当前中学生择业心理调查及现状分析
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摘要
对中学生进行职业指导，深入分析中学生升学、择业的心理，了解由此而带来的诸多心理矛盾，并及时有效地调节好中学生的升学、择业心理，对于促进他们的健康成长，顺利度过人生的关键时期，为社会主义现代化建设培养大批各级各类的合格人才，具有十分重要的意义。本研究主要采用华中师范大学心理学系郑波、龙立荣等修订的《ACT职业兴趣问卷》及相关背景因素问卷作为测试工具对贵阳、江西、南京三地部分中学高二及高三年级的学生共430人进行了测查，目的是了解当前中学生的择业心理特点及当前普通教育中职业指导状况。研究结果表明：
(1)在总体上，中学生的职业兴趣比较广泛，在工作类别的六个维度上的得分较接近一致，男生和女生均不喜欢做传统类的工作，即不喜欢单独跟数据和物打交道。
(2)中学生的职业兴趣在性别上的差异是比较显著的，表现为在工作类别上女生比男生更偏爱于从事艺术类、和社会类的工作，男生比较偏向研究类和现实类。男女生在R、I、A、S四个职业类别上存在着显著性差异。
(3)中学生职业兴趣在社会类(S)、企业类(E)、艺术类(A)、研究类(I)四个维度无显著年级差异，而在传统类(C)、现实类(R)二个维度上存在一定的年级间差异。
(4)独生子女与非独生子女在现实类、艺术类、企业类这三个维度上存在显著性的差异，即非独生子女与独生子女相比较而言更倾向于从事农业、运输、制图等更实际的一类工作，而独生子女对艺术类的职业的兴趣远高于非独生子女。
(5)目前中学生择业标准多从自身因素出发，以发挥个人特长、个人兴趣爱好、职业的经济收入作为选择职业的第一标准的人数百分比较高，把社会需要放在首位的比例较低，大多数学生没有把社会需要作为首要考虑的因素，而是把符合个人特长兴趣和名利作为首要因素来考虑。在名牌学校与自己喜欢的专业之间，选择名牌学校的学生占35.7％以上，这是中学生职业选择的主导。
(6)当前普通中学的职业教育状况亟待加强。对学生进行过切实行效的职业指导的学校在总调查数中占的比率相当小，有的学校甚至明确拒绝笔者的调查和访谈。
(7)中学生对职业问题的态度令人堪忧。对于自己将来要从事什么样的职业的问题，回答从未考虑或认为还不到考虑的时候的学生占29.2％左右。
(8)中学生与父母在职业问题上缺乏交流，在这个问题上选择从未与父母讨论过有关职业选抒方面的问题的学生人数占11.8％，只有27.6％的学生是经常和父母进行有关职业方面问题的讨论。
It is of treat importance to give an occupation guidence to middle school students,to analyze the psychology of their further study and occupation selection.to understand the various ps~chological contradictions due to both of them,and to adjust their psychology effectively in time in order to make theni grow up in good heal(kpass the critical period of their life successfully and to cultivate a great number of various qualified talents for our socialist modernizatioii.this paper mainly makes use of "Act questionaire of occupation tendencies" revised by Zlieng bo and Long lirong in psychological Department of Middle China Normal University and some questionaires of related background factors to make an investigation 430 Grade Two and Grade Three students of senior middle schools in Gui~ang,Jiangxi and Nanjin province in order to understand their psychological features of occupation-selecting and the current situations of occupation-guidance in general cducation.thc results of the investigation arc as follows:
I. In gcncral.thc middle school students wide range of intcrcsts in occupation-selecting have been displayed by each close score in six dimensions of occupational catcgories.Neither boys nor girls like taking up traditional jobs,that is they dciii like l~aving contact with data and objects on their own;
2. There are distinct gender differences in their occupational interests.GirIs prefer artistic and social jobs and boys prefer research and realistic jobs.There are distinct gender differences in the four dimensions of R.LA and S;
3. There is no distinct grade differences in (S) of enterprise (E) of art (A) of research (I),while there are certain grade differences in (C)of tradition (R) of rcality;
4. Onh-chitd and non-only-child have distinct differences in(R),(E)and(S).Non-only-child prefers taking up the occupations such as agriculture,transportation and chart-making etc.on the other hand,only-child has higher interests in taking up the artistic occupations than non-only-child;
5. Their occupation-selecting standards start from their o~vn demands.The proportion of the students who in the first place put their own advantages and hobbies and interests and the income is higher than those ~~ho put the social demands in the first place.Most of students don't consider the social demands as the first factor,but their own advantages and interests and fame and weath.between the leadly univcrsitvs and their tnajors,35.7%students prefer the fornier:~vhich is dominant in their occupation-selecting:
6. The carrent situation of the conimoti occupational education in middle school is wornl .there is small of the schools that have given the students practial and effective.sonie of them even refused to accept an invcstgatton or an interview:
7. Their attitudes toward occupations cause a lot of ~vorrv. Whet the students asked what kind of occupation they were going to take.almost 29.2% students answered that they had never thought over it or thought that it was not time for them to consider it:
8. The students have little communication with their parents on the problems of occupations. 11.8% students have not talked about it with their parents and only 27.6% students oflcn communicate ~vith their parents on it.
