江淮丘陵地区水稻“颖壳不闭”土壤养分障碍因子研究
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摘要
安徽省水稻种植面积约220万hm~2,稻谷产量135亿kg。水稻种植面积和产量约占全省粮食种植面积和总产量的近40%和50%,因此水稻生产在全省农业及国民经济中居有举足轻重的地位。近年来,安徽省江淮丘陵地区水稻发生了“颖壳不闭”现象,发生面积大、减产量大,给稻农带来较大的经济损失。在排除了水稻品种、高温等其他因素的干扰,究其根本原因和土壤养分元素有关。本文在比较了2006～2007年水稻发生“颖壳不闭”抽穗扬花期的温度基础上,采用了土壤养分状况系统研究法(ASI法)对江淮丘陵地区水稻“颖壳不闭”土壤养分状况进行了系统的研究;分析了水稻生长后期采集了水稻正常植株和“颖壳不闭”植株并进行了养分元素。
从2006、2007年肥东、长丰、颍上水稻抽穗扬花期气温资料中看出,并没有出现像2003年持续异常高温天气,所以气温对水稻开花授粉影响不大,进而水稻产量并不会受到的影响。
对三县水稻“颖壳不闭”土壤进行养分状况系统研究,通过分析测定原始土样养分含量,以ASI法中确定的各营养元素临界值为标准,三县水稻“颖壳不闭“土壤中氮素含量低,比临界值稍小。其次长丰县磷素高于临界值,肥东、颍上县都低于临界值,缺乏较为明显。长丰县土壤含钾量较高,大概为临界值的1.5倍,颍上县土壤含钾量较肥东点土壤高,但仍低于临界值。中量元素钙、镁、硫含量丰富,都大于三倍临界值。从微量元素铁、锌、铜、锰、硼的含量分析结果,可以看出Zn的含量都低于临界值;肥东、颍上、长丰县土壤锰含量均高于临界值,近临界值的8、6、4倍:硼、铜、铁的含量较高,并且都高于临界值的三倍水平。
根据土壤分析结果,对P、K和Zn低于临界值的重要养分元素进行土壤吸附试验。通过对三地区土壤P、K、Zn等3种元素的吸附试验结果为:土壤对磷的吸附曲线表明:加入磷吸附液浓度与土壤浸提液中磷溶液呈直线相关(Y为土壤吸附后有效态养分提取量,X为养分元素加入量,下同),肥东土壤y=0.3915x+4.1406、长丰土壤y=0.4441x+16.339、颍上土壤y=0.3333x+2.6389,土壤吸附能力大小依次为颍上＞肥东＞长丰;从土壤对钾的吸附曲线图可以看出,土壤中钾浸提量与加入量之间呈直线相关,三地区土壤钾的吸附曲线方程分别为肥东土壤y=0.4469x+66.662、长丰土壤y=0.2699x+100.59、颍上土壤y=0.3375x+68.703;土壤对锌的吸附曲线表明:三个土壤对锌的吸附固定能力在所设的加入吸附溶液浓度范围内差别不大,加入量与浸出量之间呈直线相关,肥东土壤y=0.5311x+1.8411,长丰土壤y=0.5437x+2.2617,颍上土壤y=0.4708x+0.8994,对锌的吸附固定能力顺序为颍上＞肥东＞长丰。综上可以看出,肥东土壤对磷、钾、锌的吸附强弱顺序为P＞K＞Zn,长丰土壤为K＞P＞Zn,颍上土壤为P＞K＞Zn。
在三县采集的土壤上进行高粱苗期盆栽试验结果表明:氮、磷、钾是生产的主要限制因子,其中缺磷处理肥东县、长丰县、颍上县土壤高粱生物产量较OPT分别减少28.97%、14.66%、21.32%,而缺氮处理减少31.29%、37.97%、34.45%均达到极显著水平。肥东县、长丰县、颍上县土壤缺钾高粱生物产量较OPT分别减少20.73%、14.66%、27.05%,其中长丰县生物产量减少最少,颍上次之、肥东最多,均达到极显著水平。在缺锌盆栽试验生物量中,肥东县、长丰县、颍上县土壤高粱生物产量较OPT分别减少34.30%、41.61%、4.10%,由此可见,肥东县土壤养分的主要障碍因子及亏缺顺序依次为锌、氮、磷、钾;长丰县土壤主要障碍因子及亏缺顺序依次为锌、氮、钾、磷;颍上县土壤主要障碍因子及亏缺顺序依次为氮、钾、磷、锌。
通过对水稻有无病害耕作层土壤和耕作层以下20cm土壤大量元素含量,可以看出这些测试土样的pH都在5.5～7.1之间,有机质含量不高且都小于20g/kg,相对缺乏。对于全氮来说,水稻正常植株还是“颖壳不闭”植株的土壤全氮含量相对缺乏,都是耕层大于耕层以下20cm,碱解氮含量也较低。对于有效磷,肥东地区含量中等,而其他的含量比较低,磷养分匮乏。对于土壤速效钾来说,是水稻“颖壳不闭”植株速效钾含量要高于对应的水稻正常植株。就缓效钾来说,无论是水稻正常还是“颖壳不闭”植株,都是耕层含量要低于耕层以下20cm,这一点和其他养分元素含量规律差别很大。无论哪个地区的土壤,水稻正常植株下土壤缓效钾含量都高于对应的水稻“颖壳不闭”植株。
