北方地区玉米秸秆复合碱化和快速氨化技术及其在幼羊生长中应用的研究
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摘要
秸秆的处理已有一百年的历史，但目前秸秆的处理在东北地区一直没有得到广泛的推广。本研究拟通过玉米秸秆的复合碱化及快速氨化处理来达到符合我国北方气候特点的、快速、有效、无污染处理秸秆的目的。
本研究分体外试验、瘘管羊试验、生长羊试验三部分，研究玉米秸秆复合碱化和快速氨化技术及其在羊生产中的应用。体外试验以中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和(或)秸秆在瘤胃内干物质(DM)的48h消失率(DMD48)为评定指标，采用完全随机试验设计，筛选合适的石灰碱化处理玉米秸秆的石灰添加水平(占秸秆干物质含量(以下同)的4％、6％、8％、10％)、水分(40％、50％、60％)、处理时间(一周、二周)，在此石灰添加水平的基础上筛选石灰与不同水平氢氧化钠(1％、2％、3％)或尿素(1％、2％、3％、4％)复合碱化处理的方法。在常温(20～27℃)、低温(11～14℃)条件下确定快速氨化处理玉米秸秆的方法。组织四种以未处理、复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理、液氨氨化处理的玉米秸秆为基础的不同饲粮，采用4×4拉丁方设计，研究不同处理的玉米秸秆在瘘管羊瘤胃内各养分的48h消失率，以及不同玉米秸秆处理饲粮对试验羊瘤胃代谢的影响。采用随机区组试验设计，在5℃之下的外界气温条件下，研究上述四种处理的颗粒化全混合日粮对16只雄性德克赛尔与东北半细毛羊杂交—代肉毛兼用羊的生长性能、氮平衡、各营养成分表观消化率的影响。
试验结果表明：
1 秸秆40％、50％、60％的水分含量在改善NDF、ADF含量及DMD48方面无显著性差异(P＞0.05)；秸秆处理一周、二周对改善测定指标的效果差异不显著(P＞0.05)；随着在玉米秸秆中石灰添加水平的提高，其改善秸秆NDF、ADF含量及DMD48的效率也越显著(P＜0.05)，在本试验中，考虑生长羊的粗饲料全部采用玉米秸秆及羊所能耐受的高钙水平，以占秸秆干物质含量4％的石灰添加水平作为复合处理的基础，在此基础之上进行石灰与氢氧化钠、尿素的复合处理。
2 复合处理试验表明，复合处理可显著提高秸秆的处理效果，石灰与氢氧化钠的复合处理效果优于石灰与尿素复合处理的效果，并筛选出4％的石灰加2％的氢氧化钠、40％的水分含量处理一周的复合处理方法。由于处理秸秆的高pH值及在复合处理中添加2％尿素的处理并不能抑制秸秆发生霉变，所以又进一步确定4％的石灰加2％的氢氧化钠的复合处理以处理三天为宜，不宜超过一周。
3 在添加过量石灰的碱性条件下可加速尿素的分解，当外界气温在20～27℃时，4％的尿素加过量的石灰处理14天的效果与传统尿素氢化处理30天的效果相当，相当于提前16天完成秸秆的氨化；在11～14℃的条件下处理27天的效果与传统尿素氨化处理
北方地区玉米秸秆复合碱化和快速氨化技术及其在幼羊主长中应用的研究
60天的效果相当，相当于提前33天完成秸秆的氨化。
4 复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理的玉米秸秆在瘤胃内 DMD。、OM D。、NDrp。、
ADFD。与未处理秸秆相比差异显著（P4）．05），复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理秸秆的
DMD。比未处理秸秆分别提高45Alo／O、45．03O；OMD。比未处理秸秆分别提高42．02O、
44．64o；NDgn。比未处理秸秆分别提高50．56O、49．09O；ADrp。比未处理秸秆分别
提高 36．sl％、40．】4％。
5 以复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理玉米秸秆为基础的全混合日粮对瘤胃PH值、
NH。一N浓度、总氮浓度及其动态变化的影响不显著（P＞0．05）。
6 与未处理组相比，复合碱化处理组、快速氨化处理组试验羊的采食量提高了
22．36o、22．50o（P＞0．05）；日增重提高了 58．NO／L、58．84O广勺0．05）；耗料增重比降低
了2255o／o、22．89％O勺0．05）；按耗料增重比折合经济效益分析，试验羊每公斤增重的
饲料费用复合碱化处理组、快速氨化处理组要比未处理组节约投资1513、152I）元。
7 复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理可显著提高日粮中各营养成分的表观消化率
（P＜0．05），复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理组比未处理组的DMD高出12．50O、11．20o：
OMD比末处理组高8．42o、8．ZIo；CPD比未处理组高4．98o、16．07O：NDrp比夫
处理组高19二8％、22．06％；ADFD比未处理组高18．32％、18．31％。
8 各组的N平衡、N的沉积率均差异不显著（Ibfl．05），但快速氨化处理组的N平
衡、N沉积率均高于未处理组。
复合碱化处理能提高秸秆处理的效率，又可防止秸秆产生霉变，可实现在北方地区对
玉米秸秆快速处理的目的；快速氨化处理能加快尿素的分解，缩短秸秆的处理时间，这对
于北方寒冷地区冬季快速尿素氨化处理秸秆具有重要意义。处理后的秸秆可提高饲粮在幼
羊瘤胃和整个梢化道的消化率，提高生产性能。
The utilization rate of stalks is poor though stalks have been treated for one hundred years. The present trials were aimed at the effects of maize stalk treated rapidly by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime in vitro, in sacco and in vivo, respectively.
