新闻英语初探
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摘要
新闻英语初探
众所周知，随着社会的日益发展，语言自身也在经历着无尽的变化与发展。仅只与十年前相比，现代英语在其覆盖能力上已经有了很大的扩展。大众媒体是语言变化与发展的最佳载体(包括：报纸、杂志、电视、收音机等等)。因此，研究新闻英语不仅对新闻学家必要，而且对于我们这些英语学习者也同样有益。
实际上,许多英语学习者都已意识到新闻英语有区别于普通英语所特有的语体特征。英语新闻报刊中越是使用一些习语、俚语、典故以及一些最新用语，越容易使英语之外的外语读者迷惑不解，不得新闻报导的要领。因此，没有基本的新闻常识，也没掌握一定的新闻英语的基本特征，就很难完全理解刊登在英语报刊和播报在电视或电台上的新闻。
基于这一点，本文着重探讨了英语语言中的一个特殊语体（新闻英语）的文体特点及语言特征。第一章主要介绍了有关新闻英语的背景、国内外专家或学者对此的研究现状以及运用在本文中的研究方法。从第二章开始，是本文的核心部分。第二章主要讨论了新闻英语的定义以及新闻的类别。Crystal & Davy(1969) 认为：“新闻英语是多种不同新闻写作特点的综合和混合。”而张健（1994）却认为，为了适应及时、有效、准确地传达信息的需要，新闻英语通常具备准确、简练和明了的特点。第三章讨论了新闻的一些基本常识，如新闻的定义、新闻的结构等。第四章重点考查了新闻的两大组成部分：标题与导语。其中，标题与导语的语言特征是本文研究的重点。第五章从三个方面讨论了新闻英语的语言特征，即词汇特征、语法特征以及句子结构特征。词汇方面，由于新闻本身的特点，使得其在用词方面有着非常显著的特征，如：大量使用小词、新闻词语、俚俗语、套语、借用语等等。在语法及句子结构方面，则以使用扩展的简单句为主。而且，扩展成分中常以多重前置修饰语为主。第六章着重分析的是新闻
英语的语体特征在新闻翻译中的应用。第七章为结论。
As known to all, the language itself is experiencing endless changes and developments with the advance of society. Only comparing to decades ago, Modern English has been largely widened in its covering ability. All changes and new things bringing by them are best represented in mass media which includes newspapers, magazines, TV, radios and etc. So the studying of news English is necessary not only to journalists but also to us English learners.
Crystal & Davy: "Any use of language displays certain characteristics which allow it to be identified with one or more extra-linguistic contexts." In reality, many learners have found that news English has its own unique features, which seemingly do not conform to general English principles. Actually, each newspaper has its own individual style forming part of a general journalistic pattern which we may loosely classify as 'News English'. The more popular dailies use a chatty, slangy, up-to-the -moment way of writing, which, as often as not, leaves the foreign reader very bewildered, or leads him into getting a wrong meaning. Therefore, without some mastering of basic conventions of news English. It is hard for someone to fully understand the message on English newspapers or TV or radios.
Based on this starting point, this thesis focuses on some language and stylistic features of news English, a special style in the English language. Chapter one, the introduction, gives out some background information about the topic, introduces the study situation at home and abroad and the methods employed in this thesis. The central part starts from Chapter Two which dwells on the News English, such as the definition of news English and genres and types of news style in this thesis. Crystal & Davy (1969) argued that news English is the " integration and admixture with various
news writing features", whereas 张健(1994)argued that news English generally refers to the English used in the news reports articles, owning news features, satisfying the requirements of news reports and news spreading. Chapter 3 focuses on the fundamentals of news, such as the definition of news, typical structures of news, etc. Chapter 4 concentrates on the major components of news, i.e. the headline and the lead. In this chapter, the language features of the headline and the lead are the core. Headlines seem to operate under a law of their own. Headlines have to contain a clear, succinct and if possible intriguing message, to kindle a spark of interest in the potential reader. This constitutes stylistic features of headlines. We cover functions and types of the lead and its language features. Chapter 5 dwells on the language features of news English from three aspects-lexis, grammar and sentence structure. Lexical features of news English lie in: heavy use of small and concrete words, journalistic words, loanwords, polite formula and cliché and frequent use of abbreviations and the like. We particularized the pre-modification of news English in grammar. And introduction of several primary sentence structures applied in news English. Chapter 6 reveals the application in news English translation based on the stylistic features of news English. Chapter 7 is conclusion.
