自适应天线在移动通信中的应用研究
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摘要
随着移动通信的飞速发展，自适应天线作为一种有效提高频谱利用率的技术正受到广泛的研究。
本文首先对自适应天线的基本原理进行了简要介绍，建立了阵列接收的同步CDMA系统离散时间传播模型，并论述了空域滤波和时域FIR滤波器的类比性，用DMI和LS—DRMTCAM算法仿真了自适应天线空间滤波性能。然后用矩量法和等效网络方法分析了自适应阵列的互耦特性，建立了考虑互耦后的阵列信号接收模型，考察了计入互耦后MUSIC来波估计算法性能，并给出了一种基于MUSIC算法的互耦矩阵求解方法。最后在矢量信道模型分析基础上，深入地研究了TD—SCDMA系统中自适应天线与联合检测相结合技术，从系统矩阵和误码率仿真两方面考察了自适应天线对联合检测性能的改善，并分析了阵列互耦和射频通道校准误差对TD—SCDMA系统上行性能的影响，为系统设计提供了依据。
Wireless cellular communication is witnessing a rapid growth in markets, technology, and range of services. The increasing demand for capacity and quality motivates the need for new techniques to improve spectrum utilization. The use of adaptive antennas is one area that shows promise for increasing spectrum efficiency.
This paper begins with an overview of the fundamentals of adaptive antennas. The correspondence between a spatial filter and the FIR filter is illustrated, and the spatial filter characteristic of adaptive antennas is investigated by DMI and LS-DRMTCMA algorithms. The discrete-time transmission model of synchronous CDMA systems with antenna arrays is also developed. The direction of arrival and time of arrival statistic for circular and elliptical vector channel model are derived, and efficient methods are give that can be used to simulate these models. The benefits of using adaptive antennas are also studied for 3G mobile radio system based on TD-SCDMA. hi this thesis, these benefits are explained theoretically and illustrated by computer simulation. Additionally, the mutual coupling characteristic of adaptive antennas is analyzed by MOM and equivalent network method, and the data model is built considering the mutual coupling of antennas arrays. The effect of mutual coupling on MUSIC algorithm is also studied, and we get a method to find the mutual coupling matrix based on MUSIC algorithm. Finally, the effects of mutual coupling and RF channel imbalances on TD-SCDMA are investigated, which will provide a reference for system design.
本文首先对自适应天线的基本原理进行了简要介绍，建立了阵列接收的同步CDMA系统离散时间传播模型，并论述了空域滤波和时域FIR滤波器的类比性，用DMI和LS—DRMTCAM算法仿真了自适应天线空间滤波性能。然后用矩量法和等效网络方法分析了自适应阵列的互耦特性，建立了考虑互耦后的阵列信号接收模型，考察了计入互耦后MUSIC来波估计算法性能，并给出了一种基于MUSIC算法的互耦矩阵求解方法。最后在矢量信道模型分析基础上，深入地研究了TD—SCDMA系统中自适应天线与联合检测相结合技术，从系统矩阵和误码率仿真两方面考察了自适应天线对联合检测性能的改善，并分析了阵列互耦和射频通道校准误差对TD—SCDMA系统上行性能的影响，为系统设计提供了依据。
Wireless cellular communication is witnessing a rapid growth in markets, technology, and range of services. The increasing demand for capacity and quality motivates the need for new techniques to improve spectrum utilization. The use of adaptive antennas is one area that shows promise for increasing spectrum efficiency.
This paper begins with an overview of the fundamentals of adaptive antennas. The correspondence between a spatial filter and the FIR filter is illustrated, and the spatial filter characteristic of adaptive antennas is investigated by DMI and LS-DRMTCMA algorithms. The discrete-time transmission model of synchronous CDMA systems with antenna arrays is also developed. The direction of arrival and time of arrival statistic for circular and elliptical vector channel model are derived, and efficient methods are give that can be used to simulate these models. The benefits of using adaptive antennas are also studied for 3G mobile radio system based on TD-SCDMA. hi this thesis, these benefits are explained theoretically and illustrated by computer simulation. Additionally, the mutual coupling characteristic of adaptive antennas is analyzed by MOM and equivalent network method, and the data model is built considering the mutual coupling of antennas arrays. The effect of mutual coupling on MUSIC algorithm is also studied, and we get a method to find the mutual coupling matrix based on MUSIC algorithm. Finally, the effects of mutual coupling and RF channel imbalances on TD-SCDMA are investigated, which will provide a reference for system design.