而从水稻有无病害耕作层土壤和耕作层以下20cm土壤中、微量元素含量,可以看出交换性钙镁含量丰富,对于水稻来说这两种养分元素不缺乏。对于有效硫来说,肥东、长丰地区含量中等及丰富,颍上含量相对较低。另外,只有肥东水稻正常植株耕层含量低于对应的水稻“颖壳不闭”植株,其他都是耕层有效硫含量高于耕层以下20cm。对于微量元素硼来说,肥东、长丰地区水稻正常植株下耕层含量低于水稻“颖壳不闭”植株下耕层,颍上则相反。最后对于土壤有效铁、锰、铜、锌来说,所有地区供试土壤耕层含量高于耕层以下20cm,而水稻正常植株下土壤耕层及耕层以下20cm这四种微量元素含量大于或和对应水稻“颖壳不闭”植株下土壤含量相差不多。
从三县水稻正常植株和“颖壳不闭”植株大、中、微量元素分析来看,水稻正常植株籽实、茎叶、根系中的全氮、全磷、全钾含量都高于或略低于对应的“颖壳不闭”植株;对于全钙、全镁含量,水稻正常植株和“颖壳不闭”植株并没有太大的差别;至于微量元素全铜,水稻正常“颖壳不闭”植株籽实含量都差不多;而正常植株籽实中的锌含量要高于“颖壳不闭”籽实;水稻正常植株铁锰含量高于“颖壳不闭”植株。
From Feidong,Changfeng,Yingshang 2006,2007 in Rice heading flowering period and the temperature had never appear be like in 2003 so keep on excrescent heat the weather,so the air temperature teaches powder influence to the paddy rice flower pollination not big,then the paddy rice yield also wiould not be subjected to of influence.
Paddy rice in Anhui Province plants area was about 2,200 thousand ha~2 and the rice yield was 13.5 billion kg.The rice plant areas and yield was about 40%and 50%in the food plants area with total yield in Anhui Province.In those years,rice occurred spike develop abnormality in Jianghuai Hilly Land,the amount of rice occurred areas was large and the rice reduction had great capacity,and these bringed farmer who planted rice a bigger economy loss.Expeling the interference of other factors of the paddy rice species, heat...etc,we investigated its basic reason was soil nutrient chemical element relevant.This artical used Systematic approach of soil nutrients method(ASI method)in Jianghuai Hilly Land which areas planted rice occurred spike develop abnormality.At the same time,this article also elaborated the temperature of these areas where rice occurred spike develop abnormality and the latter part of the rice-growing collection of normal rice plants and plant disease and the nutrient analysis.