众所周知，随着社会的日益发展，语言自身也在经历着无尽的变化与发展。仅只与十年前相比，现代英语在其覆盖能力上已经有了很大的扩展。大众媒体是语言变化与发展的最佳载体(包括：报纸、杂志、电视、收音机等等)。因此，研究新闻英语不仅对新闻学家必要，而且对于我们这些英语学习者也同样有益。
实际上,许多英语学习者都已意识到新闻英语有区别于普通英语所特有的语体特征。英语新闻报刊中越是使用一些习语、俚语、典故以及一些最新用语，越容易使英语之外的外语读者迷惑不解，不得新闻报导的要领。因此，没有基本的新闻常识，也没掌握一定的新闻英语的基本特征，就很难完全理解刊登在英语报刊和播报在电视或电台上的新闻。
基于这一点，本文着重探讨了英语语言中的一个特殊语体（新闻英语）的文体特点及语言特征。第一章主要介绍了有关新闻英语的背景、国内外专家或学者对此的研究现状以及运用在本文中的研究方法。从第二章开始，是本文的核心部分。第二章主要讨论了新闻英语的定义以及新闻的类别。Crystal & Davy(1969) 认为：“新闻英语是多种不同新闻写作特点的综合和混合。”而张健（1994）却认为，为了适应及时、有效、准确地传达信息的需要，新闻英语通常具备准确、简练和明了的特点。第三章讨论了新闻的一些基本常识，如新闻的定义、新闻的结构等。第四章重点考查了新闻的两大组成部分：标题与导语。其中，标题与导语的语言特征是本文研究的重点。第五章从三个方面讨论了新闻英语的语言特征，即词汇特征、语法特征以及句子结构特征。词汇方面，由于新闻本身的特点，使得其在用词方面有着非常显著的特征，如：大量使用小词、新闻词语、俚俗语、套语、借用语等等。在语法及句子结构方面，则以使用扩展的简单句为主。而且，扩展成分中常以多重前置修饰语为主。第六章着重分析的是新闻
英语的语体特征在新闻翻译中的应用。第七章为结论。
As known to all, the language itself is experiencing endless changes and developments with the advance of society. Only comparing to decades ago, Modern English has been largely widened in its covering ability. All changes and new things bringing by them are best represented in mass media which includes newspapers, magazines, TV, radios and etc. So the studying of news English is necessary not only to journalists but also to us English learners.
Crystal & Davy: "Any use of language displays certain characteristics which allow it to be identified with one or more extra-linguistic contexts." In reality, many learners have found that news English has its own unique features, which seemingly do not conform to general English principles. Actually, each newspaper has its own individual style forming part of a general journalistic pattern which we may loosely classify as 'News English'. The more popular dailies use a chatty, slangy, up-to-the -moment way of writing, which, as often as not, leaves the foreign reader very bewildered, or leads him into getting a wrong meaning. Therefore, without some mastering of basic conventions of news English. It is hard for someone to fully understand the message on English newspapers or TV or radios.
Based on this starting point, this thesis focuses on some language and stylistic features of news English, a special style in the English language. Chapter one, the introduction, gives out some background information about the topic, introduces the study situation at home and abroad and the methods employed in this thesis. The central part starts from Chapter Two which dwells on the News English, such as the definition of news English and genres and types of news style in this thesis. Crystal & Davy (1969) argued that news English is the " integration and admixture with various
news writing features", whereas 张健(1994)argued that news English generally refers to the English used in the news reports articles, owning news features, satisfying the requirements of news reports and news spreading. Chapter 3 focuses on the fundamentals of news, such as the definition of news, typical structures of news, etc. Chapter 4 concentrates on the major components of news, i.e. the headline and the lead. In this chapter, the language features of the headline and the lead are the core. Headlines seem to operate under a law of their own. Headlines have to contain a clear, succinct and if possible intriguing message, to kindle a spark of interest in the potential reader. This constitutes stylistic features of headlines. We cover functions and types of the lead and its language features. Chapter 5 dwells on the language features of news English from three aspects-lexis, grammar and sentence structure. Lexical features of news English lie in: heavy use of small and concrete words, journalistic words, loanwords, polite formula and cliché and frequent use of abbreviations and the like. We particularized the pre-modification of news English in grammar. And introduction of several primary sentence structures applied in news English. Chapter 6 reveals the application in news English translation based on the stylistic features of news English. Chapter 7 is conclusion.