引文
1 J.C. Liberti and T. S. Rappaport, "Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications: IS-95 and Third Generation CDMA Applications", Prentice Hall, 1998
2 John. Lirva and Titus. Kwok-Yeung Lo, "Digital beamforming in wireless communications", Artech House, 1996
3 L. C. Godara, "Application of antenna arrays to mobile communications, Part I : Performance improvements, feasibility, and system considerations", Proc. Of the IEEE, vol.85, pp1031-1060, July 1997
4 L. C. Godara, "Application of antenna arrays to mobile communications, Part II: Beam-Forming and direction-of-arrival considerations", Proc. of the IEEE, vol.85, pp1195-1245, July 1997
5 J. Winters, "Smart Antennas for Wireless Systems," IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 23-27, February 1998．
6 R. T. Adams, "An adaptive antenna system for maximizing singal-to-noise ratio", Proc. WESCON Conference, pp1-4, Session 24, 1966
7 B. Widrow, P. E. Mantey, L.J.Griffiths, and B.B.Goode, "Adaptive antenna systems", Proc. IEEE, Vol.55, pp2143-2159, 1967
8 "Special Issue on active and adaptive antennas", IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.12, March 1964
9 "Special Issue on active and adaptive antennas", IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.24, Sep 1976
10 M.Tangemann, "Introducing adaptive array antenna concepts in mobile communication systems", Proc. RACE mobile Telecommunications Workshop, pp.714-727, Amsterdam, 1994
11 C.Hartmann, "Dynamic channel allocation in cellular communication systems with SDMA", Proc. 2nd European Personal Mobile Communications Conference (EPMCC'97) , Bonn, 1997
12 C. Farsakh and J.A.Nossek, "On the spatial separation potential of a uniform linear array", Proc. IEEE 46th Vehicular Technology Conference(VTC'96) , pp1477-1480, Atlanta, 1996
13 C. Farsakh and J.A.Nossek, "Maximizing the capacity of an SDMA mobile radio systems", Proc IEEE 4th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT'97) ,
Phoenix, 1997
14 S.Talwar, M.Viberg, and A. Paulraj, "Blind estimation of synchronous co-channel digital signals using an antenna array, Part I: Algorithms", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.44, pp 1184-1197,1996
15 A.J.van der Veen, "Analytical method for blind binary separation", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.45, pp178-182, 1997
16 M. Torlak and G. Xu, "Blind multiuser channel estimation in asynchronous CDMA systems", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.45, pp137-147, 1997
17 F. Adachi. M. Sawahashi, and H. Suda, "Wideband DS-CDMA for next generation mobile communication systems", IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.163, pp56-69, 1998．
18 R. Kohno, "Spatial and temporal filtering for co-channel interference in CDMA", Proc. IEEE 3rd International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques & Applications (ISSSTA'94) ,pp51-60,Oulu, 1994
19 R. B. Ertel, P. Cardieri, K. W. Sowerby, T. S. Rappaport and J.H.Reed, "Overview of spatial channel models for antenna array communication systems", IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, pp 10-22, Feb. 1998
20 S. S. Jeng, H. P. Lin, G. Xu, and W. J. Vogel, "Measurements of spatial signature of an antenna array", IEEE 6th International Symposium on Personal, Indoors and Mobile Radio Communications, Vol.2, pp669-672, Sep 1995．
21 B. H. Fleury and P.E. Leuthold, "Radio propagation in mobile communications: An overview of European research", IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.34, pp70-81, 1996
22 J. Jelitto,M. Stege, M. Lohning, M. Bronzel and G. Fettweis, "A Vector Channel Model with Stochastic Fading Simulation", Proceedings PIMRC'99-Osaka, Japan, 1999
23 WG 2 UHF Propagation, "Urban transmission loss models for mobile radio in the 900-and the 180-MHz bands", COST231 TD(90) 119, Rev.2, 1990
24 J. E. Berg and Holmquist, "An FFT multiple half-screen diffraction model", Proc. IEEE 44th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC'94) , pp195-199, Stockholm, 1994
25 M. Lebherz, W. Wiesbeck, and W. Krank, "A versatile wave propagation model for the VHF/UHF range considering three-dimension terrain", IEEE Transaction on Communications, Vol.40, pp. 1121-1131, 1992
