机辅语言教学环境中的项目教学研究
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摘要
语言教师最关注的问题是如何通过改进教学方法和手段，提高教学质量。在这方
面，目前位于国际语言教学研究前沿的机辅语言项目教学法的实践为我国外语教学
改革提供了新的希望。许多国际语言教学专家提出：结合新技术和项目教学法之长，
开展机辅语言学习项目，可以使学生为实现某一具体目标而进行有目的的交际活动，
是优化语言教学环境的有效途径之一（Debski，1997a，1997b；Feldman，1995；Means ＆
Olson，1995；Warschauer et al.，2000）。
本文首先阐述了项目教学法与机辅语言学习环境的理论依据，总结分析了国内
外机辅语言学习项目的实践和科研成果，以及开展这方面教学改革所面临的困难和
挑战。然后，论文以1999年秋在20名苏州大学非英语专业本科生中开展的跨文化
合作机辅写作项目为基础，采取定量和定性相结合的研究方法，探索在机辅语言项
目教学环境中，学生对该教学模式的接受程度及项目中的学习表现。调查结果显示
此次计算机辅助英语写作项目受到学生的普遍欢迎，并取得一定的教学效果，具体
表现在它：
●激发了学生的学习积极性
●改进了学生的写作表现
●有助于学生合作和自主性学习
基于上述研究结果，本文认为机辅语言学习项目的实施有望为中国英语教学改
革带来可喜突破，许多具体实施问题值得进一步研究。最后作者结合中国的英语教
学情况提出了一些应用启示，并指出了该研究有待改进之处。
Today, what concerns language teachers most is how to reform the teaching methodology to help our students achieve more fruitful learning effects. In this respect, the newly proposed computer-assisted project-based learning (PBL), which contextualizes learning by presenting learners with problems to solve or products to develop with the aid of computers, seems to demonstrate its great potential (Debski, 1997a, 199Th; Feldman, 1995; Means & Olson, 1995; Warschauer et at., 2000). It is suggested that implementing computer-assisted language learning (CALL) projects can help achieve combined strengths of the teaching approach of PBL and the advanced technology, thus can make the learning environment more vibrant and effects more satisfactory.
This thesis first explores the theoretical foundations of both PBL and CALL environment, then it reviews researches on the implementation of PBL in CALL environment. To explore the effects of computer-assisted PBL in the EFL context in China, the thesis reports a pilot study which involved 20 non-English major students in a crosscultural computer-assisted collaborative writing project conducted in the fall semester of 1999 at Suzhou University. Combining both quantitative and qualitative methods, the writer researches the students?perceptions of the CALL project and its impact on their learning motivation, performance and roles. The study finally yields that the computerassisted writing project did have a positive effect on the students?EFL learning. To be more specific, it has
?enhanced the students?learning motivation
?improved the students?writing performance
?facilitated cooperation and autonomous learning
Based on the findings, the writer concludes that the computer-assisted PBL might potentially improve EFL learning context in China and thus its related issues are worth further researching. The thesis finally points out some limitations of this study and reveals some implications for effective application of computer-assisted PBL in the Chinese context.
面，目前位于国际语言教学研究前沿的机辅语言项目教学法的实践为我国外语教学
改革提供了新的希望。许多国际语言教学专家提出：结合新技术和项目教学法之长，
开展机辅语言学习项目，可以使学生为实现某一具体目标而进行有目的的交际活动，
是优化语言教学环境的有效途径之一（Debski，1997a，1997b；Feldman，1995；Means ＆
Olson，1995；Warschauer et al.，2000）。
本文首先阐述了项目教学法与机辅语言学习环境的理论依据，总结分析了国内
外机辅语言学习项目的实践和科研成果，以及开展这方面教学改革所面临的困难和
挑战。然后，论文以1999年秋在20名苏州大学非英语专业本科生中开展的跨文化
合作机辅写作项目为基础，采取定量和定性相结合的研究方法，探索在机辅语言项
目教学环境中，学生对该教学模式的接受程度及项目中的学习表现。调查结果显示
此次计算机辅助英语写作项目受到学生的普遍欢迎，并取得一定的教学效果，具体
表现在它：
●激发了学生的学习积极性
●改进了学生的写作表现
●有助于学生合作和自主性学习
基于上述研究结果，本文认为机辅语言学习项目的实施有望为中国英语教学改
革带来可喜突破，许多具体实施问题值得进一步研究。最后作者结合中国的英语教
学情况提出了一些应用启示，并指出了该研究有待改进之处。
Today, what concerns language teachers most is how to reform the teaching methodology to help our students achieve more fruitful learning effects. In this respect, the newly proposed computer-assisted project-based learning (PBL), which contextualizes learning by presenting learners with problems to solve or products to develop with the aid of computers, seems to demonstrate its great potential (Debski, 1997a, 199Th; Feldman, 1995; Means & Olson, 1995; Warschauer et at., 2000). It is suggested that implementing computer-assisted language learning (CALL) projects can help achieve combined strengths of the teaching approach of PBL and the advanced technology, thus can make the learning environment more vibrant and effects more satisfactory.