引文
Anderson, Douglas and Itule, Bruce. Writing the News. New York: Random House, 1988
Baker, C.L. English Syntax. Cambridge: The MIT Press. 1995
Bagnall, Nicholas. Newspaper Language. London: Butterworth-heinemann Ltd., 1993
Birch, David; O'Toole, Michel. Functions of Style[C]. London: Printer Publishers. 1988
Bogan. L. 1981. Press and Public: Who reads what, when, where and why in American Newspapers. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Brook, G.L. Varieties of English(2nd edition). London: Macmillan Press Ltd. 1979
C.D. MacDougall, Interpretative Reporting, Macmillan Co., 1971
Carrison Bruse. Professional News Writing. New Jergey: Lowrence Erlbaccm Associates. 1990
Cappon, J. Renn. The Associated Press Guide to News Writing. New York: Patien Hall, 1911.
Crystal, D. & Davy, D. 1969. Investigating English Style . London: Longman.
Flesch.Radolf. The Art of Plain Talk. The Crowell-Collrier Publishing Company, 1962
Foster, Brian. The Changing English language. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1968
Fowler, W. H. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage . 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press,1965.
Fowler, Roger. Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. London: Routledge.1991
Fredrickson, T.L. &Wedel P. F. English by Newspapers. Massachusetts, U.S.A: Newbury House Publishers,1988
Fredette J. Handbook of Magazine Article Writing. Cincinnati: Writer's Digest Books, 1998
Halliday, M.A.K. Linguistic Function and Literary Style: An Inquiry into the language of William Golding's the Inheritors, in Seymour Chatman. Literary Style: A Symposium, 330-368. New York: Oxford University Press.1971
Hohenberg, John, The Professional Journalist. New York: Hastings House Publishers,1977
Jacobs, Roderick A. English Syntax: A Grammar for English Language Professionals. New York: Oxford University Press.1995
Moen, Daryl. Newspaper language and Design. Des Moines: The Lowa State university Press, 1984
Picard, Robert G; Brody. Jeffrey H. The Newspaper Publishing Industry. Needham Heights: Allyn&Bacon.1997
Plotnik, A. The Elements of Editing. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1982
Potter, Simeon. Changing English. London: Longman, 1957
Rene Cappon, The Word: An Associated Press Guid to Good News Writing( New York: Associated Press, 1982), P.36.
William L. Rivers, The Mass Media, 2nd ed. ( New York: Harper & Row,1975), p.285.
Wright. Laura; Hope. Jonathan. Stylistics: A Practical Coursebook. London: Routledge.1996
候维瑞，英语语体. 上海： 上海外语教育出版社，1998.
钱瑗，实用英语文体学. 北京：北京师范大学出版社，1991
王佑良，丁往道. 英语问题学引论. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1990
张健，新闻英语问题与范文评析. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1994
张德禄，功能问题学. 济南：山东教育出版社，1998
秦秀白，文体学概论. 长沙：湖南教育出版社，1987
戴树乔等译注，英美报刊文选. 世界图书出版公司，1997
孙利民，英语报纸标题的特点. 英语学习，北京外语教学与研究出版社.