Through analysis of the original nutrient content in soil samples to determine the ASI method of the nutrients critical value as the standard,three counties which rice occured spike develop abnormality had low content of nitrogen in the soil,smaller than the critical value,slightly higher than the national soil survey which the average nitrogen content of 13.17ug/ml.Second,Changfeng points higher than the critical value of phosphorus, Feidong and Yingshang point below the critical value,the lack of more obvious. Changfeng points higher potassium content of the soil,probably for the critical value of 1.5 times,Yingshang points than the potassium content of the soil Feidong,but still below the critical concentration.Elements of calcium,magnesium,sulfur-rich,are three times greater than the critical value,it will not affect production.From the analysis of trace elements in the results,we could see that the Zn content was lower than the threshold,and soil manganese,boron,copper,iron content three times higher than the critical value.
Through the three areas of soil P,K,Zn,and other elements of the three elements of test results adsorption know:Feidong point soil phosphorus on the curve for the adsorption was y=0.3915x+4.1406,Changfeng was y=0.4441x+16.339 and Yingshang was y=0.3333x+2.6389,the soil absorption capacity of the order of Yingshang＞Feidong＞Changfeng.The potassium from the soil for the absorption curve,Feidong y=0.4469x +66.662,Changfeng y=0.2699x+100.59,Yingshang y=0.3375x+68.703;Soil on the absorption of Zn for Feidong soil y=0.5311x+1.8411,Changfeng soil y=0.5437x +2.2617,Yingshang soil y=0.4708x+0.8994,on zinc absorption capacity fixed order of Yingshang＞Feidong＞Changfeng.Based on the above we can see that the Feidong soil phosphorus,potassium,zinc absorption strength of the order of P＞K＞Zn,Changfeng soil for the K＞P＞Zn,Yingshang soil for P＞K＞Zn.
In the three pilot sites sorghum seedling pot experiment results showed that:nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the main limiting factor for production,processing phosphorus Feidong,Changfeng,Yingshang point of sorghum production in the soil decreased by 28.97%OPT,14.66,21.32%and 31.29%decrease lack nitrogen treatment, 37.97%,34.45%have reached significant levels.Feidong,Changfeng,Yingshang point of soil lack potassium sorghum production in OPT reduced 20.73%,14.66%,27.05%,of which reduce the production of Changfeng,at least,the last of Yingshang,Feidong largest, have reached significant.Zn deficiency in the pot experiment biomass,Feidong, Changfeng,Yingshang point of soil sorghum yield more OPT reduced 34.30%,41.61%, 4.10%,Evidently,Feidong,the main obstacle to soil nutrient factor and the order for Zn deficiency,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium;soil Changfeng point deficit and the main obstacle of the order for zinc,nitrogen,potassium,phosphorus;soil Yingshang point deficit and the main obstacle to the order of nitrogen,Potassium,phosphorus,zinc.
Through the availability of rice diseases farming and farming-soil layer below 20 cm large number of elements in the soil,we can see that these tests the pH of soil samples are between 5.5 to 7.1,organic matter content is not high and are less than 20 g/kg,the relative lack of.For nitrogen,the normal rice plants sick plants or the soil content of the relative lack of nitrogen,are the following topsoil topsoil than 20 cm,base of the lower nitrogen content.The available phosphorus,Feidong region in the middle,while other content is relatively low,phosphorus nutrient deprivation.The soil K,sick rice plants K content is higher than that of the corresponding normal rice plants.On the slow-K,whether sick or normal rice plants,are to be below the topsoil topsoil in the following 20 cm,this and other nutrient content of the law vary greatly.No matter which area of soil,rice plants under normal soil slow-potassium content is higher than the corresponding sick rice plants.And the availability of rice from the disease of the soil and tillage farming below 20 cm layer of trace elements in the soil,we can see that the exchange of calcium and magnesium-rich, rice,these two elements is not the lack of nutrients.For the effective sulfur,Feidong, Changfeng area in the middle and rich,Yingshang content is relatively low.In addition, Feidong only normal rice plants topsoil was lower than the corresponding sick rice plants, topsoil are other effective sulfur content higher than the topsoil below 20 cm.The trace elements boron,Feidong,in Changfeng normal rice plants under the topsoil was lower than that of rice plants under the topsoil sick,Yingshang the contrary.Finally the soil iron, manganese,copper,zinc,all of the tested areas of arable layer of soil above the topsoil in the following 20 cm,while the normal rice plants under the soil and topsoil topsoil 20 cm below the four trace elements in more than Or sick rice plants and the corresponding content of the soil under almost.