This thesis first explores the theoretical foundations of both PBL and CALL environment, then it reviews researches on the implementation of PBL in CALL environment. To explore the effects of computer-assisted PBL in the EFL context in China, the thesis reports a pilot study which involved 20 non-English major students in a crosscultural computer-assisted collaborative writing project conducted in the fall semester of 1999 at Suzhou University. Combining both quantitative and qualitative methods, the writer researches the students?perceptions of the CALL project and its impact on their learning motivation, performance and roles. The study finally yields that the computerassisted writing project did have a positive effect on the students?EFL learning. To be more specific, it has
?enhanced the students?learning motivation
?improved the students?writing performance
?facilitated cooperation and autonomous learning
Based on the findings, the writer concludes that the computer-assisted PBL might potentially improve EFL learning context in China and thus its related issues are worth further researching. The thesis finally points out some limitations of this study and reveals some implications for effective application of computer-assisted PBL in the Chinese context.
引文
Barson, J., Frommer, J., & Schwartz, M. (1993) . Foreign language learning using E-mail in a task-oriented perspective: Interuniversity experiments in communication and collaboration. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 2(4)
Bakhtin, M. M. (1986) . Speech genres and other late essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Berge, Z., & Collins, M. (1995) . Computer-mediated communication and the online classroom in distance learning. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Brown, J. W. (1986) . Some motivational issues in computer-based instruction. Educational Technology. April, 27-29．
Brown, R. (1994) . Principles of language learning and teaching (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Regents.
Chun, D. M. (1994) . Using computer networking to facilitate the acquisition of interactive competence. System, 22( 1) , 17-31．
Debski, R. (1997a). Support of creativity and collaboration in the language classroom: A new role for technology. In Debski, R., Gassin, J., & Smith, M. (Eds.), Language learning through social Computing (pp41-65) . Applied Linguistic Association of Austin & Harvard Language Center.
Debski, R. (1997b). From individualization to socialization: An essay on CALL with reflections on Sherry Turkle's life on the screen. In Debski, R., Gassin, J., & Smith, M. (Eds.), Language learning through social Computing (pp.203-219) . Applied Linguistic Association of Austin & Harvard Language Center.
Egbert, J., & Hanson-Smith, E. (Eds.) (1999) . CALL environment: Research, practice and critical issues. Alexandria: VA TESOL Publications.
Feldman, M. (1995) . Import/export e-mail business simulation. In M. Warschauer (Ed.), Virtual connections: online activities and projects for networking language learners (pp.216-217) . Honolulu, Hawai'i: University of Hawai'i Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
Fried-Booth, D. (1982) . Project work with advanced classes. ELT Journal, 36(2) , 98-103． Gaer, S. (1995) . Folktales around the world. In M. Warschauer (Ed.), Virtual connections: online activities and projects for networking language learners (pp. 146-148) . Honolulu,
HI: University of Hawai'i Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
Gu, P. Y, & Xu, Z. (1999) . Improving EFL learning environment through networking. In R. Debski & M. Levy (Eds.), WorldCALL: Global perspectives on computer-assisted language learning (pp. 169-184) . The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers.
Haines, S. (1989) . Projects for the ELF classroom: Resource material for teachers. Walton-on-Thames Surrey,UK: Nelson.
Henry, J. (1994) . Teaching through projects. London: Kogan Page Limited.
Jor, G. (1995) . Web newsletter'95: A collaborative learning project for technical writing instruction. In M. Warschauer (Ed.), Virtual connection: Online activities and projects for networking language learners (pp.211-215) . Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
Kelm, O. (1992) . The use of synchronous computer networks in second language instruction: A preliminary report. Foreign Language Annals, 25(5) , 441-454．
Kendall, C. (1995) . Cyber-surveys. In M. Warschauer (Ed.), Virtual connections: Online activities and projects for networking language learners (pp.97-100) . Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i, Second language teaching and curriculum center.
