团队创新气氛问卷的编制与研究
|
摘要
本研究通过详细的文献回顾，阐明了团队创新气氛的研究既是气氛研究的深入和细化，又是从组织行为学的角度来研究组织内创新的开端。鉴于国内外的研究结果，本研究选用了Michael West的理论和TCI量表作为理论基础和研究工具来研究中国企业内的团队创新问题，而研究的重点在于修订适合中国文化的团队创新气氛的调查问卷。
本研究通过问卷调查、因素分析等测量学和统计学原理，最终形成了一个完整的结构化的团队创新气氛问卷，并根据调查结果探讨了团队创新气氛与员工工作表现的关系、团队创新气氛的影响因素。结果显示：(1)团队创新气氛是一个多纬度的心理结构，包括：远景目标、创新支持、任务导向和互动频率。(2)员工所知觉到的团队创新气氛，将显著影响其工作表现。(3)员工所知觉到的团队创新气氛存在性别差异，并受到团队规模的影响。
Through detailed review on related literatures, the study shows that the research on climate for innovation is both the deeper understanding on organizational climate and the start point to understand organizational innovation from the angle of organizational behavior. According to the research results of the foreigners, we select the theory and Team Climate Inventory put forward by Pro. Michael West as the guide to follow. The goal of the study is to understand the team innovation in the enterprises in China and the key is to construct the inventory for team climate investigation in China.
Follow the principles and techniques of psychometrics and statistics, such as investigation and factor analysis, the author finally work out an inventory on team climate study on innovation. According to the data, the study also analyzes the relationship between employees' perceived team climate for innovation and their performance and discuss factors affect team climate for innovation. The results show that the perceived team climate for innovation should be a multidimensional psychological structure consist of vision, support for innovation, task orientation and interaction frequency. The employees' perceived team climate for innovation greatly affects their performance. Sex difference is found in employees' perceived team climate for innovation, and the team size greatly affect employees' perceived team climate for innovation.
本研究通过问卷调查、因素分析等测量学和统计学原理，最终形成了一个完整的结构化的团队创新气氛问卷，并根据调查结果探讨了团队创新气氛与员工工作表现的关系、团队创新气氛的影响因素。结果显示：(1)团队创新气氛是一个多纬度的心理结构，包括：远景目标、创新支持、任务导向和互动频率。(2)员工所知觉到的团队创新气氛，将显著影响其工作表现。(3)员工所知觉到的团队创新气氛存在性别差异，并受到团队规模的影响。
Through detailed review on related literatures, the study shows that the research on climate for innovation is both the deeper understanding on organizational climate and the start point to understand organizational innovation from the angle of organizational behavior. According to the research results of the foreigners, we select the theory and Team Climate Inventory put forward by Pro. Michael West as the guide to follow. The goal of the study is to understand the team innovation in the enterprises in China and the key is to construct the inventory for team climate investigation in China.
Follow the principles and techniques of psychometrics and statistics, such as investigation and factor analysis, the author finally work out an inventory on team climate study on innovation. According to the data, the study also analyzes the relationship between employees' perceived team climate for innovation and their performance and discuss factors affect team climate for innovation. The results show that the perceived team climate for innovation should be a multidimensional psychological structure consist of vision, support for innovation, task orientation and interaction frequency. The employees' perceived team climate for innovation greatly affects their performance. Sex difference is found in employees' perceived team climate for innovation, and the team size greatly affect employees' perceived team climate for innovation.
