薄型抓斗塑性混凝土防渗墙技术研究及在长江堤防治理中的应用
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摘要
薄型抓斗塑性混凝土防渗墙技术是为适应长江堤防治理而开发的防渗新技术。针对长江堤防普遍存在的二元地质结构和沿江许多重要堤段，与其他防渗技术相比，抓斗薄墙技术有更强的地层适应性利更可靠的墙体质量及防渗保证。
薄型抓斗塑性混凝土防渗墙技术是在常规混凝土防渗墙技术基础上研究开发的。与常规混凝土防渗墙相比墙体厚度仅30cm，随着墙体厚度的变小，带来了技术和经济上的重要变化。
在造孔工序上，薄型抓斗塑性混凝土防渗墙技术采用纯抓和预打导孔等方法，较好地解决了长江堤防地基砂层及砂卵地层的造孔问题，并使造孔工效得到进一步提高。
造孔过程和混凝土浇筑前，保持槽壁稳定是抓斗薄墙技术的关键环节。槽壁的稳定与地质结构、颗粒大小、地下水情况、施工工艺等因素有着密切的关系，泥浆固壁是保证槽孔稳定最有效的方法。泥浆固壁的机理和槽壁的稳定关系分析是一个非常复杂的问题。针对长江堤防的粘性土和非粘性土层，本文从土力学和水力学的角度对此进行了分析，为泥浆固壁在理论上提供了依据并对此提高了认识。
塑性混凝土作为抓斗薄墙的墙体材料，相比于普通混凝土弹性模量显著降低，使其更接近于围土材料的变形模量，所以塑性混凝土防渗墙在其受力后的变形能很好地于周围地层相协调，因而能大大改善防渗墙的应力状况，更好地适应墙体变薄及长江水位频繁变化而带来的应力变化。
可靠的墙段连接方法是保障墙体连续性和墙体质量的关键。抓斗薄墙采用套管连接法，很好地解决了在30cm墙厚情况下的墙段连接问题，这是抓斗薄墙优于其他防渗技术的典型特性：
作为一门成熟的施工技术必须有可靠的质量检测方法和准确的便于掌握的质量标准。在此抓斗薄墙技术大量借鉴了常规混凝土防渗墙的检测方法和标准。本文在对
西安理工大学工程硕士专业学位论文
此总结的基础上，提出了适应于抓斗薄墙技术质量控制和检测的一些新方法和新观
点，并在实践中得到验证。
抓斗薄墙技术是在生产实际中开发并完善的实践性很强的垂直防渗新技术。在长
江堤防治理中得到了广泛应用，并取得了很好的效果。本文紧密结合长江堤防治理的
工程实际，对此进行了全面总结，表明了薄型抓斗塑性混凝土防渗墙技术的先进性、
可靠性及实用价值。
Grabbed thin plastic concrete diaphragm wall(abbreviated as GTDW hereinafter) is a new technology of vertical anti-seepage developed for levee strengthening of the Changjiang river. Considering there are numerous important sections along the levee of the Changjiang river and a commonly existence of dualistic geologic conditions in it, GTDW has a stronger adaptability than other anti-seepage technologies and will get a more reliable assurance on wall quality and anti-seepage effect.
GTDW, developed based on the conventional concrete diaphragm wall, has brought an important technic and economic change by decreasing its wall thickness which is now only 30 cm. In adopting some trenching skills, such as pure grabbing , primary trenching, etc., GTDW has done a good job in resolving the problem of trenching through the sandy or pebbled stratums of the Changjiang river levee, furthermore, the trenching efficiency has been raised greatly.
During the trenching procedure, until concrete casting is taken, it is very crucial to maintain the stability of the trench wall, which relatives closely to geologic conditions, particle size, groundwater state, trenching skills and so on. It is very complex to analyze the relationship between the stability of trench wall and the mechanism of slurry stable wall which has been proved to be the most effective way to stable the trench wall. This article , against clayey and unclayey stratums in the Changjiang river's levee, makes a complete analysis on the above-mentioned relationship, in opinion of geology and hydraulics. Thus analysis makes theoretic support and clear learning to the slurry stable wall.
To be the wall material of GTDW, comparing with the conventional concrete diaphragm wall, plastic concrete has a much lower elastomeric modulus that approaches to that of the around soil. As a result, the deformation of the plastic concrete diaphragm wall under pressure will be similar with that of the around stratums. The stress state of the
III
diaphragm wall is greatly improved and thus improvement will make it easy for the diaphragm wall to fit the stress changes by the thinner of wall or the frequent changes of the water level.
A reliable way to connect wall sections is the key to get a continuous wall with good quality. GTDW makes a well resolution on the connection of 30cm-thickness wall by using the skill of case connecting, which is a typical character that GTDW has much more advantages than other anti-seepage techs.
