职业进入前青年人的职业成熟度问卷研制及影响因素探讨
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摘要
职业成熟度是指个体做出现实而适宜职业选择的准备性程度，包括态度与认知两个基本维度。它是个体职业发展程度的一种指标。职业进入前青年人的职业成熟度发展水平如何，将直接影响个体的职业选择、及随后的职业适应、职业满意与职业成功。
本文在参考Super，Donald E．的《职业发展量表》(1988)和访谈的基础上，通过问卷调查、因子分析等测量学和统计学原理，对Crites，John O．的《职业成熟度量表》(1995)进行修订和检验，研制出适合我国青年人的职业成熟度问卷。
根据我们研制的职业成熟度问卷，对影响职业进入前青年人的职业成熟度因素(人口学特征和控制点类型)进行探讨，其结果显示：
(1)年龄、地区、家庭经济收入水平对个体职业成熟度发展水平具有显著影响，其中家庭经济收入水平的研究结果与国外相反。性别和教育程度对个体职业成熟度发展水平不具有显著影响，而国外研究大部分认为：性别之间存在显著差异。
(2)在职业成熟度问卷平均得分上：内控者＞内外控者＞外控者，内控者和外控者之间存在显著差异。
本论文分析了这些结果的理论和实际意义，并提出了将来的研究方向。
Career maturity refers to the degree of suitability and practicality of one's preparation for searching for a job, and includes two fundamental dimensions: attitude and cognition. It is an index for measuring how one gets along with his job. How one's career maturity is before he enters the workforce affects directly his job choosing and the following , such as his adaptation to a new job, satisfaction with job and success in working.
Referring to "career development inventory" of D.E.Super and interviewing, by the principles and techniques of psychometrics and statistics, such as investigation and factor analysis, this study revises and validates "career development inventory" of John O.Crites, and works out a career maturity questionnaire suited to Chinese youth.
Based on the questionnaire of career maturity constructed by us, this paper makes a study on the factors(demography and the locus of control(LOC)) influencing the youth's career maturity before they enter the workforce, and the findings are as follows:
(1) Age, area and family-income have a significant impact on the degree of one's career maturity, and the result of our study on family-income is opposite to that of study abroad. Gender and education have no significant impact on the degree of one's career maturity, but according to most study abroad, there is salient difference between male and female.
(2) The average scores of questionnaire of career maturity shows that the score of external LOC is the highest, the score of internal LOC is the lowest, and the score of the external and internal LOC is in the middle. There is salient difference between internal LOC and external LOC.
In the end, this paper points out the theoretical and practical significance of this study and proposes the prospective orientation.
本文在参考Super，Donald E．的《职业发展量表》(1988)和访谈的基础上，通过问卷调查、因子分析等测量学和统计学原理，对Crites，John O．的《职业成熟度量表》(1995)进行修订和检验，研制出适合我国青年人的职业成熟度问卷。
根据我们研制的职业成熟度问卷，对影响职业进入前青年人的职业成熟度因素(人口学特征和控制点类型)进行探讨，其结果显示：
(1)年龄、地区、家庭经济收入水平对个体职业成熟度发展水平具有显著影响，其中家庭经济收入水平的研究结果与国外相反。性别和教育程度对个体职业成熟度发展水平不具有显著影响，而国外研究大部分认为：性别之间存在显著差异。
(2)在职业成熟度问卷平均得分上：内控者＞内外控者＞外控者，内控者和外控者之间存在显著差异。
本论文分析了这些结果的理论和实际意义，并提出了将来的研究方向。
Career maturity refers to the degree of suitability and practicality of one's preparation for searching for a job, and includes two fundamental dimensions: attitude and cognition. It is an index for measuring how one gets along with his job. How one's career maturity is before he enters the workforce affects directly his job choosing and the following , such as his adaptation to a new job, satisfaction with job and success in working.