引文
[1] [英]Nicky．Hays著／杨蓓译，成功的团队管理，清华大学出版社，2002年
[2] [英]Nigel．King & Neil．Anderson著／关海峡译，组织创新与变革，清华大学出版社，2002年
[3] 程正方，于红惠，唐京，关于北京地区中小学组织气氛状况的初步调查报告，心理学报，1995年第4期
[4] 方俐洛，白利刚，凌文辁，HOLLAND式中国职业兴趣量表的建构，心理学报，1996年5月
[5] 郭志刚主编，社会统计分析方法——SPSS软件应用，中国人民大学出版社，1999年
[6] 柯惠新，黄京华，沈浩主编，调查研究中的统计分析法，北京广播学院出版社，1992年
[7] 凌文辁主编，领导与激励，机械工业出版社，2000年
[8] 凌文辁，张治灿，方俐洛，中国职工组织承诺研究，中国社会科学，2001年第2期
[9] 王重鸣，洪自强，差错管理气氛和组织效能关系研究，浙江大学学报(人文社科版)，2000年10月
[10] 吴明隆编著，SPSS统计应用实务，中国铁道出版社，2001年
[11] 许庆瑞主编，研究，发展与技术创新管理，高等教育出版社，2002年
[12] 张俊巍，上岗引导信息需求问卷的编制及探讨，暨南大学人力资源管理研究所硕士论文，2002年
[13] 张治灿，中国企业员工组织承诺研究，中国科学院心理研究所博士论文，1998年
[14] 郑日昌主编，心理测量，长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988年
[15] Agrell, A & Gustafson, R, The TCI and group innovation: A psychometric test on a Swedish sample of work groups; Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology: 1994, Vol.67
[16] Alan, L.W, Sex differences among bank employees in the relationships of Commitment with psychological climate and job satisfaction; Journal of General Psychology: 1989, Vol.116
[17] Amabile, Teresa, Motivating creativity in organizations; California Management Review: 1997, Vol.40
[18] Amabile, Teresa, Attributions of creativity: what are the consequences: Creativity Research Journal: 1995, Vol.8
[19] Amabile, Teresa, How to kill creativity; Harvard Business Review: 1998, Sep Amabile, Teresa, What does a theory of creativity require; Psychological Inquiry: 1993, Vol.4
[20] Amabile, Teresa & John, R, Looking inside the fishbowl of creativity; Creativity Research Journal: 1998, Vol.11
[21] Amabile, Teresa & Regina, C, Changes in the work environment for creativity
during downsizing; Academy of Management Journal: 1999, Vol.42
[22] Amabile, Teresa & Steven, J, Creativity under gun; Harvard Business Review: 2002, Aug
[23] Amabile, Teresa & Terri, R.K, From Guilford to creative synergy: opening the black box of team level creativity; Creativity Research Journal: 2000, Vol.13
[24] Anderson, Neil & Michael, West, The TCI: Development of the TCI and its applications in teambuilding for innovativeness; European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology: 1996, Vol.5
[25] Arthur, G & Achiles, A, The relationship between role stress and job-related, interpersonal, and organizational climate factors; The Journal of Social Psychology: 1981, Vol.113
[26] Arthur, G & David, V.D, Predicting job performance across organizations: the interaction of work orientation and psychological climate; Journal of Management: 1991, Vol.17
[27] Bjorn, Z.E & Karl, J and Martha, M, Business development of the TCI; European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology: 2000, 9(3)
[28] Brodbeck, F & Maier, G, The TCI for innovation: A psychometric test on a German sample of work group; Organizations Psychology: 2001
[29] Campbell, D & Campbell, M, Innovation through performance analysis: Creativity and Innovation Management: 1995, Sep
[30] Connie, J.G, Marking time: predictable transitions in task groups: Academy of Management Journal: 1989, Vol.32
[31] Dackert, I & Brenner, S, TCI with a merged organization: Psychological Reports: 2002, Vol.91
[32] David, C, Detecting of differential item function on KAI using Multiple-Group Mean and CSA; Multivariate Behavioral Research: 2000, Vol.35
[33] David, J.S, Safety psychology; Profession Safety: 2001, Jan
[34] Ekvall, G & Ryhammer, L, The creative climate: its determinants and effects at a Swedish university; Creativity Research Journal: 1999, Vol.12
[35] Fairborn, D, Organizational innovation: a META-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators; Academy of Management Journal: 1991, Vol.34
[36] Gonzalez, R & Peiro, J, The validity of collective climates: Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology: 1999, Vol.72
[37] Gordon, F, Managerial orientations of Adaptors and Innovators: Journal of Managerial Psychology: 1986, Vol.1
[38] Gordon, F & Christopher, G, Cognitive style and consumer innovativeness: an empirical test of KAI; European Journal of Marketing: 1990, Vol.20
[39] Griffin, M, A matter of live and death; People Management: 2002, Feb
[40] Hemingway, M & Smith, C, Organizational climate and occupational stressors as predictors of withdrawal behaviors and injuries in nurses; Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology: 1999, Vol.72
[41] Herbert, L & John, M, An exploratory investigation of organizational climate and job satisfaction in a hospital; Academy of Management Journal: 2001, Dec
[42] Ian.R, Innovation and creativity in organizations: A review of the implications
for training and development; Journal of European Industrial Training: 1999, Vol.23
[43] James, F, The reciprocity of organizational climate; Advanced Management Journal: 1973, Oct