26 R. Kumaresan and D.W. Tufts, "Estimation the angles of arrival of multiple plane waves", IEEE Transaction on Aerospace and Electronic systems, Vol. AES-19, No.1 pp 134-139, Jam 1983
27 J. Capon, "High-resolution frequency-wave number spectrum analysis", Proc. Of the IEEE, Vol.57, pp1408-1418,1969
28 S. Anderson, M. Millnert, M. Viberg, and B. Wahlberg, "An adaptive array for mobile communications systems", IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Vol.34, pp230-236,1991
29 J. Kennedy and M. C. Sullivan, "Direction finding and smart antennas using software radio architectures", IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.33, pp62-68, 1995
30 R. L.Johnson, "Eigenvector matrix partition and radio direction finding perfrmace", IEEE Transaction on Antenna Propagation, Vol.34 No.8 pp985-991, Aug. 1986
31 R. Kumaresan and D. W. Turts, "Estimating the angles of arrival of multiple plane waves" IEEE Transaction on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol.19, No.1 pp134-139, Jan 1983
32 I. Ziskind and M. Wax, "Maximum likelihood localization of multiple sources by alternating projection", IEEE Transaction on Acoustics. Speech and Signal Processing, Vol.36 No.10 ppl553-1560． Oct 1988
33 T. S. Rappaport, "Smar antennas, Adaptive arrays, Algorithms and wireless position location", Selected Readings, IEEE Press 1998
34 E. Ashok and P. M. Schultheiss, "The effect of auxiliary source on the performance of the randomly perturbed array", Proc. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing (ICASSP'95) , Vol.40． 1, San Diego, 1984
35 Y. Rockah and P. M. Schultheiss, "Array shape calibration using sources in unknown locations-Part I: Far field sources", IEEE Transaction on Acoustics. Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol.35, pp286-299, 1987
36 K. Pensel and J. A. Nossek, " Uplink and downlink calibration of smart antennas", Proc. IEEE 5th International conference on Telecommunications (ICT'98) , Vol. II, pp323-327, Chalkidiki, 1998
37 A. Klein, G. K. Kaleh and P. W. Baier, " Zero forcing and minimum mean-square-error equalization for multiuser detection in code-division multiple-access channels", IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Vol 45, No 2, May 1996
38 P. Jung and J. Blanz, " Joint detection with coherent receiver antenna diversity in CDMA radio systems", IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 44, No1, February 1996
39 Z. Rong, "Simulation of Adaptive antenna array algorithms for CDMA systems", Master thesis, MPRG-TR-96-31, Mobile & Portable Radio Research Group, Virginia Tech. Blacksburg. VA, Sep. 1996
40 R. O. Schmidt, "Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation", IEEE Transaction on Antenna and Propagation, Vol.34, no. 3, pp. 276-280, 1986.
41 R. Roy and T. Kailath, "ESPRIT-estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques," IEEE Transaction on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol.37, pp984-995, July 1986.
42 石镇，自适应天线原理，国防工业出版社，1991年
43 B. Suard, A. Naguib, G. Xu, and A. Paulraj," Performance Analysis of CDMA Mobile Communication Systems using Antenna Arrays," in Proc. IEEE, ICASSP'93, Vol. VI, (Minneapolis, MN), pp 153-156, April 1993.
44 J.S.Lee，L.E.Miller著，许希东，周世东等译，CDMA系统工程手册，人民邮电出版社，2001年
45 冯亚伯，电磁场理论，西安电子科技大学出版社，西安，1995年
46 汪茂光，几何绕射理论(第二版)，西安电子科技大学出版社，西安，1994年
47 J.C. Liberti and T.S. Rappaport, "A geometrically based model for line-of-sight multipath radio channels," in Proc. IEEE Veh. Tech. Conf. pp844-848, April. 1996
48 郭梯云，阳家纬，李建东，数字移动通信，人民邮电出版社，1996年
49 J.G. Proakis, "Digital Communications", New York: Mc-Graw Hill, 1983
50 R.F.Harrington著，王尔杰、肖良勇等译，“计算电磁场的矩量法”，国防工业出版社，1981年
51 I. J. Gupta and A. A. Ksienski, "Effect of mutual coupling on the performance of adaptive arrays", IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, Vol 31, No.5, pp785-791, Sep 1983
52 B. Friedlander and A. J. Weiss, "Direction finding in the presence of mutual coupling", IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation,Vol.39. No.3, pp273-284, March 1991
53 H. Krim and M. Viberg, "Two decades of array signal processing research", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp67-94, July 1996
54 R.S.Adve and T.K. Sarkar, "Compensation for the effects of mutual coupling on direct data domain adaptive algorithms", IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp86-94, January 2000.