GTDW has learn a lot on quality checking methods and criterions from conventional concrete diaphragm wall to form it selfs reliable quality checking system and correct, simple quality criterions. Based on the conclusion to the above, this article raises some new methods and fresh opinions for GTDW about the quality control and check which has been verified in practice.
GTDW is a new practical tech for vertical anti-seepage. The tech has been utilized widely in levee strengthening of the Changjiang river and a good result has been gotten. Connecting closely with and concluded completely to the practice of the Changjiang river's levee strengthening, this article shows readers the advantages, reliability and the practical value of GTRM.
薄型抓斗塑性混凝土防渗墙技术是在常规混凝土防渗墙技术基础上研究开发的。与常规混凝土防渗墙相比墙体厚度仅30cm，随着墙体厚度的变小，带来了技术和经济上的重要变化。
在造孔工序上，薄型抓斗塑性混凝土防渗墙技术采用纯抓和预打导孔等方法，较好地解决了长江堤防地基砂层及砂卵地层的造孔问题，并使造孔工效得到进一步提高。
造孔过程和混凝土浇筑前，保持槽壁稳定是抓斗薄墙技术的关键环节。槽壁的稳定与地质结构、颗粒大小、地下水情况、施工工艺等因素有着密切的关系，泥浆固壁是保证槽孔稳定最有效的方法。泥浆固壁的机理和槽壁的稳定关系分析是一个非常复杂的问题。针对长江堤防的粘性土和非粘性土层，本文从土力学和水力学的角度对此进行了分析，为泥浆固壁在理论上提供了依据并对此提高了认识。
塑性混凝土作为抓斗薄墙的墙体材料，相比于普通混凝土弹性模量显著降低，使其更接近于围土材料的变形模量，所以塑性混凝土防渗墙在其受力后的变形能很好地于周围地层相协调，因而能大大改善防渗墙的应力状况，更好地适应墙体变薄及长江水位频繁变化而带来的应力变化。
可靠的墙段连接方法是保障墙体连续性和墙体质量的关键。抓斗薄墙采用套管连接法，很好地解决了在30cm墙厚情况下的墙段连接问题，这是抓斗薄墙优于其他防渗技术的典型特性：
作为一门成熟的施工技术必须有可靠的质量检测方法和准确的便于掌握的质量标准。在此抓斗薄墙技术大量借鉴了常规混凝土防渗墙的检测方法和标准。本文在对
西安理工大学工程硕士专业学位论文
此总结的基础上，提出了适应于抓斗薄墙技术质量控制和检测的一些新方法和新观
点，并在实践中得到验证。
抓斗薄墙技术是在生产实际中开发并完善的实践性很强的垂直防渗新技术。在长
江堤防治理中得到了广泛应用，并取得了很好的效果。本文紧密结合长江堤防治理的
工程实际，对此进行了全面总结，表明了薄型抓斗塑性混凝土防渗墙技术的先进性、
可靠性及实用价值。
Grabbed thin plastic concrete diaphragm wall(abbreviated as GTDW hereinafter) is a new technology of vertical anti-seepage developed for levee strengthening of the Changjiang river. Considering there are numerous important sections along the levee of the Changjiang river and a commonly existence of dualistic geologic conditions in it, GTDW has a stronger adaptability than other anti-seepage technologies and will get a more reliable assurance on wall quality and anti-seepage effect.
GTDW, developed based on the conventional concrete diaphragm wall, has brought an important technic and economic change by decreasing its wall thickness which is now only 30 cm. In adopting some trenching skills, such as pure grabbing , primary trenching, etc., GTDW has done a good job in resolving the problem of trenching through the sandy or pebbled stratums of the Changjiang river levee, furthermore, the trenching efficiency has been raised greatly.
During the trenching procedure, until concrete casting is taken, it is very crucial to maintain the stability of the trench wall, which relatives closely to geologic conditions, particle size, groundwater state, trenching skills and so on. It is very complex to analyze the relationship between the stability of trench wall and the mechanism of slurry stable wall which has been proved to be the most effective way to stable the trench wall. This article , against clayey and unclayey stratums in the Changjiang river's levee, makes a complete analysis on the above-mentioned relationship, in opinion of geology and hydraulics. Thus analysis makes theoretic support and clear learning to the slurry stable wall.
To be the wall material of GTDW, comparing with the conventional concrete diaphragm wall, plastic concrete has a much lower elastomeric modulus that approaches to that of the around soil. As a result, the deformation of the plastic concrete diaphragm wall under pressure will be similar with that of the around stratums. The stress state of the
III
diaphragm wall is greatly improved and thus improvement will make it easy for the diaphragm wall to fit the stress changes by the thinner of wall or the frequent changes of the water level.