[44] James, Griffith, An empirical examination of a model of social climate in elementary schools; Basic and Applied Social Psychology: 1995, Vol.17
[45] James, L & John, J and Michael, J, Psychological climate: implications from cognitive social learning theory and interaction psychology; Personnel Psychology: 1978, Vol.31
[46] James, L & Jones, A, Relationship between psychological climate and a viemodel for work motivation; Personnel Psychology: 1977, Vol.30
[47] James, L & Michael, J and Kevin, C, Correlates of psychological influence: an illustration of the psychological climate approach to work environment perceptions: Personnel Psychology: 1979, Vol.32
[48] Jerald, H & Robert, D, Elite values versus organizational structure in predicting innovation: Administrative Science Quarterly: 1973, Vol.18
[49] Jerald, H & Rogers, J, A strategy for the analysis of idea innovation networks and institutions; Organization Study: 2000, Vol.21
[50] Jocelyn, J, Differences in supervisor and no-supervisor perceptions of quality culture and organizational climate: Public Personnel Management: 2000, Vol.29
[51] John, W.H, The comparison of Halpin and Croft's organizational climates and Likert's organizational systems; Annual Convention of the Northeast Education Research Association 会议论文: 1970, Nov
[52] Kathryn, Organizational climate and organizational culture; Academy of Management Proceedings: 1975, p205
[53] Kimberly, John, Organizational innovation: the influence of individual, organizational and contextual factors: Academy of Management Journal: 1981, Vol.24
[54] Kimberly, John, Issues in the creation of organizations: initiation, innovation, and institutionalization: Academy of Management Journal: 1979, Vol.22
[55] Kimberly, John, Data aggregation in organizational research: the temporal dimension: Organization Study: 1980, Vol.1
[56] Kirk, L & David, B, Human resource practices, organizational climate, and customer satisfaction; Journal of Management: 2001, Vol.27
[57] Kivimaki, M & Elovainio, M, A short version of the TCL-Development and psychometric properties; Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology: 1999, Vol.72
[58] Kivimaki, M & Elovainio, M, Effect of job characteristics, team climate, and attitudes towards clinical guidelines: Journal of Public Health: 2000, Vol.28
[59] Kivimaki, M & Elovainio, M, Communication as a determinant of organizational innovation; R&D Management: 2000, Jan
[60] Kivimaki, M & Hannakaisa, L, Factors associated with innovative climate: What is the role of stress? ; Stress Medicine: 1999, Vol.15
[61] Kivimaki, M & Kuk, G, The TCI: four or five factors: testing the structure of TCI in samples of low and high complexity jobs; Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology: 1997, Vol.70
[62] Larry, C, Organizational climates for creativity; Academy of Management Journal: 1965, Vol.8
[63] Larry, L, Visionary leadership; ERIC Digest; 1997, Jan
[64] Lusi, R & Rosalind, H and Michael West, Team task, team size, and innovation-related group process; European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology: 2001, Vol.10
[65] Malgolm, P & Roy, P and Michael, West, Collective climate: A test of their socio-psychological significance; Academy of Management Journal: 1996, Vol.39
[66] Malik, S.D & Donald, O.W, Factors influencing engineers' perceptions of organizational support for innovation; Journal of Engineering and Technology Management: 1995, Vol.12
[67] Mark, A & Rene, K and John, J, The relationship between organizational climate and employee perceptions of involvement; Group and Organization Management: 1999, Dec
[68] Michael Kirton & Anderw, A, Adaptors and innovators: preference for educational procedures; Journal of Psychology: 1986, Vol.126
[69] Michael, C.G.D, Organizational climate and its influence upon performance; Griffith University 博士论文: 2000, AUG
[70] Michael, D & Mark, M and Nils, T, Are customer satisfaction and performance in Hotel influenced by organization climate; CAUTHE National Research Conference: 2001
[71] Michael, West, How to promote creativity in a team; People Management: 2001, Mar Michael, West & Anderson, Neil, Innovation in top management teams; Journal of Applied Psychology: 1996, Vol.81
[72] Michael, West & Anderson, Neil, Measuring climate for work group innovation: development and validation of the TCI; Journal of Organizational Behavior: 1998, Vol.19
[73] Michael, West & Caroline, B, Individual, climate, and group interaction process as predictors of work team innovation; Small Group Research: 1995, Vol.26
[74] Michael, West & Nicholson, N, Transitions into newly created jobs; Journal of Occupational Psychology: 1987, Vol.60