Three experiments in vitro were to choose the treatment condition of lime(the level of lime, moisture and reaction period ) , compound-alkali (different levels of sodium hydroxide or urea were added to 40g lime kg"1 DM stalk)and combination treatment of urea and lime(reaction period). Four different rations were fed to four individually housed rumen-cannulated Northeast hemi-fine-fleece sheep in a 4X4 Latin square experiment, the design was to study influences of stalk treated by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime on rumen digestion and rumen metabolism . A feeding trial of 16 Texel X Northeast hemi-fine-fleece sheep cross-bred ram was conducted to study effects of the treated rations on the growth and metabolism of lamb.
Results showed thai :
1 The moisture treatments of 40%, 50% and 60% had no significant difference in the concentration of NDF,ADF and DMD48, and the reaction time between one week and two weeks had no significant difference yet. The effects were significant with the increasing level of Lime. It is limited that the level of Calcium in lamb ration, so 40g lime kg' DM stalk was chosen.
2 The compound treatment was more effective than lime. The compound treatment of lime and sodium hydroxide was more effective than the treatment of Lime and urea. The treatment of 40g lime and 20g sodium hydroxide kg"1 stalk DM with 40% moisture for one week was optimized. High pH value, 40g lime and 20g urea kg"1 DM stalk couldn't inhibit the mould in maize stalk, the following experiment showed that the treatment of compound- alkali for three days was optimized.
3 Rate of hydrolysis of urea was accelerated by adding excessive lime, the reaction period of combination urea and lime treatment was only 14days, and 16 days was shorted compared with traditional urea treatment at 20?7癈 (ambient temperature). The reaction period of combination urea and lime treatment was only 27days and 33 days was shorted compared with traditional urea treatment at 11 ?4 癈 (ambient
temperature).
4 The stalk treated by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime could improve the disappearance of DM, OM, NDF, ADF incubated 48 hours in rumen-cannulated sheep, the improvement of disappearance of DM, OM, NDF, ADF as control was 45.54%, 45.03%; 42.02%, 44.64%; 5056%, 49.09%; 36.81%, 40.14% , respectively.
5 The total mixed rations based on maize stalk treated by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime had no influence on pH value and concentrations of NH3 -N and total nitrogen in rumen liquor.
6 The treated rations by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime could improve voluntary intake as control by 22.36%, 22.50%; enhance average daily gain by 58.04%, 58.84%; decrease voluntary intake/average daih gain by22.55%, 22.89%, respectively.
7 The treated rations by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime could increase effectively apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF as control by 12.50%, 11.20%; 8.42%, 8.21%; 4.98%, 16.07%; 19.18%, 22.06%; 18.32%, 18.31%, respectively.
8 The treatments had no effect on nitrogen balance and the rate of nitrogen deposit, but combination urea and lime treatment had a higher nitrogen balance and the rate of nitrogen deposit.