In the above three areas of normal rice plants and plant disease large,medium and trace element analysis,the normal rice plants seeds,stems and leaves,roots of the total nitrogen,total phosphorus,potassium content are higher or slightly lower than the corresponding incidence Plants For all calcium and magnesium in full,normal rice plants and plant disease and there is no significant difference in regard to the whole of trace elements copper,normal rice,almost all in the incidence seed,and zinc higher than normal incidence seed to seed;normal rice Higher than the incidence of iron and manganese in plants.
从2006、2007年肥东、长丰、颍上水稻抽穗扬花期气温资料中看出,并没有出现像2003年持续异常高温天气,所以气温对水稻开花授粉影响不大,进而水稻产量并不会受到的影响。
对三县水稻“颖壳不闭”土壤进行养分状况系统研究,通过分析测定原始土样养分含量,以ASI法中确定的各营养元素临界值为标准,三县水稻“颖壳不闭“土壤中氮素含量低,比临界值稍小。其次长丰县磷素高于临界值,肥东、颍上县都低于临界值,缺乏较为明显。长丰县土壤含钾量较高,大概为临界值的1.5倍,颍上县土壤含钾量较肥东点土壤高,但仍低于临界值。中量元素钙、镁、硫含量丰富,都大于三倍临界值。从微量元素铁、锌、铜、锰、硼的含量分析结果,可以看出Zn的含量都低于临界值;肥东、颍上、长丰县土壤锰含量均高于临界值,近临界值的8、6、4倍:硼、铜、铁的含量较高,并且都高于临界值的三倍水平。
根据土壤分析结果,对P、K和Zn低于临界值的重要养分元素进行土壤吸附试验。通过对三地区土壤P、K、Zn等3种元素的吸附试验结果为:土壤对磷的吸附曲线表明:加入磷吸附液浓度与土壤浸提液中磷溶液呈直线相关(Y为土壤吸附后有效态养分提取量,X为养分元素加入量,下同),肥东土壤y=0.3915x+4.1406、长丰土壤y=0.4441x+16.339、颍上土壤y=0.3333x+2.6389,土壤吸附能力大小依次为颍上＞肥东＞长丰;从土壤对钾的吸附曲线图可以看出,土壤中钾浸提量与加入量之间呈直线相关,三地区土壤钾的吸附曲线方程分别为肥东土壤y=0.4469x+66.662、长丰土壤y=0.2699x+100.59、颍上土壤y=0.3375x+68.703;土壤对锌的吸附曲线表明:三个土壤对锌的吸附固定能力在所设的加入吸附溶液浓度范围内差别不大,加入量与浸出量之间呈直线相关,肥东土壤y=0.5311x+1.8411,长丰土壤y=0.5437x+2.2617,颍上土壤y=0.4708x+0.8994,对锌的吸附固定能力顺序为颍上＞肥东＞长丰。综上可以看出,肥东土壤对磷、钾、锌的吸附强弱顺序为P＞K＞Zn,长丰土壤为K＞P＞Zn,颍上土壤为P＞K＞Zn。
在三县采集的土壤上进行高粱苗期盆栽试验结果表明:氮、磷、钾是生产的主要限制因子,其中缺磷处理肥东县、长丰县、颍上县土壤高粱生物产量较OPT分别减少28.97%、14.66%、21.32%,而缺氮处理减少31.29%、37.97%、34.45%均达到极显著水平。肥东县、长丰县、颍上县土壤缺钾高粱生物产量较OPT分别减少20.73%、14.66%、27.05%,其中长丰县生物产量减少最少,颍上次之、肥东最多,均达到极显著水平。在缺锌盆栽试验生物量中,肥东县、长丰县、颍上县土壤高粱生物产量较OPT分别减少34.30%、41.61%、4.10%,由此可见,肥东县土壤养分的主要障碍因子及亏缺顺序依次为锌、氮、磷、钾;长丰县土壤主要障碍因子及亏缺顺序依次为锌、氮、钾、磷;颍上县土壤主要障碍因子及亏缺顺序依次为氮、钾、磷、锌。
通过对水稻有无病害耕作层土壤和耕作层以下20cm土壤大量元素含量,可以看出这些测试土样的pH都在5.5～7.1之间,有机质含量不高且都小于20g/kg,相对缺乏。对于全氮来说,水稻正常植株还是“颖壳不闭”植株的土壤全氮含量相对缺乏,都是耕层大于耕层以下20cm,碱解氮含量也较低。对于有效磷,肥东地区含量中等,而其他的含量比较低,磷养分匮乏。对于土壤速效钾来说,是水稻“颖壳不闭”植株速效钾含量要高于对应的水稻正常植株。就缓效钾来说,无论是水稻正常还是“颖壳不闭”植株,都是耕层含量要低于耕层以下20cm,这一点和其他养分元素含量规律差别很大。无论哪个地区的土壤,水稻正常植株下土壤缓效钾含量都高于对应的水稻“颖壳不闭”植株。
而从水稻有无病害耕作层土壤和耕作层以下20cm土壤中、微量元素含量,可以看出交换性钙镁含量丰富,对于水稻来说这两种养分元素不缺乏。对于有效硫来说,肥东、长丰地区含量中等及丰富,颍上含量相对较低。另外,只有肥东水稻正常植株耕层含量低于对应的水稻“颖壳不闭”植株,其他都是耕层有效硫含量高于耕层以下20cm。对于微量元素硼来说,肥东、长丰地区水稻正常植株下耕层含量低于水稻“颖壳不闭”植株下耕层,颍上则相反。最后对于土壤有效铁、锰、铜、锌来说,所有地区供试土壤耕层含量高于耕层以下20cm,而水稻正常植株下土壤耕层及耕层以下20cm这四种微量元素含量大于或和对应水稻“颖壳不闭”植株下土壤含量相差不多。