[75] Michael, West & Nicholson, N, Future uncertain: Expected vs. attained job mobility among managers; Journal of Occupational Psychology: 1985, Vol.58
[76] Michael, West & Smith, H, Research excellence and departmental climate in British university; Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology: 1998, Sep
[77] Michael, West & Wieby, A, Innovation at work: individual, group, organization, and socio-historical perspectives; European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology: 1996, Vol.5
[78] Mohamed, Z, Assessing and comparing the innovations and creativity climate of firms; Journal of Management: 1996, Vol.12
[79] Mohamed, Z, Innovation implementations in Malaysians firms: process, problems, critical success factors and working climate; Tech Innovation: 1995,
Vol. 15
[80] Nigel, King, Modeling the innovation process: an empirical comparison of approaches; Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology: 1992, Vol.65
[81] Nigel, King & Michael, West, Experiences of innovation at work; Journal of Managerial Psychology: 1987, Vol.2
[82] Pamela, T, Work relations as a precursor to a psychological climate for change; Journal of Organizational Change Management: 1999, Vol.12
[83] Paul, B & Leon, M and Andrew P, The innovation imperative: The relationships between team climate, innovation, and performance in research and development teams; 3rd Australian IOP 会议论文: 1999, Jul
[84] Paul, M.M, An assessment of the litwin and stringer organization climate questionnaire; Personal Psychology: 1976, Vol.29
[85] Peter, R & Michael, D and Noshir, S, Communication and motivational predictors of the dynamics of organizational innovation; Organization Science: 1992, Vol.3
[86] Peter, W & Gordon, D, Organizational climate and corporate performance: a empirical investigation; Management Decision: 2000, Vol.38
[87] Pienaar, Heila & Boshoff, A, Relationship between creativity and innovation in university libraries and the organizational climate: South African Journal of Library and Information Science: 1996, Vol.64
[88] Pierce, J & Andrel, D, Organization structure, individual attitudes and innovation; Academy of Management Review: 1977, Jan
[89] Pradeep, K, Perceived organizational climate and the process of salesperson motivation: Journal of Marketing Research: 1982, May
[90] Ragazzoni, P & Baiardi P, Italian validation of the team climate inventory: a measure of team climate for innovation; Journal of Managerial Psychology: 2002, Vol.17
[91] Regina, C & Amabile, Teresa, Evidence to support the componential model of creativity: secondary analyses of three studies; Creativity Research Journal: 1996, Vol.9
[92] Regina, C & Amablie, Teresa, Assessing the work environment for creativity; Academy of Management Journal: 1996, Vol.39
[93] Richard, L.D, A dual-core model of organizational innovation; Academy of Management Journal: 1978, Vol.21
[94] Richard, M, Tension and resistance to change in organizational climate; Duke University 硕士论文: 1999.Sep
[95] Richards, T, The KAI as a survey feedback instrument: Journal of European Industrial Training: 2001, Vol.14
[96] Robert, Loo, A confirmatory factor analytic and psychometric examination of the TCI: full and short version; Small Group Research: 2002, Vol.33
[97] Robert, Loo & Kunio, S, Cross-cultural response styles on the KAI; Social Behavior and Personality: 1999, Vol.27
[98] Rogers, E & Wilford, G, The factor reliability of the Litwin and Stringer organizational climate questionnaire; Journal of Management: 1980, Vol.6
[99] Ronald, Goldsmith, Adoption-Innovation and cognitive complexity, Journal of Psychology: 1985, Vol.119
[100] Ronald , Goldsmith , Personality characteristics associated with Adoption-Innovation, Journal of Psychology: 1984, Vol.117
[101] Ronald, Goldsmith & Timothy, A, Adoption-Innovation and self esteem: Journal of Psychology: 1987, Vol.127
[102] Roy, P & Diana, C and Pugh, D, Organization structure, organizational climate and group structure; Occupational Psychology: 1971, Vol.45
[103] Roy, P & Roger, M, Relationships of perceptions of organizational climate to organizational structure, context and hierarchical position; Administrative Science Quarterly: 1973, Vol.18
[104] Roy, P & Roger, M, Cerrelates of individual perceptions of organizational climate; Journal of Occupational Psychology: 1978, Vol.51
[105] Ruth, M, Organizational climate and communication climate; Management Communication Quarterly: 1992, Vol.5
[106] Ryuhei, W & Fumihiko, K, R&D, Firm size and innovation outputs; Journal of Profession Innovation Management: 1997, Vol.14
[107] Schmidt, A & Richard, P, The impact of workplace climates on work outcomes: a meta analytic perspective; 16th annual conference of the SIOP 会议论文: 2001