Master Candidate: He Yonghui Supervisor: Prof. Li Jie Major: Animal Nutrition and Feed Science
本研究分体外试验、瘘管羊试验、生长羊试验三部分，研究玉米秸秆复合碱化和快速氨化技术及其在羊生产中的应用。体外试验以中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和(或)秸秆在瘤胃内干物质(DM)的48h消失率(DMD48)为评定指标，采用完全随机试验设计，筛选合适的石灰碱化处理玉米秸秆的石灰添加水平(占秸秆干物质含量(以下同)的4％、6％、8％、10％)、水分(40％、50％、60％)、处理时间(一周、二周)，在此石灰添加水平的基础上筛选石灰与不同水平氢氧化钠(1％、2％、3％)或尿素(1％、2％、3％、4％)复合碱化处理的方法。在常温(20～27℃)、低温(11～14℃)条件下确定快速氨化处理玉米秸秆的方法。组织四种以未处理、复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理、液氨氨化处理的玉米秸秆为基础的不同饲粮，采用4×4拉丁方设计，研究不同处理的玉米秸秆在瘘管羊瘤胃内各养分的48h消失率，以及不同玉米秸秆处理饲粮对试验羊瘤胃代谢的影响。采用随机区组试验设计，在5℃之下的外界气温条件下，研究上述四种处理的颗粒化全混合日粮对16只雄性德克赛尔与东北半细毛羊杂交—代肉毛兼用羊的生长性能、氮平衡、各营养成分表观消化率的影响。
试验结果表明：
1 秸秆40％、50％、60％的水分含量在改善NDF、ADF含量及DMD48方面无显著性差异(P＞0.05)；秸秆处理一周、二周对改善测定指标的效果差异不显著(P＞0.05)；随着在玉米秸秆中石灰添加水平的提高，其改善秸秆NDF、ADF含量及DMD48的效率也越显著(P＜0.05)，在本试验中，考虑生长羊的粗饲料全部采用玉米秸秆及羊所能耐受的高钙水平，以占秸秆干物质含量4％的石灰添加水平作为复合处理的基础，在此基础之上进行石灰与氢氧化钠、尿素的复合处理。
2 复合处理试验表明，复合处理可显著提高秸秆的处理效果，石灰与氢氧化钠的复合处理效果优于石灰与尿素复合处理的效果，并筛选出4％的石灰加2％的氢氧化钠、40％的水分含量处理一周的复合处理方法。由于处理秸秆的高pH值及在复合处理中添加2％尿素的处理并不能抑制秸秆发生霉变，所以又进一步确定4％的石灰加2％的氢氧化钠的复合处理以处理三天为宜，不宜超过一周。
3 在添加过量石灰的碱性条件下可加速尿素的分解，当外界气温在20～27℃时，4％的尿素加过量的石灰处理14天的效果与传统尿素氢化处理30天的效果相当，相当于提前16天完成秸秆的氨化；在11～14℃的条件下处理27天的效果与传统尿素氨化处理
北方地区玉米秸秆复合碱化和快速氨化技术及其在幼羊主长中应用的研究
60天的效果相当，相当于提前33天完成秸秆的氨化。
4 复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理的玉米秸秆在瘤胃内 DMD。、OM D。、NDrp。、
ADFD。与未处理秸秆相比差异显著（P4）．05），复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理秸秆的
DMD。比未处理秸秆分别提高45Alo／O、45．03O；OMD。比未处理秸秆分别提高42．02O、
44．64o；NDgn。比未处理秸秆分别提高50．56O、49．09O；ADrp。比未处理秸秆分别
提高 36．sl％、40．】4％。
5 以复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理玉米秸秆为基础的全混合日粮对瘤胃PH值、
NH。一N浓度、总氮浓度及其动态变化的影响不显著（P＞0．05）。
6 与未处理组相比，复合碱化处理组、快速氨化处理组试验羊的采食量提高了
22．36o、22．50o（P＞0．05）；日增重提高了 58．NO／L、58．84O广勺0．05）；耗料增重比降低
了2255o／o、22．89％O勺0．05）；按耗料增重比折合经济效益分析，试验羊每公斤增重的
饲料费用复合碱化处理组、快速氨化处理组要比未处理组节约投资1513、152I）元。
7 复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理可显著提高日粮中各营养成分的表观消化率
（P＜0．05），复合碱化处理、快速氨化处理组比未处理组的DMD高出12．50O、11．20o：
OMD比末处理组高8．42o、8．ZIo；CPD比未处理组高4．98o、16．07O：NDrp比夫
处理组高19二8％、22．06％；ADFD比未处理组高18．32％、18．31％。
8 各组的N平衡、N的沉积率均差异不显著（Ibfl．05），但快速氨化处理组的N平
衡、N沉积率均高于未处理组。
复合碱化处理能提高秸秆处理的效率，又可防止秸秆产生霉变，可实现在北方地区对
玉米秸秆快速处理的目的；快速氨化处理能加快尿素的分解，缩短秸秆的处理时间，这对
于北方寒冷地区冬季快速尿素氨化处理秸秆具有重要意义。处理后的秸秆可提高饲粮在幼
羊瘤胃和整个梢化道的消化率，提高生产性能。
The utilization rate of stalks is poor though stalks have been treated for one hundred years. The present trials were aimed at the effects of maize stalk treated rapidly by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime in vitro, in sacco and in vivo, respectively.