从三县水稻正常植株和“颖壳不闭”植株大、中、微量元素分析来看,水稻正常植株籽实、茎叶、根系中的全氮、全磷、全钾含量都高于或略低于对应的“颖壳不闭”植株;对于全钙、全镁含量,水稻正常植株和“颖壳不闭”植株并没有太大的差别;至于微量元素全铜,水稻正常“颖壳不闭”植株籽实含量都差不多;而正常植株籽实中的锌含量要高于“颖壳不闭”籽实;水稻正常植株铁锰含量高于“颖壳不闭”植株。
From Feidong,Changfeng,Yingshang 2006,2007 in Rice heading flowering period and the temperature had never appear be like in 2003 so keep on excrescent heat the weather,so the air temperature teaches powder influence to the paddy rice flower pollination not big,then the paddy rice yield also wiould not be subjected to of influence.
Paddy rice in Anhui Province plants area was about 2,200 thousand ha~2 and the rice yield was 13.5 billion kg.The rice plant areas and yield was about 40%and 50%in the food plants area with total yield in Anhui Province.In those years,rice occurred spike develop abnormality in Jianghuai Hilly Land,the amount of rice occurred areas was large and the rice reduction had great capacity,and these bringed farmer who planted rice a bigger economy loss.Expeling the interference of other factors of the paddy rice species, heat...etc,we investigated its basic reason was soil nutrient chemical element relevant.This artical used Systematic approach of soil nutrients method(ASI method)in Jianghuai Hilly Land which areas planted rice occurred spike develop abnormality.At the same time,this article also elaborated the temperature of these areas where rice occurred spike develop abnormality and the latter part of the rice-growing collection of normal rice plants and plant disease and the nutrient analysis.
Through analysis of the original nutrient content in soil samples to determine the ASI method of the nutrients critical value as the standard,three counties which rice occured spike develop abnormality had low content of nitrogen in the soil,smaller than the critical value,slightly higher than the national soil survey which the average nitrogen content of 13.17ug/ml.Second,Changfeng points higher than the critical value of phosphorus, Feidong and Yingshang point below the critical value,the lack of more obvious. Changfeng points higher potassium content of the soil,probably for the critical value of 1.5 times,Yingshang points than the potassium content of the soil Feidong,but still below the critical concentration.Elements of calcium,magnesium,sulfur-rich,are three times greater than the critical value,it will not affect production.From the analysis of trace elements in the results,we could see that the Zn content was lower than the threshold,and soil manganese,boron,copper,iron content three times higher than the critical value.