Referring to "career development inventory" of D.E.Super and interviewing, by the principles and techniques of psychometrics and statistics, such as investigation and factor analysis, this study revises and validates "career development inventory" of John O.Crites, and works out a career maturity questionnaire suited to Chinese youth.
Based on the questionnaire of career maturity constructed by us, this paper makes a study on the factors(demography and the locus of control(LOC)) influencing the youth's career maturity before they enter the workforce, and the findings are as follows:
(1) Age, area and family-income have a significant impact on the degree of one's career maturity, and the result of our study on family-income is opposite to that of study abroad. Gender and education have no significant impact on the degree of one's career maturity, but according to most study abroad, there is salient difference between male and female.
(2) The average scores of questionnaire of career maturity shows that the score of external LOC is the highest, the score of internal LOC is the lowest, and the score of the external and internal LOC is in the middle. There is salient difference between internal LOC and external LOC.
In the end, this paper points out the theoretical and practical significance of this study and proposes the prospective orientation.
引文
[1] 凌文辁，张治灿，方俐洛．中国职工组织承诺的结构模型研究．管理科学学报，2000年第2期，76-81．
[2] 方俐洛，白利刚，凌文辁．Holland 式中国职业兴趣量表的建构．心理学报．1996第1期．
[3] 龙立荣，方俐洛，凌文辁．职业成熟度研究进展．心理学动态．2001年第5期．
[4] 吕建国，孟慧．职业心理学．东北财经大学出版社．2000．
[5] [美]加里·德斯勒．人力资源管理．中国人民大学出版社．2000．
[6] 张治灿，方俐洛，凌文辁．中国职工组织承诺的结构模型检验．．心理科学．2001年第2期，148-150．
[7] 赵曙明．国有企业发表与人力资本投资．人大复印资料，劳动经济与人才资源管理，1998(5)．
[8] 张治灿，方俐洛，凌文辁．企业职工的组织承诺．中国管理科学．1997，5，1，46-51．
[9] 王重鸣．心理学研究方法．人民教育出版社，1990年．
[10]刘洪儒．企业职业生涯的开发与管理，中外管理．1998(5)．
[11]安应民，吴菁．人力资源管理学．中共中央党校出版社，1998年．
[12]余凯君．人力资源开发与管理．企业管理出版社，1997年．
[13]高文举．培训管理．广东经济出版社．2001年4月．
[14]关淑润．现代人力资源管理与组织行为学．对外经济贸易大学出版社．2001年12月．
[15]任宝崇。组织管理心理学。华夏出版社。1987年．
[16]贾湛．企业劳动人事管理．北京经济学院出版社．1988年．
[17]包季鸣．企业组织与人事．复旦大学出版社．1993年．
[18]戴良铁．人力资源管理学．暨南大学出版社．1999年．
[19]苏东水．管理心理学．复旦大学出版社．1997年．
[20]卫海英，刘潇．SPSS10.0 FOR WINDOWS在经济管理中的应用．中国统计出版
社．2000年8月．
[21]Patton, Wendy; Creed, Peter A. Developmental Issues in Career Maturity and Career Decision Status. Career Development Quarterly, 2001,49(4):336-352.
[22]Patton, Wendy; Creed, Peter A.. The Relationship between Career Maturity and Work Commitment in a Sample of Australian High School Students. Journal of Career Development, 2002,29(2) :69-85.
[23]Flouri, Eirini; Buchanan, Ann. The Role of Work-Related Skills and Career Role Models in Adolescent Career Maturity. Career Development Quarterly, 2002, 51(1):36-44.
[24]Crites, John O.Problem in the measurement of vocational maturity. Joural of Vocational Behavior, 1974, 4,25-31.
[25]Lennings, C.J. An investigation of the effects of agency and time perspective variables on career maturity.; Journal of Psychology, 1994, 128 (3):243-254.
[26]Crites, John O. A comprehensive model of career development in early adulthood. Journal of vocational behavior, 1976,9,105-108.
[27]Donald E.Super. Vocational maturity in mid-career. The vocational guidance quarterly, 1974,294-303.