(1)在总体上，中学生的职业兴趣比较广泛，在工作类别的六个维度上的得分较接近一致，男生和女生均不喜欢做传统类的工作，即不喜欢单独跟数据和物打交道。
(2)中学生的职业兴趣在性别上的差异是比较显著的，表现为在工作类别上女生比男生更偏爱于从事艺术类、和社会类的工作，男生比较偏向研究类和现实类。男女生在R、I、A、S四个职业类别上存在着显著性差异。
(3)中学生职业兴趣在社会类(S)、企业类(E)、艺术类(A)、研究类(I)四个维度无显著年级差异，而在传统类(C)、现实类(R)二个维度上存在一定的年级间差异。
(4)独生子女与非独生子女在现实类、艺术类、企业类这三个维度上存在显著性的差异，即非独生子女与独生子女相比较而言更倾向于从事农业、运输、制图等更实际的一类工作，而独生子女对艺术类的职业的兴趣远高于非独生子女。
(5)目前中学生择业标准多从自身因素出发，以发挥个人特长、个人兴趣爱好、职业的经济收入作为选择职业的第一标准的人数百分比较高，把社会需要放在首位的比例较低，大多数学生没有把社会需要作为首要考虑的因素，而是把符合个人特长兴趣和名利作为首要因素来考虑。在名牌学校与自己喜欢的专业之间，选择名牌学校的学生占35.7％以上，这是中学生职业选择的主导。
(6)当前普通中学的职业教育状况亟待加强。对学生进行过切实行效的职业指导的学校在总调查数中占的比率相当小，有的学校甚至明确拒绝笔者的调查和访谈。
(7)中学生对职业问题的态度令人堪忧。对于自己将来要从事什么样的职业的问题，回答从未考虑或认为还不到考虑的时候的学生占29.2％左右。
(8)中学生与父母在职业问题上缺乏交流，在这个问题上选择从未与父母讨论过有关职业选抒方面的问题的学生人数占11.8％，只有27.6％的学生是经常和父母进行有关职业方面问题的讨论。
It is of treat importance to give an occupation guidence to middle school students,to analyze the psychology of their further study and occupation selection.to understand the various ps~chological contradictions due to both of them,and to adjust their psychology effectively in time in order to make theni grow up in good heal(kpass the critical period of their life successfully and to cultivate a great number of various qualified talents for our socialist modernizatioii.this paper mainly makes use of "Act questionaire of occupation tendencies" revised by Zlieng bo and Long lirong in psychological Department of Middle China Normal University and some questionaires of related background factors to make an investigation 430 Grade Two and Grade Three students of senior middle schools in Gui~ang,Jiangxi and Nanjin province in order to understand their psychological features of occupation-selecting and the current situations of occupation-guidance in general cducation.thc results of the investigation arc as follows:
I. In gcncral.thc middle school students wide range of intcrcsts in occupation-selecting have been displayed by each close score in six dimensions of occupational catcgories.Neither boys nor girls like taking up traditional jobs,that is they dciii like l~aving contact with data and objects on their own;
2. There are distinct gender differences in their occupational interests.GirIs prefer artistic and social jobs and boys prefer research and realistic jobs.There are distinct gender differences in the four dimensions of R.LA and S;
3. There is no distinct grade differences in (S) of enterprise (E) of art (A) of research (I),while there are certain grade differences in (C)of tradition (R) of rcality;
4. Onh-chitd and non-only-child have distinct differences in(R),(E)and(S).Non-only-child prefers taking up the occupations such as agriculture,transportation and chart-making etc.on the other hand,only-child has higher interests in taking up the artistic occupations than non-only-child;
5. Their occupation-selecting standards start from their o~vn demands.The proportion of the students who in the first place put their own advantages and hobbies and interests and the income is higher than those ~~ho put the social demands in the first place.Most of students don't consider the social demands as the first factor,but their own advantages and interests and fame and weath.between the leadly univcrsitvs and their tnajors,35.7%students prefer the fornier:~vhich is dominant in their occupation-selecting:
6. The carrent situation of the conimoti occupational education in middle school is wornl .there is small of the schools that have given the students practial and effective.sonie of them even refused to accept an invcstgatton or an interview:
7. Their attitudes toward occupations cause a lot of ~vorrv. Whet the students asked what kind of occupation they were going to take.almost 29.2% students answered that they had never thought over it or thought that it was not time for them to consider it:
8. The students have little communication with their parents on the problems of occupations. 11.8% students have not talked about it with their parents and only 27.6% students oflcn communicate ~vith their parents on it.