Through the three areas of soil P,K,Zn,and other elements of the three elements of test results adsorption know:Feidong point soil phosphorus on the curve for the adsorption was y=0.3915x+4.1406,Changfeng was y=0.4441x+16.339 and Yingshang was y=0.3333x+2.6389,the soil absorption capacity of the order of Yingshang＞Feidong＞Changfeng.The potassium from the soil for the absorption curve,Feidong y=0.4469x +66.662,Changfeng y=0.2699x+100.59,Yingshang y=0.3375x+68.703;Soil on the absorption of Zn for Feidong soil y=0.5311x+1.8411,Changfeng soil y=0.5437x +2.2617,Yingshang soil y=0.4708x+0.8994,on zinc absorption capacity fixed order of Yingshang＞Feidong＞Changfeng.Based on the above we can see that the Feidong soil phosphorus,potassium,zinc absorption strength of the order of P＞K＞Zn,Changfeng soil for the K＞P＞Zn,Yingshang soil for P＞K＞Zn.
In the three pilot sites sorghum seedling pot experiment results showed that:nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the main limiting factor for production,processing phosphorus Feidong,Changfeng,Yingshang point of sorghum production in the soil decreased by 28.97%OPT,14.66,21.32%and 31.29%decrease lack nitrogen treatment, 37.97%,34.45%have reached significant levels.Feidong,Changfeng,Yingshang point of soil lack potassium sorghum production in OPT reduced 20.73%,14.66%,27.05%,of which reduce the production of Changfeng,at least,the last of Yingshang,Feidong largest, have reached significant.Zn deficiency in the pot experiment biomass,Feidong, Changfeng,Yingshang point of soil sorghum yield more OPT reduced 34.30%,41.61%, 4.10%,Evidently,Feidong,the main obstacle to soil nutrient factor and the order for Zn deficiency,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium;soil Changfeng point deficit and the main obstacle of the order for zinc,nitrogen,potassium,phosphorus;soil Yingshang point deficit and the main obstacle to the order of nitrogen,Potassium,phosphorus,zinc.
Through the availability of rice diseases farming and farming-soil layer below 20 cm large number of elements in the soil,we can see that these tests the pH of soil samples are between 5.5 to 7.1,organic matter content is not high and are less than 20 g/kg,the relative lack of.For nitrogen,the normal rice plants sick plants or the soil content of the relative lack of nitrogen,are the following topsoil topsoil than 20 cm,base of the lower nitrogen content.The available phosphorus,Feidong region in the middle,while other content is relatively low,phosphorus nutrient deprivation.The soil K,sick rice plants K content is higher than that of the corresponding normal rice plants.On the slow-K,whether sick or normal rice plants,are to be below the topsoil topsoil in the following 20 cm,this and other nutrient content of the law vary greatly.No matter which area of soil,rice plants under normal soil slow-potassium content is higher than the corresponding sick rice plants.And the availability of rice from the disease of the soil and tillage farming below 20 cm layer of trace elements in the soil,we can see that the exchange of calcium and magnesium-rich, rice,these two elements is not the lack of nutrients.For the effective sulfur,Feidong, Changfeng area in the middle and rich,Yingshang content is relatively low.In addition, Feidong only normal rice plants topsoil was lower than the corresponding sick rice plants, topsoil are other effective sulfur content higher than the topsoil below 20 cm.The trace elements boron,Feidong,in Changfeng normal rice plants under the topsoil was lower than that of rice plants under the topsoil sick,Yingshang the contrary.Finally the soil iron, manganese,copper,zinc,all of the tested areas of arable layer of soil above the topsoil in the following 20 cm,while the normal rice plants under the soil and topsoil topsoil 20 cm below the four trace elements in more than Or sick rice plants and the corresponding content of the soil under almost.