[28]Ohler, Denise L.; Levinson, Edward. Career maturity in college students with learning disabilities. M.; Career Development Quarterly, 1996,44(3):278-289.
[29]Crites, John O.; Savickas, Mark L. Revision of the Career Maturity Inventory. Journal of Career Assessment, 1996,4:131-38.
[30]John H.Peating. Careers and a sense of justice in mid-life. The vocational guidance quarterly, 1977,303-308.
[31]Naidoo, Anthony V.; Bowman, Sharon L.; Gerstein, Lawrence H..Demographics, Causality, Work Salience, and the Career Maturity of African-American Students: A Causal Model.. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1998, 53,15-27.
[32]Farrell, Susan J.; Horvath, Peter. Career Maturity and Work Motivational Orientation: Predictors of Vocational Choice Certainty. Guidance & Counseling, 1999, 15(1):16-22.
[33]Lundberg, David J.; Career Maturity and Personality Preferences of Mexican-American and Anglo-American Adolescents. Journal of Career Development, 1997, 23 (3) :203-213
[34]Hardin, Erin E.; Leong, Frederick T. L; Osipow, Samuel H. Cultural Relativity in the Conceptualization of Career Maturity. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2001,58 (1):36-52.
[35]Levinson, Edward M.; Ohler, Denise L. Six Approaches to the Assessment of Career Maturity. Journal of Counseling & Development, 1998,76 (4):475-483.
[36]Raskin, Patricia M. Career Maturity: The Construct's Validity, Vitality, and Viability. Career Development Quarterly, 1998,47 (1),:32-36.
[37]Mark L. Savickas; William C. Briddick; C. Edward Watkins Jr. The Relation of Career Maturity to Personality Type and Social Adjustment Journal of Career Assessment,2002,10 (24-41).
[38]West, Dennis K. Comparisons of Career Maturity and Its Relationship with Academic Performance. Journal of American Indian Education, 1998,27(3) :1-7.
[39]Super Donald. E; Kidd Jennifer M. Vocational Maturity in Adulthood:Toward Turning a Model into a Measure.Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1979,14,255-270.
[40]Kennedy, Shannon R.; Dimick, Kenneth M. Career Maturity and Professional Sports Expectations of College Football and Basketball Players. Journal of College Student Personnel, 1987,28(4) :293-297.
[41]Westbrook, Bert W. The Relationship between Career Maturity Test Scores and Appropriateness of Career Choices: A Replication. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1990,36 (1) :20-32.
[42]Betz,N.E,& Hackett,G. Applicationas of self-efficacy theory to understanding career choice behavior. Journal of School and Clinical Psychology. 1986,4,279-282
[43]King, Suzanne. Sex Differences in a Causal Model of Career Maturity. Journal of Counseling & Development, 1989,68 (2):208-2168.
[44]Drodge, E. N; Sumarah, J. C.The Effects of the Computer-Based Program, "Career Search," on the Vocational Maturity of Grade Nine Students. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 1989,23 (4) :26-35.
[45]Hardin, Erin E.; Leong, Frederick T. L.; Osipow, Samuel H. Cultural Relativity in the Conceptualization of Career Maturity. Journal of Vocational Behavior.2001,58(1):36-52.
[46]Hutchinson, Nancy L. Development and Evaluation of an Instructional Module to Promote Career Maturity for Youth with Learning Difficulties. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 1992,26 (4) :290-299.
[47]Fouad, Nadya A; Keeley, Timothy J.The relationship between attitudinal and behavioral aspects of career maturity. Career Development Quarterly, 1992,40 (3):257-280.
[48]Mary Rogers and Peter Creed. School-to-work transition. Australia journal of career development, 2000,9(3)20-25.
[49]Luzzo, Darrell Anthony. Social Class and Ethnic Differences in College Students' Career Maturity: A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis.1998.