55 H. Steyskal and J. S. Herd, "Mutual coupling compensation in small array antennas", IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, No. 12, pp1971-1975, Dec 1990
56 K. S. Gilhousen, I. M. Jacobs, R. Padovani, A. Viterbi, L. A. Weaver, and C. Wheatly, "On the capacity of a cellular system", IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, vol40(2), pp302-312, May 1991
57 A. F. Naguib, A. Paulraj, and T. Kailath, "Capacity improvement with base-station
antenna arrays in celluar CDMA", IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Vol.43． No.3． pp691-698, August 1994
58 A. Papathanassion, "Adaptive antennas for mobile radio systems using Tune Division CDMA and joint detection", Dissertation, University of Kaiserlautern, January 2001
59 J. J. Blanz, A. Papathanassiou, M. Haardt, I. Furio and P. W. Baier, "Smart antennas for combined DOA and joint channel estimation in Time-Slotted CDMA mobile radio systimes with joint detecion", IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Vol.49． No.2, pp293-306, March. 2000
60 W. Van Etten, "Maximum likelihood receiver for multiple channel transmission systems", IEEE Transaction on Communications, Vol.24, pp276-283, Feb. 1976
61 程云鹏,矩阵论，西北工业大学出版社， 1999年
62 A. Klein and P. W. Baier, "Linear unbiased data estimation in mobile radio systems applying CDMA ", IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol.11 pp1058-1066, Sep 1993
63 B.Steiner and P. W. Baier, "Low cost channel estimation in the uplink receiver of CDMA mobile radio systems", Frequenz, Vol.47． pp292-298, Nov/Dec. 1993
64 C. Brunner, M. Joham, W. Utschick, M. Haardt, and J.A. Nossek, "Downlink beamforming for WCDMA based on uplink channel parameters", Proc. of the 3rd European Personal Mobil Communications Conference, 1999．
65 S. Robert, "Receiver imperfections and calibration of adaptive antennas", thesis, University of Wien, 1998
66 Y. Rockah and P. M. Schultheiss, "Array shape calibration using sources in unknown locations-Part II: Near field sources and estimator implementation", IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol.35, pp286-299,1987
2 John. Lirva and Titus. Kwok-Yeung Lo, "Digital beamforming in wireless communications", Artech House, 1996
3 L. C. Godara, "Application of antenna arrays to mobile communications, Part I : Performance improvements, feasibility, and system considerations", Proc. Of the IEEE, vol.85, pp1031-1060, July 1997
4 L. C. Godara, "Application of antenna arrays to mobile communications, Part II: Beam-Forming and direction-of-arrival considerations", Proc. of the IEEE, vol.85, pp1195-1245, July 1997
5 J. Winters, "Smart Antennas for Wireless Systems," IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 23-27, February 1998．
6 R. T. Adams, "An adaptive antenna system for maximizing singal-to-noise ratio", Proc. WESCON Conference, pp1-4, Session 24, 1966
7 B. Widrow, P. E. Mantey, L.J.Griffiths, and B.B.Goode, "Adaptive antenna systems", Proc. IEEE, Vol.55, pp2143-2159, 1967
8 "Special Issue on active and adaptive antennas", IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.12, March 1964
9 "Special Issue on active and adaptive antennas", IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.24, Sep 1976
10 M.Tangemann, "Introducing adaptive array antenna concepts in mobile communication systems", Proc. RACE mobile Telecommunications Workshop, pp.714-727, Amsterdam, 1994
11 C.Hartmann, "Dynamic channel allocation in cellular communication systems with SDMA", Proc. 2nd European Personal Mobile Communications Conference (EPMCC'97) , Bonn, 1997
12 C. Farsakh and J.A.Nossek, "On the spatial separation potential of a uniform linear array", Proc. IEEE 46th Vehicular Technology Conference(VTC'96) , pp1477-1480, Atlanta, 1996
13 C. Farsakh and J.A.Nossek, "Maximizing the capacity of an SDMA mobile radio systems", Proc IEEE 4th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT'97) ,
Phoenix, 1997
14 S.Talwar, M.Viberg, and A. Paulraj, "Blind estimation of synchronous co-channel digital signals using an antenna array, Part I: Algorithms", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.44, pp 1184-1197,1996
15 A.J.van der Veen, "Analytical method for blind binary separation", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.45, pp178-182, 1997
16 M. Torlak and G. Xu, "Blind multiuser channel estimation in asynchronous CDMA systems", IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, Vol.45, pp137-147, 1997