A reliable way to connect wall sections is the key to get a continuous wall with good quality. GTDW makes a well resolution on the connection of 30cm-thickness wall by using the skill of case connecting, which is a typical character that GTDW has much more advantages than other anti-seepage techs.
GTDW has learn a lot on quality checking methods and criterions from conventional concrete diaphragm wall to form it selfs reliable quality checking system and correct, simple quality criterions. Based on the conclusion to the above, this article raises some new methods and fresh opinions for GTDW about the quality control and check which has been verified in practice.
GTDW is a new practical tech for vertical anti-seepage. The tech has been utilized widely in levee strengthening of the Changjiang river and a good result has been gotten. Connecting closely with and concluded completely to the practice of the Changjiang river's levee strengthening, this article shows readers the advantages, reliability and the practical value of GTRM.
引文
【1】祝国荣·夏明耀·高秀理译·日本建设机械化协会编·地下施工手册·北京·中国建筑工业出版社·1993。
【2】高钟镤等·大坝基础防渗墙·北京·中国电力出版社·2000。
【3】孙钊·夏可风·堤防及病险水库垂直防渗技术论文集·天津·天津科学技术出版社·2000。
【4】杨光煦·堤坝及其施工的关键技术研究与实践·北京·中国水利水电出版社·2000。
【5】张启岳·土石坝加固技术·北京·中国水利水电出版社·1999。
【6】SL174-96水利水电工程混凝土施工技术规范·北京·中国水利水电出版社·1997。
【7】陈汉宝·王继红·湖北堤防工程堤基土层结构和主要地质问题·北京·《土石坝工程》编辑部·1999。
【8】李思慎·长江重要堤防隐蔽工程建设——防渗处理·天津·天津科学技术出版社·2000。
【9】李绍基·孙灵惠·振动切槽法建造防渗墙的技术·天津·天津科学技术出版社·2000。
【10】SL60-98堤防工程规范·北京·中国水利水电出版社·1999。
【11】SL239-1999堤防工程施工质量评定与验收规程·北京·中国水利水电出版社·1999。
【12】P.P. Xan thakos·surry walls as Structural Systems. New York·1994
【13】P.P. Xan thakos·surry walls. New York·1994.
【14】陆震铨·祝全荣编泽·地下连续墙理论与实践·北京·中国铁道出版社·1987。
【15】杨光煦·水下灌筑混凝土·北京·水利电力出版社·1983。
【16】郑秀培·土石坝地基混凝土防渗墙设计与计算·北京·水利电力出版社·1979。
【17】陈庚仪·我国混凝土防渗墙技术的概况和今后发展趋势·水利水电出版社·1978。
【18】郝鸿禄·防渗墙施工·见：许四复．郭诚谦合著·土石坝施工·北京·水利电力出版社·1986。
【19】Sherard J L Woodward R J. Giziensks S Fand Clevenger W A Earth—Rock Dams John Wiley and Sons. Lns. 1966.
【20】刘杰·土的渗透稳定与渗流控制·北京·水利电力出版社·1986。
【21】王宝玉·查振衡·高压喷射灌浆技术及其应用·水利水电技术·1989(1)。
【22】陶景良·混凝土防渗墙的浇筑·北京·水利电力出版社·1978。
【23】蒋振中·长江堤防建设垂直防渗技术评述·天津·天津科学技术出版社·2000。
【24】李昌华·薄型抓斗的研制及其应用·天津·天津科学技术出版社·2000。
【25】邢书龙·长江长孙堤薄防渗墙施工技术·天津·天津科学技术出版社·2000。
【26】安徽利县牛屯河堤段防渗加固工程竣工报告·中国水利水电基础工程局·2000。
【27】黄冈长江干堤加固工程第一标段北永堤及茅山堤段防渗工程现场试验综合报告·中国水利水电基础工程局·2000。
【28】江西九江永安堤防渗工程竣工报告·中国水利水电基础工程局·1999。
【29】H. FLOGL. H. STALBLE(Austria). Experience With the supplenmentary installation of an elastic diaphragm in the rock of schlegeis arch dam.
【30】W.R. LARSEN. N.R. HOPTON. F.R. RAMIREZ. O. VARDE (Argentiona),gralyreta cement-bentonite slurry cut off.
【31】P. ANAGNOSTL. N.N. ADAMO(Yugoslavi).Unvsual foundation condations at Badush dam sit.
【32】熊进·陈琪新·长江重要堤防隐蔽实施过程中若干问题的应对措施研究·天津·天津科学技术出版社·2000。
【33】冯霞芳·塑性混凝土研究·天津·中国水利水电基础工程局基础处理技术编辑部·1988。
【34】M. ORHON(Turkey).Implementation of Plastic Concrete Well in dam foundation.