Kenning. M. M., & Kenning, M. J. (1990) . Computers and language learning: Current theory and practice. New York: Ellis Horwood.
Kern. R. (1996) . Computer-mediated communication: Using e-mail exchanges to explore personal histories in two cultures. In M. Warschauer (Ed.), Telecollaboration in foreign language learning (pp. 105-119) . Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'I, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Legutke. N. (1984a). Project Airport: Part 1, Modern Language Teacher, 11(4) , 10-14．
Legutke, N. (1984b). Project Airport: Part 2． Modern Language Teacher, 12(1) . 1-4．
Legutke, N. & Thomas, H. (1991) . Process and experience in the language classroom. London: Longman.
Levy, M. (1997) . Project-based learning for language teachers: Reflecting on the process. In R. Debski, J. Gassin, & M. Smith (Eds.), Language learning through social Computing (pp. 181-191) . Applied Linguistic Association of Austin & Harvard Language Center.
Li, M. S. (1999) . Perceptions of the place of expatriate English language teachers in China. Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, the Graduate School of Education at La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
Means. B. & Olson, K. (1995) . Technology's role in education reform: Findings from a national study of innovating schools. Online available at: http://www.ed.gov/pubs/ SER/Technology.
Medgyes, P. C. (1986) . Queries from a communicative teacher. ELT Journal, 40(2) , 107-112．
Meloni, C. (1995) . The cities project. In M. Warschauer (Ed.), Virtual connection: Online activities and projects for networking language learners (pp.211-215) . Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
Moss, D. (1998) . Project-based learning and assessment: A resource manual for teachers. Arlington, VA: The Arlington Education and Employment Program (AEEP).
Moss, D. & Van Duzer, C. (1998) . Project-based learning for adult language learners. ERIC/NCLE Digest.
Palmquist, M., Kiefer, K., Hartrigsen, J., & Goodlew., B. (1998) . Transitions: Teaching writing in computer-supported and traditional classrooms. London: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Pennington, M. (Ed.) (1996) . The power of CALL. Houston: Athelstan.
Sayers, D. (1993) . Distance team teaching and computer learning networks. TESOL Journal, 3(1) , 19-23．
Sheppard, K. & Stoller, F. L. (1995) . Guidelines for the integration of student projects into ESP classrooms. English Teaching Forum. 33(2) , 10-15．
Soh, B.-L. & Soon, Y. P. (1991) . English by e-mail: creating a global classroom via the medium of computer technology. ELT Journal, 45(4) , 287-292．
Stoller, F. L. (1997) . Project work: A means to promote language content. English Teaching Forum, 35 (4) .
Telia, S. (1992a). Boys, girls and e-mail: a case study in Finnish senior secondary schools. (Research report No. 110) . Department of Teacher Education, University of Helsinki.
Telia, S. (1992b). Talking shop via e-mail: a thematic and linguistic analysis of electronic mail communication. (Research report No. 99) . Department of teacher education, University of Helsinki.
Thorn, D. (1997) Co vent garden captured: An experiment in project work. TESOL Journal, 6(4) , 11-15．
Vilmi, R. (1995) . International environment activity. In M. Warschauer (Ed.) Virtual connections: Online activities and projects for networking language learner (pp.205-
207). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii. Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
Wang, Y. M. (1993). E-mail dialogue journaling in an ESL reading and writing classroom. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Oregon at Eugene.
Warschauer, M. (1996a). Computer-assisted language learning: An introduction. In S. Fotos (Ed.), Multimedia language teaching (pp.3-20). Tokyo: Logos International.
Warschauer, M. (1996b). Motivational aspects of using computers for writing and communication. In M Warschauer (Ed.), Telecollaboration in foreign language learning: Proceedings of the Hawaii symposium (SLTCC) Technical Report #12 (pp.22-46) Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Warschauer, M. & Healey, D. (1998). Computers and language learning: An overview. Language Teaching, 31,57-71.
Warschauer, M. (1999). Electronic literacies: Language, culture and power in online education. Manwah, N.S. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Warschauer, M., Shetzer, H., & Meloni, C. (2000). Internet for English teaching. Alexandria, VA: TESOL Publications.