Three experiments in vitro were to choose the treatment condition of lime(the level of lime, moisture and reaction period ) , compound-alkali (different levels of sodium hydroxide or urea were added to 40g lime kg"1 DM stalk)and combination treatment of urea and lime(reaction period). Four different rations were fed to four individually housed rumen-cannulated Northeast hemi-fine-fleece sheep in a 4X4 Latin square experiment, the design was to study influences of stalk treated by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime on rumen digestion and rumen metabolism . A feeding trial of 16 Texel X Northeast hemi-fine-fleece sheep cross-bred ram was conducted to study effects of the treated rations on the growth and metabolism of lamb.
Results showed thai :
1 The moisture treatments of 40%, 50% and 60% had no significant difference in the concentration of NDF,ADF and DMD48, and the reaction time between one week and two weeks had no significant difference yet. The effects were significant with the increasing level of Lime. It is limited that the level of Calcium in lamb ration, so 40g lime kg' DM stalk was chosen.
2 The compound treatment was more effective than lime. The compound treatment of lime and sodium hydroxide was more effective than the treatment of Lime and urea. The treatment of 40g lime and 20g sodium hydroxide kg"1 stalk DM with 40% moisture for one week was optimized. High pH value, 40g lime and 20g urea kg"1 DM stalk couldn't inhibit the mould in maize stalk, the following experiment showed that the treatment of compound- alkali for three days was optimized.
3 Rate of hydrolysis of urea was accelerated by adding excessive lime, the reaction period of combination urea and lime treatment was only 14days, and 16 days was shorted compared with traditional urea treatment at 20?7癈 (ambient temperature). The reaction period of combination urea and lime treatment was only 27days and 33 days was shorted compared with traditional urea treatment at 11 ?4 癈 (ambient
temperature).
4 The stalk treated by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime could improve the disappearance of DM, OM, NDF, ADF incubated 48 hours in rumen-cannulated sheep, the improvement of disappearance of DM, OM, NDF, ADF as control was 45.54%, 45.03%; 42.02%, 44.64%; 5056%, 49.09%; 36.81%, 40.14% , respectively.
5 The total mixed rations based on maize stalk treated by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime had no influence on pH value and concentrations of NH3 -N and total nitrogen in rumen liquor.
6 The treated rations by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime could improve voluntary intake as control by 22.36%, 22.50%; enhance average daily gain by 58.04%, 58.84%; decrease voluntary intake/average daih gain by22.55%, 22.89%, respectively.
7 The treated rations by compound-alkali and combination of urea and lime could increase effectively apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF as control by 12.50%, 11.20%; 8.42%, 8.21%; 4.98%, 16.07%; 19.18%, 22.06%; 18.32%, 18.31%, respectively.
8 The treatments had no effect on nitrogen balance and the rate of nitrogen deposit, but combination urea and lime treatment had a higher nitrogen balance and the rate of nitrogen deposit.