[108] Schneider, B & Bartlett, C, Individual differences and organizational climate Ⅱ; Personnel Psychology: 1970, Vol.23
[109] Schneider, B & Bartlett, C, Individual differences and organizational climateⅠ, Personnel Psychology: 1968, Vol.21
[110] Schneider, B & Reichers, A, On the etiology of climates; Personnel Psychology: 1983, Vol.36
[111] Schneider, B & Arthur, P, Creating a climate and culture for sustainable organizational change; Organizational Dynamics: 1996, Spring
[112] Scott, G & Kenneth, J and Ekvall, G, Perceptions of the best and worst climates for creativity: preliminary validation evidence for the SOQ; Creativity Research Journal: 2000, Vol. 13
[113] Singer, M, Individual differences in KAI; The Journal of Social Psychology: 2001, Vol.132
[114] Skinner, Nicholas, Behavioral implications of Adoption-Innovation Ⅰ; Social Behavior and Personality: 1996, Vol.24
[115] Skinner, Nicholas, Behavioral implications of Adoption-Innovation Ⅱ; Social Behavior and Personality: 1989, Vol.17
[116] Skinner, Nicholas, Behavioral implications of Adoption-Innovation Ⅲ; Social Behavior and Personality: 2003, Vol.31
[117] Steven, K, Managing the climate of a TQM organization; Quality of Management Journal: 1998, Summer
[118] Steven, P.F, Playing with pieces: deconstruction and the loss of moral culture; Journal of Management Studies: 1998, Vol.35
[119] Steven, P.F, The inseparability of autonomy and control in innovation within
organizations; Journal of Management Studies: 1989, Vol.26
[120] Steven, P.F, How organizational culture can affect innovation: Organizational Dynamics: 2001
[121] Susanne, G & Reginald, B, The influence of leadership, individual attributes, and climate on innovative behavior; University of Cincinnati Research Council 会议论文：2000
[122] William, F & John, W, Collective climate: agreement as a basis for defining aggregate climates in organizations; Academy of Management Journal: 1984, Vol.27
[123] William, H.G, Conceptualizing and measuring organizational and psychological climate: pitfalls in multilevel research; Academy of Management Review: 1985, Vol.30
[124] William, W, The relationship between climate and effectiveness in an organization undergoing a joint merger-facilitation process: Academy of Management Proceedings: 1975, p369
[125] Yoav, V, The effects of organizational and ethical climates on misconduct at work; Journal of Business: 2001, Feb
[2] [英]Nigel．King & Neil．Anderson著／关海峡译，组织创新与变革，清华大学出版社，2002年
[3] 程正方，于红惠，唐京，关于北京地区中小学组织气氛状况的初步调查报告，心理学报，1995年第4期
[4] 方俐洛，白利刚，凌文辁，HOLLAND式中国职业兴趣量表的建构，心理学报，1996年5月
[5] 郭志刚主编，社会统计分析方法——SPSS软件应用，中国人民大学出版社，1999年
[6] 柯惠新，黄京华，沈浩主编，调查研究中的统计分析法，北京广播学院出版社，1992年
[7] 凌文辁主编，领导与激励，机械工业出版社，2000年
[8] 凌文辁，张治灿，方俐洛，中国职工组织承诺研究，中国社会科学，2001年第2期
[9] 王重鸣，洪自强，差错管理气氛和组织效能关系研究，浙江大学学报(人文社科版)，2000年10月
[10] 吴明隆编著，SPSS统计应用实务，中国铁道出版社，2001年
[11] 许庆瑞主编，研究，发展与技术创新管理，高等教育出版社，2002年
[12] 张俊巍，上岗引导信息需求问卷的编制及探讨，暨南大学人力资源管理研究所硕士论文，2002年
[13] 张治灿，中国企业员工组织承诺研究，中国科学院心理研究所博士论文，1998年
[14] 郑日昌主编，心理测量，长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988年
[15] Agrell, A & Gustafson, R, The TCI and group innovation: A psychometric test on a Swedish sample of work groups; Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology: 1994, Vol.67
[16] Alan, L.W, Sex differences among bank employees in the relationships of Commitment with psychological climate and job satisfaction; Journal of General Psychology: 1989, Vol.116
[17] Amabile, Teresa, Motivating creativity in organizations; California Management Review: 1997, Vol.40
[18] Amabile, Teresa, Attributions of creativity: what are the consequences: Creativity Research Journal: 1995, Vol.8
[19] Amabile, Teresa, How to kill creativity; Harvard Business Review: 1998, Sep Amabile, Teresa, What does a theory of creativity require; Psychological Inquiry: 1993, Vol.4
[20] Amabile, Teresa & John, R, Looking inside the fishbowl of creativity; Creativity Research Journal: 1998, Vol.11
[21] Amabile, Teresa & Regina, C, Changes in the work environment for creativity
during downsizing; Academy of Management Journal: 1999, Vol.42
[22] Amabile, Teresa & Steven, J, Creativity under gun; Harvard Business Review: 2002, Aug
[23] Amabile, Teresa & Terri, R.K, From Guilford to creative synergy: opening the black box of team level creativity; Creativity Research Journal: 2000, Vol.13
[24] Anderson, Neil & Michael, West, The TCI: Development of the TCI and its applications in teambuilding for innovativeness; European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology: 1996, Vol.5
[25] Arthur, G & Achiles, A, The relationship between role stress and job-related, interpersonal, and organizational climate factors; The Journal of Social Psychology: 1981, Vol.113
[26] Arthur, G & David, V.D, Predicting job performance across organizations: the interaction of work orientation and psychological climate; Journal of Management: 1991, Vol.17