顾佩娅，1995，谈多媒体计算机辅助语言教学。《苏州大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)，外语语言文学专集(五)。
韩晶，1997，计算机辅助中学英语复式教学。《外语电化教学》第2期，40-41页。
黄晓东、郑维东，1994，光盘。《外语电化教学》第3期。
刘海平，1998，计算机网络与英语教学——记南大与美国伦—梅学院的一次远程合作教学实验。《外语界》第2期，13-16页。
苏晓军，1997，机辅外语读写教学的理论与实践。《外语电化教学》第4期，34-36页。
谭红，2000，师资不足条件下的大学英语教学的对策。《国外外语教学》第4期，16-18页。
王晓珍，1997，多媒体外语教学初探：使用CD-ROM《空中英语教室》的初步调查。《江苏外语教学研究》第2期，18-23页。
王银泉，2000，从国际学术刊物看中国大学英语教学。《国外外语教学》第3期，17-22页。
Bakhtin, M. M. (1986) . Speech genres and other late essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Berge, Z., & Collins, M. (1995) . Computer-mediated communication and the online classroom in distance learning. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Brown, J. W. (1986) . Some motivational issues in computer-based instruction. Educational Technology. April, 27-29．
Brown, R. (1994) . Principles of language learning and teaching (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Regents.
Chun, D. M. (1994) . Using computer networking to facilitate the acquisition of interactive competence. System, 22( 1) , 17-31．
Debski, R. (1997a). Support of creativity and collaboration in the language classroom: A new role for technology. In Debski, R., Gassin, J., & Smith, M. (Eds.), Language learning through social Computing (pp41-65) . Applied Linguistic Association of Austin & Harvard Language Center.
Debski, R. (1997b). From individualization to socialization: An essay on CALL with reflections on Sherry Turkle's life on the screen. In Debski, R., Gassin, J., & Smith, M. (Eds.), Language learning through social Computing (pp.203-219) . Applied Linguistic Association of Austin & Harvard Language Center.
Egbert, J., & Hanson-Smith, E. (Eds.) (1999) . CALL environment: Research, practice and critical issues. Alexandria: VA TESOL Publications.
Feldman, M. (1995) . Import/export e-mail business simulation. In M. Warschauer (Ed.), Virtual connections: online activities and projects for networking language learners (pp.216-217) . Honolulu, Hawai'i: University of Hawai'i Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
Fried-Booth, D. (1982) . Project work with advanced classes. ELT Journal, 36(2) , 98-103． Gaer, S. (1995) . Folktales around the world. In M. Warschauer (Ed.), Virtual connections: online activities and projects for networking language learners (pp. 146-148) . Honolulu,
HI: University of Hawai'i Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
Gu, P. Y, & Xu, Z. (1999) . Improving EFL learning environment through networking. In R. Debski & M. Levy (Eds.), WorldCALL: Global perspectives on computer-assisted language learning (pp. 169-184) . The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers.
Haines, S. (1989) . Projects for the ELF classroom: Resource material for teachers. Walton-on-Thames Surrey,UK: Nelson.
Henry, J. (1994) . Teaching through projects. London: Kogan Page Limited.
Jor, G. (1995) . Web newsletter'95: A collaborative learning project for technical writing instruction. In M. Warschauer (Ed.), Virtual connection: Online activities and projects for networking language learners (pp.211-215) . Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
Kelm, O. (1992) . The use of synchronous computer networks in second language instruction: A preliminary report. Foreign Language Annals, 25(5) , 441-454．
Kendall, C. (1995) . Cyber-surveys. In M. Warschauer (Ed.), Virtual connections: Online activities and projects for networking language learners (pp.97-100) . Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i, Second language teaching and curriculum center.
Kenning. M. M., & Kenning, M. J. (1990) . Computers and language learning: Current theory and practice. New York: Ellis Horwood.
Kern. R. (1996) . Computer-mediated communication: Using e-mail exchanges to explore personal histories in two cultures. In M. Warschauer (Ed.), Telecollaboration in foreign language learning (pp. 105-119) . Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'I, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Legutke. N. (1984a). Project Airport: Part 1, Modern Language Teacher, 11(4) , 10-14．
Legutke, N. (1984b). Project Airport: Part 2． Modern Language Teacher, 12(1) . 1-4．
Legutke, N. & Thomas, H. (1991) . Process and experience in the language classroom. London: Longman.