[50]Benshoff, John J.; Kroeger, Sue Ann; Scalia, Vincent A. Career Maturity and Academic Achievement in College Students with Disabilities.; Journal of Rehabilitation, 1990,56 (2).
[51]Luzzo, Darrell Anthony. The Relative Contributions of Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control to the Prediction of Career Maturity. Journal of College Student Development, 1995,36 (1) :61-66.
[52]Super Donald E.A Six-scale,two-factor measure of adolescent career or vocational maturity. The vocational guidance quarterly, 1979,9,6-15.
[53]Westbrook Bert,W. The Relationship between Career Maturity Test Scores and Appropriateness of Career Choices:A Replication. 1990,36,20-32.
[54].Levinson, E. M., Ohler, D. L., Caswell, S., & Kiewra, K.. Six approaches to the assessment of career maturity. Journal of Counseling & Development, 1998,76, 475-482.
[55] Lokan, J. J., Boss, M. W., & Patsula, P. J.. A study of vocational maturity during adolescence and locus of control. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1982,20, 331-342.
[56]Luzzo, D.. Gender differences in college students' career maturity and perceived barriers in career development. Journal of Counseling & Development, 1995,73, 319-325.
[57]Moracco, J. C.. Vocational maturity of Arab and American high school students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1976,8, 367-373.
[58]Neice, D. E., & Bradley, K W.. Relationship of age, sex and educational group to career decisiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1979,14, 271-278.
[59]Patton, W., & Lokan, J. Perspectives on Donald Super's construct of career maturity. International Journal of Educational and Vocational Guidance, 2001,1, 1-18.
[60]Powell, D. F., & Luzzo, D. A.. Evaluating factors associated with the career maturity of high school students. The Career Development Quarterly, 1998,47, 145-158.
[61]Savickas, M. L.. Career maturity: The construct and appraisal. Vocational Guidance Quarterly, 1984, 32, 222-231.
[62]Schmitt-Rodermund, E., & Silbereisen, R. K.. Career maturity determinants: Individual development, social context, and historical time. The Career Development Quarterly, 1998,47, 16-31.
[63]Super, D. E. A life-span, life-space approach to career development. In D. Brown & L. Brooks (Eds.), Career choice and development 1990, 2 197-261.
[64]Westbrook, B. W.. Career maturity: The concept, the instruments, and the research. In W. B. Walsh & S. H. Osipow (Eds.). Handbook of vocational psychology, 1984, 1, 263-303.
[65]Watson, M. B., & Stead, G. B.. A longitudinal study of career decidedness among South African high school students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1994,45, 621-629.
[2] 方俐洛，白利刚，凌文辁．Holland 式中国职业兴趣量表的建构．心理学报．1996第1期．
[3] 龙立荣，方俐洛，凌文辁．职业成熟度研究进展．心理学动态．2001年第5期．
[4] 吕建国，孟慧．职业心理学．东北财经大学出版社．2000．
[5] [美]加里·德斯勒．人力资源管理．中国人民大学出版社．2000．
[6] 张治灿，方俐洛，凌文辁．中国职工组织承诺的结构模型检验．．心理科学．2001年第2期，148-150．
[7] 赵曙明．国有企业发表与人力资本投资．人大复印资料，劳动经济与人才资源管理，1998(5)．
[8] 张治灿，方俐洛，凌文辁．企业职工的组织承诺．中国管理科学．1997，5，1，46-51．
[9] 王重鸣．心理学研究方法．人民教育出版社，1990年．
[10]刘洪儒．企业职业生涯的开发与管理，中外管理．1998(5)．
[11]安应民，吴菁．人力资源管理学．中共中央党校出版社，1998年．
[12]余凯君．人力资源开发与管理．企业管理出版社，1997年．
[13]高文举．培训管理．广东经济出版社．2001年4月．
[14]关淑润．现代人力资源管理与组织行为学．对外经济贸易大学出版社．2001年12月．
[15]任宝崇。组织管理心理学。华夏出版社。1987年．
[16]贾湛．企业劳动人事管理．北京经济学院出版社．1988年．
[17]包季鸣．企业组织与人事．复旦大学出版社．1993年．
[18]戴良铁．人力资源管理学．暨南大学出版社．1999年．
[19]苏东水．管理心理学．复旦大学出版社．1997年．
[20]卫海英，刘潇．SPSS10.0 FOR WINDOWS在经济管理中的应用．中国统计出版
社．2000年8月．
[21]Patton, Wendy; Creed, Peter A. Developmental Issues in Career Maturity and Career Decision Status. Career Development Quarterly, 2001,49(4):336-352.