[27] Bjorn, Z.E & Karl, J and Martha, M, Business development of the TCI; European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology: 2000, 9(3)
[28] Brodbeck, F & Maier, G, The TCI for innovation: A psychometric test on a German sample of work group; Organizations Psychology: 2001
[29] Campbell, D & Campbell, M, Innovation through performance analysis: Creativity and Innovation Management: 1995, Sep
[30] Connie, J.G, Marking time: predictable transitions in task groups: Academy of Management Journal: 1989, Vol.32
[31] Dackert, I & Brenner, S, TCI with a merged organization: Psychological Reports: 2002, Vol.91
[32] David, C, Detecting of differential item function on KAI using Multiple-Group Mean and CSA; Multivariate Behavioral Research: 2000, Vol.35
[33] David, J.S, Safety psychology; Profession Safety: 2001, Jan
[34] Ekvall, G & Ryhammer, L, The creative climate: its determinants and effects at a Swedish university; Creativity Research Journal: 1999, Vol.12
[35] Fairborn, D, Organizational innovation: a META-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators; Academy of Management Journal: 1991, Vol.34
[36] Gonzalez, R & Peiro, J, The validity of collective climates: Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology: 1999, Vol.72
[37] Gordon, F, Managerial orientations of Adaptors and Innovators: Journal of Managerial Psychology: 1986, Vol.1
[38] Gordon, F & Christopher, G, Cognitive style and consumer innovativeness: an empirical test of KAI; European Journal of Marketing: 1990, Vol.20
[39] Griffin, M, A matter of live and death; People Management: 2002, Feb
[40] Hemingway, M & Smith, C, Organizational climate and occupational stressors as predictors of withdrawal behaviors and injuries in nurses; Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology: 1999, Vol.72
[41] Herbert, L & John, M, An exploratory investigation of organizational climate and job satisfaction in a hospital; Academy of Management Journal: 2001, Dec
[42] Ian.R, Innovation and creativity in organizations: A review of the implications
for training and development; Journal of European Industrial Training: 1999, Vol.23
[43] James, F, The reciprocity of organizational climate; Advanced Management Journal: 1973, Oct
[44] James, Griffith, An empirical examination of a model of social climate in elementary schools; Basic and Applied Social Psychology: 1995, Vol.17
[45] James, L & John, J and Michael, J, Psychological climate: implications from cognitive social learning theory and interaction psychology; Personnel Psychology: 1978, Vol.31
[46] James, L & Jones, A, Relationship between psychological climate and a viemodel for work motivation; Personnel Psychology: 1977, Vol.30
[47] James, L & Michael, J and Kevin, C, Correlates of psychological influence: an illustration of the psychological climate approach to work environment perceptions: Personnel Psychology: 1979, Vol.32
[48] Jerald, H & Robert, D, Elite values versus organizational structure in predicting innovation: Administrative Science Quarterly: 1973, Vol.18
[49] Jerald, H & Rogers, J, A strategy for the analysis of idea innovation networks and institutions; Organization Study: 2000, Vol.21
[50] Jocelyn, J, Differences in supervisor and no-supervisor perceptions of quality culture and organizational climate: Public Personnel Management: 2000, Vol.29
[51] John, W.H, The comparison of Halpin and Croft's organizational climates and Likert's organizational systems; Annual Convention of the Northeast Education Research Association 会议论文: 1970, Nov
[52] Kathryn, Organizational climate and organizational culture; Academy of Management Proceedings: 1975, p205
[53] Kimberly, John, Organizational innovation: the influence of individual, organizational and contextual factors: Academy of Management Journal: 1981, Vol.24
[54] Kimberly, John, Issues in the creation of organizations: initiation, innovation, and institutionalization: Academy of Management Journal: 1979, Vol.22
[55] Kimberly, John, Data aggregation in organizational research: the temporal dimension: Organization Study: 1980, Vol.1
[56] Kirk, L & David, B, Human resource practices, organizational climate, and customer satisfaction; Journal of Management: 2001, Vol.27
[57] Kivimaki, M & Elovainio, M, A short version of the TCL-Development and psychometric properties; Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology: 1999, Vol.72
[58] Kivimaki, M & Elovainio, M, Effect of job characteristics, team climate, and attitudes towards clinical guidelines: Journal of Public Health: 2000, Vol.28
[59] Kivimaki, M & Elovainio, M, Communication as a determinant of organizational innovation; R&D Management: 2000, Jan