17 F. Adachi. M. Sawahashi, and H. Suda, "Wideband DS-CDMA for next generation mobile communication systems", IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.163, pp56-69, 1998．
18 R. Kohno, "Spatial and temporal filtering for co-channel interference in CDMA", Proc. IEEE 3rd International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques & Applications (ISSSTA'94) ,pp51-60,Oulu, 1994
19 R. B. Ertel, P. Cardieri, K. W. Sowerby, T. S. Rappaport and J.H.Reed, "Overview of spatial channel models for antenna array communication systems", IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, pp 10-22, Feb. 1998
20 S. S. Jeng, H. P. Lin, G. Xu, and W. J. Vogel, "Measurements of spatial signature of an antenna array", IEEE 6th International Symposium on Personal, Indoors and Mobile Radio Communications, Vol.2, pp669-672, Sep 1995．
21 B. H. Fleury and P.E. Leuthold, "Radio propagation in mobile communications: An overview of European research", IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.34, pp70-81, 1996
22 J. Jelitto,M. Stege, M. Lohning, M. Bronzel and G. Fettweis, "A Vector Channel Model with Stochastic Fading Simulation", Proceedings PIMRC'99-Osaka, Japan, 1999
23 WG 2 UHF Propagation, "Urban transmission loss models for mobile radio in the 900-and the 180-MHz bands", COST231 TD(90) 119, Rev.2, 1990
24 J. E. Berg and Holmquist, "An FFT multiple half-screen diffraction model", Proc. IEEE 44th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC'94) , pp195-199, Stockholm, 1994
25 M. Lebherz, W. Wiesbeck, and W. Krank, "A versatile wave propagation model for the VHF/UHF range considering three-dimension terrain", IEEE Transaction on Communications, Vol.40, pp. 1121-1131, 1992
26 R. Kumaresan and D.W. Tufts, "Estimation the angles of arrival of multiple plane waves", IEEE Transaction on Aerospace and Electronic systems, Vol. AES-19, No.1 pp 134-139, Jam 1983
27 J. Capon, "High-resolution frequency-wave number spectrum analysis", Proc. Of the IEEE, Vol.57, pp1408-1418,1969
28 S. Anderson, M. Millnert, M. Viberg, and B. Wahlberg, "An adaptive array for mobile communications systems", IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Vol.34, pp230-236,1991
29 J. Kennedy and M. C. Sullivan, "Direction finding and smart antennas using software radio architectures", IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.33, pp62-68, 1995
30 R. L.Johnson, "Eigenvector matrix partition and radio direction finding perfrmace", IEEE Transaction on Antenna Propagation, Vol.34 No.8 pp985-991, Aug. 1986
31 R. Kumaresan and D. W. Turts, "Estimating the angles of arrival of multiple plane waves" IEEE Transaction on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol.19, No.1 pp134-139, Jan 1983
32 I. Ziskind and M. Wax, "Maximum likelihood localization of multiple sources by alternating projection", IEEE Transaction on Acoustics. Speech and Signal Processing, Vol.36 No.10 ppl553-1560． Oct 1988
33 T. S. Rappaport, "Smar antennas, Adaptive arrays, Algorithms and wireless position location", Selected Readings, IEEE Press 1998
34 E. Ashok and P. M. Schultheiss, "The effect of auxiliary source on the performance of the randomly perturbed array", Proc. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing (ICASSP'95) , Vol.40． 1, San Diego, 1984
35 Y. Rockah and P. M. Schultheiss, "Array shape calibration using sources in unknown locations-Part I: Far field sources", IEEE Transaction on Acoustics. Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol.35, pp286-299, 1987
36 K. Pensel and J. A. Nossek, " Uplink and downlink calibration of smart antennas", Proc. IEEE 5th International conference on Telecommunications (ICT'98) , Vol. II, pp323-327, Chalkidiki, 1998
37 A. Klein, G. K. Kaleh and P. W. Baier, " Zero forcing and minimum mean-square-error equalization for multiuser detection in code-division multiple-access channels", IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Vol 45, No 2, May 1996
38 P. Jung and J. Blanz, " Joint detection with coherent receiver antenna diversity in CDMA radio systems", IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 44, No1, February 1996
39 Z. Rong, "Simulation of Adaptive antenna array algorithms for CDMA systems", Master thesis, MPRG-TR-96-31, Mobile & Portable Radio Research Group, Virginia Tech. Blacksburg. VA, Sep. 1996
40 R. O. Schmidt, "Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation", IEEE Transaction on Antenna and Propagation, Vol.34, no. 3, pp. 276-280, 1986.