引文
1．梁忠义、金含芬主编：《七国职业技术教育》，吉林教育出版社，1990．
2．刘宏宇、刘倩编著：《职业规划》，新华出版社，1999．
3．李丹主编：《儿童发展心理学》，华东师范大学出版社，1987
4．中华职业教育社编：《职业指导》，中华职业教育社，1988
5．高玉祥编著：《个性心理学概论》，陕西人民教育出版社，1985
6．戴海崎、张锋、陈雪枫主编：《心理教育测量》，暨南大学出版社，1999
7．郑日昌、蔡永红、周益群著：《心理测量学》，人民教育出版社，1999
8．张遐道主编：《大学生求职指南》，南京大学出版社，1998
9．于瑞卓编著：《新就业时代》，改革出版社，1996
10．孟昭兰主编：《普通心理学》，北京大学出版社，1994
11．朱智贤主编：《中国儿童青少年心理发展与教育》，中国卓越出版公司，1990
12．张敏强主编：《教育与心理统计学》，人民教育出版社，1993
13．彭凯平编著：《心理测验—原理与实践》，华夏出版社，1989
14．殷明主编：《智力、个性、职业测验》，中国青年出版社，1991
15．李树珍著：《中学生心理与教育》，光明日报出版社，1987
16．张锦高主编：《青年社会学》，地质出版社，1996
17．耿学超、韩学平主编：《大学生就业指导》．中共中央党校出版社，1994
18．郁景祖主编：《大学生心理与调试》，复旦大学出版社，1995
19．林崇德著：《中学生心理学》，北京出版社，1983
20．王垒、姚宏、廖芳怡、肖敏著：《实用人事测量》，经济科学出版社，1999
21．叶奕乾、孔克勤著：《个性心理学》，华东师范大学出版社，1993
22．田景海主编：《大学生择业心理学》，光明日报出版社，1990
23．王世清主编：《中学生心理与调试》，西北大学出版社，1998
24．杜惠平、王新宏主编：《当代中学生的社会适应能力》，中国青年出版社，1996
25．郑雪主编：《中学生心理手册》，暨南大学出版社，1999
26．郑日昌主编：《中学生心理诊断》，山东教育出版社，1994
27．赵丰主编：《青少年成长急需解决的16个问题》，民族出版社，1996
28．(美)Clark G. Carney & Cinda Field Wells著：《找到合适你的职业》，是中轻工业出版社，1995
29．侯风云著：《中国人力资本形成及现状》，经济科学出版社，1999
30．张健鹏等主编：《学什么专业好》，学苑出版社，1997
31．陈巨昌等主编：《教育与就业》，南京大学出版社，1994
2．刘宏宇、刘倩编著：《职业规划》，新华出版社，1999．
3．李丹主编：《儿童发展心理学》，华东师范大学出版社，1987
4．中华职业教育社编：《职业指导》，中华职业教育社，1988
5．高玉祥编著：《个性心理学概论》，陕西人民教育出版社，1985
6．戴海崎、张锋、陈雪枫主编：《心理教育测量》，暨南大学出版社，1999
7．郑日昌、蔡永红、周益群著：《心理测量学》，人民教育出版社，1999
8．张遐道主编：《大学生求职指南》，南京大学出版社，1998
9．于瑞卓编著：《新就业时代》，改革出版社，1996
10．孟昭兰主编：《普通心理学》，北京大学出版社，1994
11．朱智贤主编：《中国儿童青少年心理发展与教育》，中国卓越出版公司，1990
12．张敏强主编：《教育与心理统计学》，人民教育出版社，1993
13．彭凯平编著：《心理测验—原理与实践》，华夏出版社，1989
14．殷明主编：《智力、个性、职业测验》，中国青年出版社，1991
15．李树珍著：《中学生心理与教育》，光明日报出版社，1987
16．张锦高主编：《青年社会学》，地质出版社，1996
17．耿学超、韩学平主编：《大学生就业指导》．中共中央党校出版社，1994
18．郁景祖主编：《大学生心理与调试》，复旦大学出版社，1995
19．林崇德著：《中学生心理学》，北京出版社，1983
20．王垒、姚宏、廖芳怡、肖敏著：《实用人事测量》，经济科学出版社，1999
21．叶奕乾、孔克勤著：《个性心理学》，华东师范大学出版社，1993
22．田景海主编：《大学生择业心理学》，光明日报出版社，1990
23．王世清主编：《中学生心理与调试》，西北大学出版社，1998
24．杜惠平、王新宏主编：《当代中学生的社会适应能力》，中国青年出版社，1996
25．郑雪主编：《中学生心理手册》，暨南大学出版社，1999
26．郑日昌主编：《中学生心理诊断》，山东教育出版社，1994
27．赵丰主编：《青少年成长急需解决的16个问题》，民族出版社，1996
28．(美)Clark G. Carney & Cinda Field Wells著：《找到合适你的职业》，是中轻工业出版社，1995
29．侯风云著：《中国人力资本形成及现状》，经济科学出版社，1999
30．张健鹏等主编：《学什么专业好》，学苑出版社，1997
31．陈巨昌等主编：《教育与就业》，南京大学出版社，1994
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