[60] Kivimaki, M & Hannakaisa, L, Factors associated with innovative climate: What is the role of stress? ; Stress Medicine: 1999, Vol.15
[61] Kivimaki, M & Kuk, G, The TCI: four or five factors: testing the structure of TCI in samples of low and high complexity jobs; Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology: 1997, Vol.70
[62] Larry, C, Organizational climates for creativity; Academy of Management Journal: 1965, Vol.8
[63] Larry, L, Visionary leadership; ERIC Digest; 1997, Jan
[64] Lusi, R & Rosalind, H and Michael West, Team task, team size, and innovation-related group process; European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology: 2001, Vol.10
[65] Malgolm, P & Roy, P and Michael, West, Collective climate: A test of their socio-psychological significance; Academy of Management Journal: 1996, Vol.39
[66] Malik, S.D & Donald, O.W, Factors influencing engineers' perceptions of organizational support for innovation; Journal of Engineering and Technology Management: 1995, Vol.12
[67] Mark, A & Rene, K and John, J, The relationship between organizational climate and employee perceptions of involvement; Group and Organization Management: 1999, Dec
[68] Michael Kirton & Anderw, A, Adaptors and innovators: preference for educational procedures; Journal of Psychology: 1986, Vol.126
[69] Michael, C.G.D, Organizational climate and its influence upon performance; Griffith University 博士论文: 2000, AUG
[70] Michael, D & Mark, M and Nils, T, Are customer satisfaction and performance in Hotel influenced by organization climate; CAUTHE National Research Conference: 2001
[71] Michael, West, How to promote creativity in a team; People Management: 2001, Mar Michael, West & Anderson, Neil, Innovation in top management teams; Journal of Applied Psychology: 1996, Vol.81
[72] Michael, West & Anderson, Neil, Measuring climate for work group innovation: development and validation of the TCI; Journal of Organizational Behavior: 1998, Vol.19
[73] Michael, West & Caroline, B, Individual, climate, and group interaction process as predictors of work team innovation; Small Group Research: 1995, Vol.26
[74] Michael, West & Nicholson, N, Transitions into newly created jobs; Journal of Occupational Psychology: 1987, Vol.60
[75] Michael, West & Nicholson, N, Future uncertain: Expected vs. attained job mobility among managers; Journal of Occupational Psychology: 1985, Vol.58
[76] Michael, West & Smith, H, Research excellence and departmental climate in British university; Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology: 1998, Sep
[77] Michael, West & Wieby, A, Innovation at work: individual, group, organization, and socio-historical perspectives; European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology: 1996, Vol.5
[78] Mohamed, Z, Assessing and comparing the innovations and creativity climate of firms; Journal of Management: 1996, Vol.12
[79] Mohamed, Z, Innovation implementations in Malaysians firms: process, problems, critical success factors and working climate; Tech Innovation: 1995,
Vol. 15
[80] Nigel, King, Modeling the innovation process: an empirical comparison of approaches; Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology: 1992, Vol.65
[81] Nigel, King & Michael, West, Experiences of innovation at work; Journal of Managerial Psychology: 1987, Vol.2
[82] Pamela, T, Work relations as a precursor to a psychological climate for change; Journal of Organizational Change Management: 1999, Vol.12
[83] Paul, B & Leon, M and Andrew P, The innovation imperative: The relationships between team climate, innovation, and performance in research and development teams; 3rd Australian IOP 会议论文: 1999, Jul
[84] Paul, M.M, An assessment of the litwin and stringer organization climate questionnaire; Personal Psychology: 1976, Vol.29
[85] Peter, R & Michael, D and Noshir, S, Communication and motivational predictors of the dynamics of organizational innovation; Organization Science: 1992, Vol.3
[86] Peter, W & Gordon, D, Organizational climate and corporate performance: a empirical investigation; Management Decision: 2000, Vol.38
[87] Pienaar, Heila & Boshoff, A, Relationship between creativity and innovation in university libraries and the organizational climate: South African Journal of Library and Information Science: 1996, Vol.64
[88] Pierce, J & Andrel, D, Organization structure, individual attitudes and innovation; Academy of Management Review: 1977, Jan
[89] Pradeep, K, Perceived organizational climate and the process of salesperson motivation: Journal of Marketing Research: 1982, May
[90] Ragazzoni, P & Baiardi P, Italian validation of the team climate inventory: a measure of team climate for innovation; Journal of Managerial Psychology: 2002, Vol.17