郭鸿， 英语文体分析. 北京：军事谊文出版社，1998
薄冰，高级英语语法. 北京：高教出版社，1990。
程雨民，英语语体学. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1989
黄任，英语修辞与写作. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1994
李中行&张健，新闻英语. 天津：南开大学出版社1993
陆国强，现代英语研究.复旦大学出版社. 1997
陈明瑶，报刊英语. 重庆：重庆出版社，1997
罗建国，英语新闻阅读与写作. 上海：上海译文出版社，1989
端木义万， 美英报刊阅读教程. 南京：南京大学出版社，1994
端木义万，传媒英语研究. 北京：中国社会科学出版社，2000
胡敏，英语报刊佳句赏析. 北京：世界知识出版社，1999
常晓梅&王九萍，英文报刊阅读精选. 西安：西北工业大学出版社1999
黄庆&张婷婷，英语报刊阅读指导. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1992
李良荣，西方新闻事业概论. 上海：复旦大学出版社，1997
刘宓庆， 文体与翻译. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司
Baker, C.L. English Syntax. Cambridge: The MIT Press. 1995
Bagnall, Nicholas. Newspaper Language. London: Butterworth-heinemann Ltd., 1993
Birch, David; O'Toole, Michel. Functions of Style[C]. London: Printer Publishers. 1988
Bogan. L. 1981. Press and Public: Who reads what, when, where and why in American Newspapers. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Brook, G.L. Varieties of English(2nd edition). London: Macmillan Press Ltd. 1979
C.D. MacDougall, Interpretative Reporting, Macmillan Co., 1971
Carrison Bruse. Professional News Writing. New Jergey: Lowrence Erlbaccm Associates. 1990
Cappon, J. Renn. The Associated Press Guide to News Writing. New York: Patien Hall, 1911.
Crystal, D. & Davy, D. 1969. Investigating English Style . London: Longman.
Flesch.Radolf. The Art of Plain Talk. The Crowell-Collrier Publishing Company, 1962
Foster, Brian. The Changing English language. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1968
Fowler, W. H. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage . 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press,1965.
Fowler, Roger. Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. London: Routledge.1991
Fredrickson, T.L. &Wedel P. F. English by Newspapers. Massachusetts, U.S.A: Newbury House Publishers,1988
Fredette J. Handbook of Magazine Article Writing. Cincinnati: Writer's Digest Books, 1998
Halliday, M.A.K. Linguistic Function and Literary Style: An Inquiry into the language of William Golding's the Inheritors, in Seymour Chatman. Literary Style: A Symposium, 330-368. New York: Oxford University Press.1971
Hohenberg, John, The Professional Journalist. New York: Hastings House Publishers,1977
Jacobs, Roderick A. English Syntax: A Grammar for English Language Professionals. New York: Oxford University Press.1995
Moen, Daryl. Newspaper language and Design. Des Moines: The Lowa State university Press, 1984
Picard, Robert G; Brody. Jeffrey H. The Newspaper Publishing Industry. Needham Heights: Allyn&Bacon.1997
Plotnik, A. The Elements of Editing. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1982
Potter, Simeon. Changing English. London: Longman, 1957
Rene Cappon, The Word: An Associated Press Guid to Good News Writing( New York: Associated Press, 1982), P.36.
William L. Rivers, The Mass Media, 2nd ed. ( New York: Harper & Row,1975), p.285.
Wright. Laura; Hope. Jonathan. Stylistics: A Practical Coursebook. London: Routledge.1996
候维瑞，英语语体. 上海： 上海外语教育出版社，1998.
钱瑗，实用英语文体学. 北京：北京师范大学出版社，1991
王佑良，丁往道. 英语问题学引论. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1990
张健，新闻英语问题与范文评析. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1994
张德禄，功能问题学. 济南：山东教育出版社，1998
秦秀白，文体学概论. 长沙：湖南教育出版社，1987
戴树乔等译注，英美报刊文选. 世界图书出版公司，1997
孙利民，英语报纸标题的特点. 英语学习，北京外语教学与研究出版社.
郭鸿， 英语文体分析. 北京：军事谊文出版社，1998
薄冰，高级英语语法. 北京：高教出版社，1990。
程雨民，英语语体学. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1989
黄任，英语修辞与写作. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1994
李中行&张健，新闻英语. 天津：南开大学出版社1993
陆国强，现代英语研究.复旦大学出版社. 1997
陈明瑶，报刊英语. 重庆：重庆出版社，1997
罗建国，英语新闻阅读与写作. 上海：上海译文出版社，1989
端木义万， 美英报刊阅读教程. 南京：南京大学出版社，1994
端木义万，传媒英语研究. 北京：中国社会科学出版社，2000
胡敏，英语报刊佳句赏析. 北京：世界知识出版社，1999
常晓梅&王九萍，英文报刊阅读精选. 西安：西北工业大学出版社1999
黄庆&张婷婷，英语报刊阅读指导. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1992
李良荣，西方新闻事业概论. 上海：复旦大学出版社，1997
刘宓庆， 文体与翻译. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司
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