【35】J. TAKLMOTO(Japsn).The advantages of diaphragm cut off wall for alluvial deposits.
【36】王金生·垂直防渗新技术在堤防工程中的应用·天津·天津科学技术出版社·2000。
【37】鲁志军·魏良·董丰昌·全液压和钢丝绳式抓斗在黄壁庄水库副坝混凝土防渗墙施工中的应用·天津·《基础处理技术》编辑部·2002．1
【2】高钟镤等·大坝基础防渗墙·北京·中国电力出版社·2000。
【3】孙钊·夏可风·堤防及病险水库垂直防渗技术论文集·天津·天津科学技术出版社·2000。
【4】杨光煦·堤坝及其施工的关键技术研究与实践·北京·中国水利水电出版社·2000。
【5】张启岳·土石坝加固技术·北京·中国水利水电出版社·1999。
【6】SL174-96水利水电工程混凝土施工技术规范·北京·中国水利水电出版社·1997。
【7】陈汉宝·王继红·湖北堤防工程堤基土层结构和主要地质问题·北京·《土石坝工程》编辑部·1999。
【8】李思慎·长江重要堤防隐蔽工程建设——防渗处理·天津·天津科学技术出版社·2000。
【9】李绍基·孙灵惠·振动切槽法建造防渗墙的技术·天津·天津科学技术出版社·2000。
【10】SL60-98堤防工程规范·北京·中国水利水电出版社·1999。
【11】SL239-1999堤防工程施工质量评定与验收规程·北京·中国水利水电出版社·1999。
【12】P.P. Xan thakos·surry walls as Structural Systems. New York·1994
【13】P.P. Xan thakos·surry walls. New York·1994.
【14】陆震铨·祝全荣编泽·地下连续墙理论与实践·北京·中国铁道出版社·1987。
【15】杨光煦·水下灌筑混凝土·北京·水利电力出版社·1983。
【16】郑秀培·土石坝地基混凝土防渗墙设计与计算·北京·水利电力出版社·1979。
【17】陈庚仪·我国混凝土防渗墙技术的概况和今后发展趋势·水利水电出版社·1978。
【18】郝鸿禄·防渗墙施工·见：许四复．郭诚谦合著·土石坝施工·北京·水利电力出版社·1986。
【19】Sherard J L Woodward R J. Giziensks S Fand Clevenger W A Earth—Rock Dams John Wiley and Sons. Lns. 1966.
【20】刘杰·土的渗透稳定与渗流控制·北京·水利电力出版社·1986。
【21】王宝玉·查振衡·高压喷射灌浆技术及其应用·水利水电技术·1989(1)。
【22】陶景良·混凝土防渗墙的浇筑·北京·水利电力出版社·1978。
【23】蒋振中·长江堤防建设垂直防渗技术评述·天津·天津科学技术出版社·2000。
【24】李昌华·薄型抓斗的研制及其应用·天津·天津科学技术出版社·2000。
【25】邢书龙·长江长孙堤薄防渗墙施工技术·天津·天津科学技术出版社·2000。
【26】安徽利县牛屯河堤段防渗加固工程竣工报告·中国水利水电基础工程局·2000。
【27】黄冈长江干堤加固工程第一标段北永堤及茅山堤段防渗工程现场试验综合报告·中国水利水电基础工程局·2000。
【28】江西九江永安堤防渗工程竣工报告·中国水利水电基础工程局·1999。
【29】H. FLOGL. H. STALBLE(Austria). Experience With the supplenmentary installation of an elastic diaphragm in the rock of schlegeis arch dam.
【30】W.R. LARSEN. N.R. HOPTON. F.R. RAMIREZ. O. VARDE (Argentiona),gralyreta cement-bentonite slurry cut off.
【31】P. ANAGNOSTL. N.N. ADAMO(Yugoslavi).Unvsual foundation condations at Badush dam sit.
【32】熊进·陈琪新·长江重要堤防隐蔽实施过程中若干问题的应对措施研究·天津·天津科学技术出版社·2000。
【33】冯霞芳·塑性混凝土研究·天津·中国水利水电基础工程局基础处理技术编辑部·1988。
【34】M. ORHON(Turkey).Implementation of Plastic Concrete Well in dam foundation.
【35】J. TAKLMOTO(Japsn).The advantages of diaphragm cut off wall for alluvial deposits.
【36】王金生·垂直防渗新技术在堤防工程中的应用·天津·天津科学技术出版社·2000。
【37】鲁志军·魏良·董丰昌·全液压和钢丝绳式抓斗在黄壁庄水库副坝混凝土防渗墙施工中的应用·天津·《基础处理技术》编辑部·2002．1
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