[91] Regina, C & Amabile, Teresa, Evidence to support the componential model of creativity: secondary analyses of three studies; Creativity Research Journal: 1996, Vol.9
[92] Regina, C & Amablie, Teresa, Assessing the work environment for creativity; Academy of Management Journal: 1996, Vol.39
[93] Richard, L.D, A dual-core model of organizational innovation; Academy of Management Journal: 1978, Vol.21
[94] Richard, M, Tension and resistance to change in organizational climate; Duke University 硕士论文: 1999.Sep
[95] Richards, T, The KAI as a survey feedback instrument: Journal of European Industrial Training: 2001, Vol.14
[96] Robert, Loo, A confirmatory factor analytic and psychometric examination of the TCI: full and short version; Small Group Research: 2002, Vol.33
[97] Robert, Loo & Kunio, S, Cross-cultural response styles on the KAI; Social Behavior and Personality: 1999, Vol.27
[98] Rogers, E & Wilford, G, The factor reliability of the Litwin and Stringer organizational climate questionnaire; Journal of Management: 1980, Vol.6
[99] Ronald, Goldsmith, Adoption-Innovation and cognitive complexity, Journal of Psychology: 1985, Vol.119
[100] Ronald , Goldsmith , Personality characteristics associated with Adoption-Innovation, Journal of Psychology: 1984, Vol.117
[101] Ronald, Goldsmith & Timothy, A, Adoption-Innovation and self esteem: Journal of Psychology: 1987, Vol.127
[102] Roy, P & Diana, C and Pugh, D, Organization structure, organizational climate and group structure; Occupational Psychology: 1971, Vol.45
[103] Roy, P & Roger, M, Relationships of perceptions of organizational climate to organizational structure, context and hierarchical position; Administrative Science Quarterly: 1973, Vol.18
[104] Roy, P & Roger, M, Cerrelates of individual perceptions of organizational climate; Journal of Occupational Psychology: 1978, Vol.51
[105] Ruth, M, Organizational climate and communication climate; Management Communication Quarterly: 1992, Vol.5
[106] Ryuhei, W & Fumihiko, K, R&D, Firm size and innovation outputs; Journal of Profession Innovation Management: 1997, Vol.14
[107] Schmidt, A & Richard, P, The impact of workplace climates on work outcomes: a meta analytic perspective; 16th annual conference of the SIOP 会议论文: 2001
[108] Schneider, B & Bartlett, C, Individual differences and organizational climate Ⅱ; Personnel Psychology: 1970, Vol.23
[109] Schneider, B & Bartlett, C, Individual differences and organizational climateⅠ, Personnel Psychology: 1968, Vol.21
[110] Schneider, B & Reichers, A, On the etiology of climates; Personnel Psychology: 1983, Vol.36
[111] Schneider, B & Arthur, P, Creating a climate and culture for sustainable organizational change; Organizational Dynamics: 1996, Spring
[112] Scott, G & Kenneth, J and Ekvall, G, Perceptions of the best and worst climates for creativity: preliminary validation evidence for the SOQ; Creativity Research Journal: 2000, Vol. 13
[113] Singer, M, Individual differences in KAI; The Journal of Social Psychology: 2001, Vol.132
[114] Skinner, Nicholas, Behavioral implications of Adoption-Innovation Ⅰ; Social Behavior and Personality: 1996, Vol.24
[115] Skinner, Nicholas, Behavioral implications of Adoption-Innovation Ⅱ; Social Behavior and Personality: 1989, Vol.17
[116] Skinner, Nicholas, Behavioral implications of Adoption-Innovation Ⅲ; Social Behavior and Personality: 2003, Vol.31
[117] Steven, K, Managing the climate of a TQM organization; Quality of Management Journal: 1998, Summer
[118] Steven, P.F, Playing with pieces: deconstruction and the loss of moral culture; Journal of Management Studies: 1998, Vol.35
[119] Steven, P.F, The inseparability of autonomy and control in innovation within
organizations; Journal of Management Studies: 1989, Vol.26
[120] Steven, P.F, How organizational culture can affect innovation: Organizational Dynamics: 2001
[121] Susanne, G & Reginald, B, The influence of leadership, individual attributes, and climate on innovative behavior; University of Cincinnati Research Council 会议论文：2000
[122] William, F & John, W, Collective climate: agreement as a basis for defining aggregate climates in organizations; Academy of Management Journal: 1984, Vol.27
[123] William, H.G, Conceptualizing and measuring organizational and psychological climate: pitfalls in multilevel research; Academy of Management Review: 1985, Vol.30
[124] William, W, The relationship between climate and effectiveness in an organization undergoing a joint merger-facilitation process: Academy of Management Proceedings: 1975, p369
[125] Yoav, V, The effects of organizational and ethical climates on misconduct at work; Journal of Business: 2001, Feb
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |