of the maritime injunction, and the review and objection of the injunction order. I hope my elucidation may do a help to the judicial practice.
For the better application of the maritime injunction system, new procedures should be added to existing ones, such as the adoption of the prior procedure for the other party having an opportunity to defend himself. The fundamental documents of the WTO, of which China has already became an official member state, specifically stipulates that the injunction is one of the judicial remedies the contracting states must provide. In considering of the positive effect that the system plays in avoiding coming tort actions, and the conformity between the procedural and substantive law, the injunction system should also be adopted in The Civil Procedure Law to enlarge its application scope and supplement the preservation of property procedures in other areas.
引文
1金正佳，翁子明．海事请求保全专论。大连：大连海事大学出版社，1996
2中国民事诉讼法教程(新编本)．北京：人民法院出版社，1992
3杨荣新．新民事诉讼法释义．北京：北京出版社,1991
4李守芹．海事诉讼与海事(商)法．北京：人民法院出版社，1999
5中国海事审判年刊．北京：人民交通出版社,1999
6杨良宜．禁令
7丹宁勋爵．法律的正当程序．北京．法律出版社．2000
8张丽英．海商法
9司玉琢．新编海商法学
10张继林．杉杉集团公司诉前申请美国总统轮船(中国)有限公司上海分公司无单放货案．见人民法院案例选．
11冯立奇．中国海事诉讼程序法的特点
12陈振生，乔华．试论我国海事诉讼特点程序法亟待完善之处
13张继林．海事请求保全、海事强制令及海事公示催告制度初评
14杨俊杰．诉讼中适用海事强制令案
15金正佳，翁子明．论建立行为保全制度
16金正佳．海事诉讼特点程序法的立法思考
17赖尚斌．涉外海事诉讼的管辖原则
18吴南伟．适用信用证欺诈例外原则的执法思考
19刘荣军．程序保障的理论视角
20白绿铉，卞建林译．美国联邦民事诉讼规则证据规则
21江伟．民事诉讼法学原理
21武岗．信用证欺诈例外原则研究．见梁慧星．民商法论丛第14卷
22何值松．信用证止付及其司法实践，见梁慧星．民商法论丛第14卷
23张希舟．信用证止付案件的由来和法院应持的态度
24陈萍萍．试论海事诉前证据保全
25冯开方，李洪．论信用证欺诈产生的对策
26六法全书
27朱清．海事诉讼与仲裁，大连．大连海事大学出版社．1996
28沈茂树．英国海事请求保全的玛瑞瓦禁令制度．见海商法研究总第3辑．北京．法律出版社．2000
29邹宗翠．假扣押、对物诉讼和船舶扣押制度．见海商法研究总第3辑．北京．法律出版社．2000
30肖健民．论诉前海事证据保全．见海商法研究总第3辑，北京．法律出版社．2000
31丹宁勋爵．法律的训诫．北京．法律出版社．2000
32丹宁勋爵．最后的篇章．北京．法律出版社．2000
33何勤华．英国法律发达史．北京法律出版社．1999
34潘维大，刘文琦．英美法导读．北京法律出版社．2000
2中国民事诉讼法教程(新编本)．北京：人民法院出版社，1992
3杨荣新．新民事诉讼法释义．北京：北京出版社,1991
4李守芹．海事诉讼与海事(商)法．北京：人民法院出版社，1999
5中国海事审判年刊．北京：人民交通出版社,1999
6杨良宜．禁令
7丹宁勋爵．法律的正当程序．北京．法律出版社．2000
8张丽英．海商法
9司玉琢．新编海商法学
10张继林．杉杉集团公司诉前申请美国总统轮船(中国)有限公司上海分公司无单放货案．见人民法院案例选．
11冯立奇．中国海事诉讼程序法的特点
12陈振生，乔华．试论我国海事诉讼特点程序法亟待完善之处
13张继林．海事请求保全、海事强制令及海事公示催告制度初评
14杨俊杰．诉讼中适用海事强制令案
15金正佳，翁子明．论建立行为保全制度
16金正佳．海事诉讼特点程序法的立法思考
17赖尚斌．涉外海事诉讼的管辖原则
18吴南伟．适用信用证欺诈例外原则的执法思考
19刘荣军．程序保障的理论视角
20白绿铉，卞建林译．美国联邦民事诉讼规则证据规则
21江伟．民事诉讼法学原理
21武岗．信用证欺诈例外原则研究．见梁慧星．民商法论丛第14卷
22何值松．信用证止付及其司法实践，见梁慧星．民商法论丛第14卷
23张希舟．信用证止付案件的由来和法院应持的态度
24陈萍萍．试论海事诉前证据保全
25冯开方，李洪．论信用证欺诈产生的对策
26六法全书
27朱清．海事诉讼与仲裁，大连．大连海事大学出版社．1996
28沈茂树．英国海事请求保全的玛瑞瓦禁令制度．见海商法研究总第3辑．北京．法律出版社．2000
29邹宗翠．假扣押、对物诉讼和船舶扣押制度．见海商法研究总第3辑．北京．法律出版社．2000
30肖健民．论诉前海事证据保全．见海商法研究总第3辑，北京．法律出版社．2000
31丹宁勋爵．法律的训诫．北京．法律出版社．2000
32丹宁勋爵．最后的篇章．北京．法律出版社．2000
33何勤华．英国法律发达史．北京法律出版社．1999
34潘维大，刘文琦．英美法导读．北京法律出版社．2000
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