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牵引治疗椎动脉型颈椎病的有限元分析
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摘要
目的:探讨颈椎牵引治疗椎动脉型颈椎病(CSA)的作用机理,并提出合理的牵引方式,为临床防治CSA提供依据。
     方法:通过对尸体颈段脊柱的数据测量,利用有限元计算专业软件SAP-93,在计算机上建立完整颈段脊柱的三维有限元模型,并依据CSA在颈椎生理曲度减小、变直、反曲三种曲度变化情况的侧位X线片,建立二维平面有限元模型。模拟人体坐位颈椎牵引时的情况,在模型上进行一定大小、方向牵引力的加载。研究头颈部在中立位,及前屈、后伸位各10、15、20、25、30度共11种牵引角度,和在体重的5%、10%、15%、20%共4种牵引力下的各节颈椎的钩椎关节、椎间关节的应力变化及各个颈椎横突纵轴间距离的改变情况。
     结果:(1)在头重情况下各颈椎的钩椎关节、椎间关节主要承受纵轴方向的压应力,且应力值从上到下逐渐加大,横突间相互靠拢;(2)在中立或前屈位牵引时,钩椎关节、椎间关节主要承受纵轴方向的拉应力,后伸位仍然以压应力为主,且应力值都随牵引力大小、角度的加大而加大,最大应力值随牵引角度的加大逐渐移向下位颈椎;横突纵轴间的距离在前屈位牵引时加大,后伸位则减小,都随牵引力的大小、角度的加大而加大;(3)颈椎生理曲度呈减小、变直或反曲改变时,仍有
    
    钩椎关节、椎间关节上的应力值随牵引力的大小、角度的加大
    而加大,最大应力值随牵引角度的加大由上位颈椎移向下位颈
    椎的规律,但变化趋势没有生理曲度正常时明显。
     结论:门)颈椎牵引台疗“A的作用机理是:牵引克服
    了头部重量,使钩椎关节、椎间关节由主要承受纵轴方向的压
    应力转变为拉应力,以改变其局部的承载状况,使增生变性的
    关节在新的条件下达到平衡;通过拉大椎间隙,减轻椎间盘内
    压,可以使横突纵轴间的距离相对加大,改变椎动脉相对过长、
    迂曲的状态,恢复颈椎高度与椎动脉长度的平衡关系,从而改
    善头部血供,缓解症状;门)CSA的颈椎牵引的适宜力值为体
    重的 10O叫o,牵引角度早期可在前屈 0叶”下,后期应结合
    临床、影像学诊断选择合适的角度;门)颈椎生理曲度的改变
    对牵引效果的影响不大,可参照选择牵引方式。
Objective: In order to explore the therapeutic principle of cervical spondylosis of vertebral artery insufficiency type( CSA )by cervical traction and put forward a suitable traction condition to prevent and cure CSA.
    Method :A cervical spine model of three dimensional finite element model was set up in accordance with measuring figures of cervical spine by autopsy and three planar finite element units were produced according to three X-ray pictures which showed three kinds of cervical radiant pathological changes of cervical lordosis: smaller, straight, kyphosis. 11 kinds of different traction angles from 0 to 30 degrees and 5%^ 10%, 15%, 20% weight of body pull were approached to observe the stress distribution of luschka joints, cervical facet joints and changes of vertical distances among cervical transverses.
    Results: ( 1 )The stress of normal luschka joints and cervical facet joints was mainly compressive stress which increased from top to bottom, and vertical distances among cervical transverse became slightly narrow at the action of head weight; ( 2 ) when head was in normal or flexion posture, the compressive stress on luschka joints and cervical facet joints could be turned into tensile stress and
    
    
    vertical distances among cervical transverses turned wide ,while in extension posture the stress on them was remain compressive stress and vertical distances turned narrow by traction. The location of maximum stress on the cervical moved downward according to the enhancing of angle. The value of all of them was enlarged with the enhancing of angle and force; ( 3 ) In despite of three kinds of cervical pathological changes, there were the same feature: when head was in normal or flexion posture, the stress of luschka joints and cervical facet joints was still tensile stress and enlarged according to the enhancing of angle and force, the location of maximum stress on the cervical moved downward according to the enhancing of angle.
    Conclusion: ( 1 ) The therapeutic principle of CSA by cervical traction was that cervical traction withstood the weight of head, turned the compressive stress on luschka joints and cervical facet joints into tensile stress and widened vertical distances among cervical transverses by cervical traction when head was in normal and flexion position; ( 2 ) The suitable traction force were 10%~15% weight of body and angles of cervical traction should be in 0~10 degrees with head was in normal or flexion posture at beginning and the follow selection of angle and force should accommodate to clinical and image diagnoses; ( 3 ) The pathological changes of cervical lordosis had little influence on therapeutic effect.
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