41 R. Roy and T. Kailath, "ESPRIT-estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques," IEEE Transaction on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol.37, pp984-995, July 1986.
42 石镇，自适应天线原理，国防工业出版社，1991年
43 B. Suard, A. Naguib, G. Xu, and A. Paulraj," Performance Analysis of CDMA Mobile Communication Systems using Antenna Arrays," in Proc. IEEE, ICASSP'93, Vol. VI, (Minneapolis, MN), pp 153-156, April 1993.
44 J.S.Lee，L.E.Miller著，许希东，周世东等译，CDMA系统工程手册，人民邮电出版社，2001年
45 冯亚伯，电磁场理论，西安电子科技大学出版社，西安，1995年
46 汪茂光，几何绕射理论(第二版)，西安电子科技大学出版社，西安，1994年
47 J.C. Liberti and T.S. Rappaport, "A geometrically based model for line-of-sight multipath radio channels," in Proc. IEEE Veh. Tech. Conf. pp844-848, April. 1996
48 郭梯云，阳家纬，李建东，数字移动通信，人民邮电出版社，1996年
49 J.G. Proakis, "Digital Communications", New York: Mc-Graw Hill, 1983
50 R.F.Harrington著，王尔杰、肖良勇等译，“计算电磁场的矩量法”，国防工业出版社，1981年
51 I. J. Gupta and A. A. Ksienski, "Effect of mutual coupling on the performance of adaptive arrays", IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, Vol 31, No.5, pp785-791, Sep 1983
52 B. Friedlander and A. J. Weiss, "Direction finding in the presence of mutual coupling", IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation,Vol.39. No.3, pp273-284, March 1991
53 H. Krim and M. Viberg, "Two decades of array signal processing research", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp67-94, July 1996
54 R.S.Adve and T.K. Sarkar, "Compensation for the effects of mutual coupling on direct data domain adaptive algorithms", IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp86-94, January 2000.
55 H. Steyskal and J. S. Herd, "Mutual coupling compensation in small array antennas", IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, No. 12, pp1971-1975, Dec 1990
56 K. S. Gilhousen, I. M. Jacobs, R. Padovani, A. Viterbi, L. A. Weaver, and C. Wheatly, "On the capacity of a cellular system", IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, vol40(2), pp302-312, May 1991
57 A. F. Naguib, A. Paulraj, and T. Kailath, "Capacity improvement with base-station
antenna arrays in celluar CDMA", IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Vol.43． No.3． pp691-698, August 1994
58 A. Papathanassion, "Adaptive antennas for mobile radio systems using Tune Division CDMA and joint detection", Dissertation, University of Kaiserlautern, January 2001
59 J. J. Blanz, A. Papathanassiou, M. Haardt, I. Furio and P. W. Baier, "Smart antennas for combined DOA and joint channel estimation in Time-Slotted CDMA mobile radio systimes with joint detecion", IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Vol.49． No.2, pp293-306, March. 2000
60 W. Van Etten, "Maximum likelihood receiver for multiple channel transmission systems", IEEE Transaction on Communications, Vol.24, pp276-283, Feb. 1976
61 程云鹏,矩阵论，西北工业大学出版社， 1999年
62 A. Klein and P. W. Baier, "Linear unbiased data estimation in mobile radio systems applying CDMA ", IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol.11 pp1058-1066, Sep 1993
63 B.Steiner and P. W. Baier, "Low cost channel estimation in the uplink receiver of CDMA mobile radio systems", Frequenz, Vol.47． pp292-298, Nov/Dec. 1993
64 C. Brunner, M. Joham, W. Utschick, M. Haardt, and J.A. Nossek, "Downlink beamforming for WCDMA based on uplink channel parameters", Proc. of the 3rd European Personal Mobil Communications Conference, 1999．
65 S. Robert, "Receiver imperfections and calibration of adaptive antennas", thesis, University of Wien, 1998
66 Y. Rockah and P. M. Schultheiss, "Array shape calibration using sources in unknown locations-Part II: Near field sources and estimator implementation", IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol.35, pp286-299,1987
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