[22]Patton, Wendy; Creed, Peter A.. The Relationship between Career Maturity and Work Commitment in a Sample of Australian High School Students. Journal of Career Development, 2002,29(2) :69-85.
[23]Flouri, Eirini; Buchanan, Ann. The Role of Work-Related Skills and Career Role Models in Adolescent Career Maturity. Career Development Quarterly, 2002, 51(1):36-44.
[24]Crites, John O.Problem in the measurement of vocational maturity. Joural of Vocational Behavior, 1974, 4,25-31.
[25]Lennings, C.J. An investigation of the effects of agency and time perspective variables on career maturity.; Journal of Psychology, 1994, 128 (3):243-254.
[26]Crites, John O. A comprehensive model of career development in early adulthood. Journal of vocational behavior, 1976,9,105-108.
[27]Donald E.Super. Vocational maturity in mid-career. The vocational guidance quarterly, 1974,294-303.
[28]Ohler, Denise L.; Levinson, Edward. Career maturity in college students with learning disabilities. M.; Career Development Quarterly, 1996,44(3):278-289.
[29]Crites, John O.; Savickas, Mark L. Revision of the Career Maturity Inventory. Journal of Career Assessment, 1996,4:131-38.
[30]John H.Peating. Careers and a sense of justice in mid-life. The vocational guidance quarterly, 1977,303-308.
[31]Naidoo, Anthony V.; Bowman, Sharon L.; Gerstein, Lawrence H..Demographics, Causality, Work Salience, and the Career Maturity of African-American Students: A Causal Model.. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1998, 53,15-27.
[32]Farrell, Susan J.; Horvath, Peter. Career Maturity and Work Motivational Orientation: Predictors of Vocational Choice Certainty. Guidance & Counseling, 1999, 15(1):16-22.
[33]Lundberg, David J.; Career Maturity and Personality Preferences of Mexican-American and Anglo-American Adolescents. Journal of Career Development, 1997, 23 (3) :203-213
[34]Hardin, Erin E.; Leong, Frederick T. L; Osipow, Samuel H. Cultural Relativity in the Conceptualization of Career Maturity. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2001,58 (1):36-52.
[35]Levinson, Edward M.; Ohler, Denise L. Six Approaches to the Assessment of Career Maturity. Journal of Counseling & Development, 1998,76 (4):475-483.
[36]Raskin, Patricia M. Career Maturity: The Construct's Validity, Vitality, and Viability. Career Development Quarterly, 1998,47 (1),:32-36.
[37]Mark L. Savickas; William C. Briddick; C. Edward Watkins Jr. The Relation of Career Maturity to Personality Type and Social Adjustment Journal of Career Assessment,2002,10 (24-41).
[38]West, Dennis K. Comparisons of Career Maturity and Its Relationship with Academic Performance. Journal of American Indian Education, 1998,27(3) :1-7.
[39]Super Donald. E; Kidd Jennifer M. Vocational Maturity in Adulthood:Toward Turning a Model into a Measure.Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1979,14,255-270.
[40]Kennedy, Shannon R.; Dimick, Kenneth M. Career Maturity and Professional Sports Expectations of College Football and Basketball Players. Journal of College Student Personnel, 1987,28(4) :293-297.
[41]Westbrook, Bert W. The Relationship between Career Maturity Test Scores and Appropriateness of Career Choices: A Replication. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1990,36 (1) :20-32.