Levy, M. (1997) . Project-based learning for language teachers: Reflecting on the process. In R. Debski, J. Gassin, & M. Smith (Eds.), Language learning through social Computing (pp. 181-191) . Applied Linguistic Association of Austin & Harvard Language Center.
Li, M. S. (1999) . Perceptions of the place of expatriate English language teachers in China. Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, the Graduate School of Education at La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
Means. B. & Olson, K. (1995) . Technology's role in education reform: Findings from a national study of innovating schools. Online available at: http://www.ed.gov/pubs/ SER/Technology.
Medgyes, P. C. (1986) . Queries from a communicative teacher. ELT Journal, 40(2) , 107-112．
Meloni, C. (1995) . The cities project. In M. Warschauer (Ed.), Virtual connection: Online activities and projects for networking language learners (pp.211-215) . Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
Moss, D. (1998) . Project-based learning and assessment: A resource manual for teachers. Arlington, VA: The Arlington Education and Employment Program (AEEP).
Moss, D. & Van Duzer, C. (1998) . Project-based learning for adult language learners. ERIC/NCLE Digest.
Palmquist, M., Kiefer, K., Hartrigsen, J., & Goodlew., B. (1998) . Transitions: Teaching writing in computer-supported and traditional classrooms. London: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Pennington, M. (Ed.) (1996) . The power of CALL. Houston: Athelstan.
Sayers, D. (1993) . Distance team teaching and computer learning networks. TESOL Journal, 3(1) , 19-23．
Sheppard, K. & Stoller, F. L. (1995) . Guidelines for the integration of student projects into ESP classrooms. English Teaching Forum. 33(2) , 10-15．
Soh, B.-L. & Soon, Y. P. (1991) . English by e-mail: creating a global classroom via the medium of computer technology. ELT Journal, 45(4) , 287-292．
Stoller, F. L. (1997) . Project work: A means to promote language content. English Teaching Forum, 35 (4) .
Telia, S. (1992a). Boys, girls and e-mail: a case study in Finnish senior secondary schools. (Research report No. 110) . Department of Teacher Education, University of Helsinki.
Telia, S. (1992b). Talking shop via e-mail: a thematic and linguistic analysis of electronic mail communication. (Research report No. 99) . Department of teacher education, University of Helsinki.
Thorn, D. (1997) Co vent garden captured: An experiment in project work. TESOL Journal, 6(4) , 11-15．
Vilmi, R. (1995) . International environment activity. In M. Warschauer (Ed.) Virtual connections: Online activities and projects for networking language learner (pp.205-
207). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii. Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
Wang, Y. M. (1993). E-mail dialogue journaling in an ESL reading and writing classroom. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Oregon at Eugene.
Warschauer, M. (1996a). Computer-assisted language learning: An introduction. In S. Fotos (Ed.), Multimedia language teaching (pp.3-20). Tokyo: Logos International.
Warschauer, M. (1996b). Motivational aspects of using computers for writing and communication. In M Warschauer (Ed.), Telecollaboration in foreign language learning: Proceedings of the Hawaii symposium (SLTCC) Technical Report #12 (pp.22-46) Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Warschauer, M. & Healey, D. (1998). Computers and language learning: An overview. Language Teaching, 31,57-71.
Warschauer, M. (1999). Electronic literacies: Language, culture and power in online education. Manwah, N.S. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Warschauer, M., Shetzer, H., & Meloni, C. (2000). Internet for English teaching. Alexandria, VA: TESOL Publications.
顾佩娅，1995，谈多媒体计算机辅助语言教学。《苏州大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)，外语语言文学专集(五)。
韩晶，1997，计算机辅助中学英语复式教学。《外语电化教学》第2期，40-41页。
黄晓东、郑维东，1994，光盘。《外语电化教学》第3期。
刘海平，1998，计算机网络与英语教学——记南大与美国伦—梅学院的一次远程合作教学实验。《外语界》第2期，13-16页。
苏晓军，1997，机辅外语读写教学的理论与实践。《外语电化教学》第4期，34-36页。
谭红，2000，师资不足条件下的大学英语教学的对策。《国外外语教学》第4期，16-18页。
王晓珍，1997，多媒体外语教学初探：使用CD-ROM《空中英语教室》的初步调查。《江苏外语教学研究》第2期，18-23页。
王银泉，2000，从国际学术刊物看中国大学英语教学。《国外外语教学》第3期，17-22页。
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