In the above three areas of normal rice plants and plant disease large,medium and trace element analysis,the normal rice plants seeds,stems and leaves,roots of the total nitrogen,total phosphorus,potassium content are higher or slightly lower than the corresponding incidence Plants For all calcium and magnesium in full,normal rice plants and plant disease and there is no significant difference in regard to the whole of trace elements copper,normal rice,almost all in the incidence seed,and zinc higher than normal incidence seed to seed;normal rice Higher than the incidence of iron and manganese in plants.
引文
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[4]Arber A.The Gramineae:A Study of Cereal,Bamboo and Grass.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1934.
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[6]王忠,顾蕴洁,高煜珠.水稻开颖机理的探讨Ⅲ.浆片的结构及其在开颖过程中内含物的变化[J].作物学报,1991,17(2):96-101.
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[10]CraigS,BrienTP.Thelodieulesofwheat:Pre-and postanthesis.Australian Journal of Botany,1975,23:451-458.
[11]Heslop-HarrisonJS,Heslop-HarrisonY,RegerBJ.Antherfilament extension in Lilium:Potassiumionmovement and some anatomical features.Annals of Botany,1987,59:505-515.
[12]Pizzolato T D.On the vascular anatomy and stomates of the lodicules of Zea mays.Canadian Journal of Botany,1980,58:1045-1055.
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[17]Meidner H,Mansfield T A.Physiology of tomata.NewYork:McGrawHill,1968.
[18]RaschkeK.Thestomataturgormechanism and itsresponses to CO_2 and abscisic acid:Observations and a hypothesis.In:Mar r(?)E.Regulation of Cell Membrane Activities in Plants.Amsterdam:Noah Holland Publ.Comp.1977:173-183.
[19]PallaghyCK.Stomatamovement and potassium transport in epidermal strips of Zea mays:The effect of CO_2 Planta,1971,101:287-295.
[20]AkitaS,MossDN.The effect of an oxygen-free atmosphere on net photosynthesis and transpiration of barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)leaves.Plant Physiology,1973,52:601-603.
[21]Louguet P.Influence de la pression partielle doxyg(?)ne surlavitesse douver ture et defermeture desstomatesde pelargonium×hortorum(a)lobscurit(?).Physiologie Vegetale,1972,10:515-528.
[22]许祥明,王忠,顾蕴洁,高煜珠.某些酸类物质对水稻丌颖的效应[J].植物生理学报,1998,24(2):124-130.
[23]王忠,金银根,许祥明等.野败型不育系稻闭颖慢原因的探讨[J].中国农业科学,1999,25(2)22-26.
[24]王忠,顾蕴洁,高煜珠.水稻小穗轴的结构及其在开闭颖过程中的变化[J].江苏农学院学报,1994,15(1):1-10.
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[26]佐竹彻夫,吉田昌一.籼稻开花期高温诱导的不育现象.水稻生理生态译丛(一)[M].农业出版社,1981.
[27]杨惠成,黄仲青,蒋之埙,王相文.2003年安徽早中稻花期热害及防御技术[J].安徽农业科学,2004,32(1):3-4.
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[31]黄义德,曹流俭,等.2003年安徽省中稻花期高温热害的调查与分析[J].安徽农业大学学报,2004,31(4):385-388.
[32]李成德.高温导致水稻出现大量空壳分析[J].陕西农业科学,2003(5):45-47.
[33]程增芝,唐世林,王建梅,张勤.水稻的颖壳为何像鸟嘴[J].现代农业科 技,2005(4):32.
[34]苏流坤,袁焕祥.土壤中铜、砷对水稻生长发育影响的研究[J].热带亚热带土壤科学,1997,6(3):194-197.
[35]陈同斌,刘更另.砷对水稻生长发育的影响及其原因[J].中国农业科学,1993,26(6):50-58.
[36]张凤荣.土壤地理学[M].北京,中国农业出版社,2002.118-261.
[37]安徽土种.安徽省土壤普查办公室编.科学出版社,1996.526-534.
[38]苏锡田.农作物营养诊断手册[M].中国标准出版社,1993.
[39]朱祖祥.土壤学[M].农业出版社,1983.
[40]陈伦寿,李仁岗.农田施肥原理与实践[M].农业出版社,1984.
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[42]李酉开.联邦德国的土壤测试和施肥建议[J].世界农业,1985(1),33-54.
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