[42]Betz,N.E,& Hackett,G. Applicationas of self-efficacy theory to understanding career choice behavior. Journal of School and Clinical Psychology. 1986,4,279-282
[43]King, Suzanne. Sex Differences in a Causal Model of Career Maturity. Journal of Counseling & Development, 1989,68 (2):208-2168.
[44]Drodge, E. N; Sumarah, J. C.The Effects of the Computer-Based Program, "Career Search," on the Vocational Maturity of Grade Nine Students. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 1989,23 (4) :26-35.
[45]Hardin, Erin E.; Leong, Frederick T. L.; Osipow, Samuel H. Cultural Relativity in the Conceptualization of Career Maturity. Journal of Vocational Behavior.2001,58(1):36-52.
[46]Hutchinson, Nancy L. Development and Evaluation of an Instructional Module to Promote Career Maturity for Youth with Learning Difficulties. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 1992,26 (4) :290-299.
[47]Fouad, Nadya A; Keeley, Timothy J.The relationship between attitudinal and behavioral aspects of career maturity. Career Development Quarterly, 1992,40 (3):257-280.
[48]Mary Rogers and Peter Creed. School-to-work transition. Australia journal of career development, 2000,9(3)20-25.
[49]Luzzo, Darrell Anthony. Social Class and Ethnic Differences in College Students' Career Maturity: A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis.1998.
[50]Benshoff, John J.; Kroeger, Sue Ann; Scalia, Vincent A. Career Maturity and Academic Achievement in College Students with Disabilities.; Journal of Rehabilitation, 1990,56 (2).
[51]Luzzo, Darrell Anthony. The Relative Contributions of Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control to the Prediction of Career Maturity. Journal of College Student Development, 1995,36 (1) :61-66.
[52]Super Donald E.A Six-scale,two-factor measure of adolescent career or vocational maturity. The vocational guidance quarterly, 1979,9,6-15.
[53]Westbrook Bert,W. The Relationship between Career Maturity Test Scores and Appropriateness of Career Choices:A Replication. 1990,36,20-32.
[54].Levinson, E. M., Ohler, D. L., Caswell, S., & Kiewra, K.. Six approaches to the assessment of career maturity. Journal of Counseling & Development, 1998,76, 475-482.
[55] Lokan, J. J., Boss, M. W., & Patsula, P. J.. A study of vocational maturity during adolescence and locus of control. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1982,20, 331-342.
[56]Luzzo, D.. Gender differences in college students' career maturity and perceived barriers in career development. Journal of Counseling & Development, 1995,73, 319-325.
[57]Moracco, J. C.. Vocational maturity of Arab and American high school students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1976,8, 367-373.
[58]Neice, D. E., & Bradley, K W.. Relationship of age, sex and educational group to career decisiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1979,14, 271-278.
[59]Patton, W., & Lokan, J. Perspectives on Donald Super's construct of career maturity. International Journal of Educational and Vocational Guidance, 2001,1, 1-18.
[60]Powell, D. F., & Luzzo, D. A.. Evaluating factors associated with the career maturity of high school students. The Career Development Quarterly, 1998,47, 145-158.
[61]Savickas, M. L.. Career maturity: The construct and appraisal. Vocational Guidance Quarterly, 1984, 32, 222-231.
[62]Schmitt-Rodermund, E., & Silbereisen, R. K.. Career maturity determinants: Individual development, social context, and historical time. The Career Development Quarterly, 1998,47, 16-31.
[63]Super, D. E. A life-span, life-space approach to career development. In D. Brown & L. Brooks (Eds.), Career choice and development 1990, 2 197-261.
[64]Westbrook, B. W.. Career maturity: The concept, the instruments, and the research. In W. B. Walsh & S. H. Osipow (Eds.). Handbook of vocational psychology, 1984, 1, 263-303.
[65]Watson, M. B., & Stead, G. B.. A longitudinal study of career decidedness among South African high school students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1994,45, 621-629.
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