Master Candidate: He Yonghui Supervisor: Prof. Li Jie Major: Animal Nutrition and Feed Science
引文
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17． Joy, M, Alibes, X., Munoz, F., Chemical treatment of lignocellulosic residues with urea. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol., 1992． 38:319-333
18． Kategile, J. A., Uril, N. A., Sundstol, F. and Mzihirwa, Y. G., Simplified method for alkali treatment of low-quality roughages for use by small-holders in developing countries. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol., 1981． 6:133-143
19． Lacey, J., Lord, K.A. and Cayley, G. R, Chemicals for preventing moulding in damp hay. Anim. Feed Sci.Technol.,1981,6:323-336
20． Mira J.J.F. and Kay. m., Treatment of barley straw with urea or anhydrous ammonia for growing cattle .Anim prod. 1983． 36:271-275
21． Moran, J.B., S atoto, KB. and Dawson, J.E., The utilization of rice straw fed to zebu cattle and swamp buffalo as influenced by alkali treatment and Leucaena supplementation. Aust, J. Agric. Res., 1983． 34:73-84
22． Mould,F.L and Orskov, E. R, Manipulation of rumen fluid pH and its influence on cellulolysis in sacco, dry matter degradation and the rumen microflora of sheep offered either hay or concentrate. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 1983． 10:1-14
23． Owen,E., Mopfenstein, T.J, Britton, RA.,Rump,K and McDonell,M.L, Treatment of wheat straw with different alkalis J. Anim. Sci.,53, suppl. 1982． 1:803(abstract)
24． Reddy, Kjoji, Reddy, M. R Effect of feeding complete feeds on various nitrogen fractions and total VFA concentrations in the rumen fluid of sheep. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 1985,55(9) :819-825
25． Reddy. P. S.,et al. Utilization of sunflower straw and subabul-meal in complete diets for crossbred bulls. Indian. J. Anim. Sci., 1987． 57(9) : 980-987
26． Reddy N.M. et al. Effect of fodder based complete diets on the rumen fermentation pattern in crossbred bulls. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 1993． 10(1) : 7-16
27． Sehgal, J.P. and Punj, M.L., Utilization of alkali-treated and neutralized wheat straw-based rations for growing goat kids. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 1983． 9: 155-168
28． Sirohi, S.K, and Rai, S.N. Optimisation of treatment conditions of wheat straw with lime: Effect of concentration, moisture content and treatment time on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility, Anim. Feed. Sci.Technol., 1998,74:57-62
29． Silva, AT., and Orskov, E. R, Fibre degradation in the rumens of animals receiving hay, untreated or ammonia-treated straw. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol., 1988． 19:277-287
30． Tetlow. R M, The effect of urea on the preservation and digestibility in vitro of perennial ryegrass. Anim. Feed. Sci.Technol.,1983,10:49-63
31． Wanapat, M, Sundstol, F. and Garmo, T.H., A comparison of alkali treatment methods to improve the nutritive value of straw. I .Digestibility and metabolizability. Anim. Feed Dci. Technol., 1955． 12:295-309
32． Willams, P.E.V., Innes, G. M and Brewer, A., Ammonia treatment of straw via the hydrolysis of area . Ⅱ .Additions of soya bean (urease), sodium hydroxide and molasses; effects on the digestibility of
33. Zaman, M-S., Owen., Effect of calcium hydroxide or urea treatment of barley straw on intake and digestibility in sheep, Small Ruminant Res. 1990,3,237～248
34．边四辈，卢旺，王加启等，提高秸秆营养价值的研究进展，国外畜牧科技，1999，26(5)：13-18
35．曹玉凤，李英，刘荣昌等，复合化学处理秸秆对肉牛生产性能的影响，中国草食动物，2000，1：13-16
36．陈伟华．用氨气敏电极测定瘤胃液中的氨氮．南京农学院学报，1981，3：124
37．陈自胜，刘国才，彭宇年等，提高秸秆氨化饲料经济效益的研究，吉林畜牧兽医，1994，5：12-15
38．道良佐编著，肉羊生产技术手册，北京，中国农业出版社，1997，52
39．邓栓林，毕西潮，郝云睛等，不同处理的小麦秸在绵羊体内的消化率及其对瘤胃液pH值、NH_3—N浓度的影响，青海畜牧兽医杂志，1992，1，14-16
40．冯仰廉，张子仪，论秸秆的饲用价值及科学利用，见卢德勋主编，2000’动物营养研究进展，北京，中国农业出版社，2001，66
41．韩正康，陈杰编著，反刍动物瘤胃的消化和代谢，科学出版社，1988，19
42．贺建华，陈立祥，低质牧草和粗饲料的改良，国外畜牧学—饲料，1991，1：10-17
43．计成，许成根，动物营养研究与应用，第一版，中国农业科技出版社，1997，85-87
44．林雪彦，王中华，谢幼梅等，瘤胃微生物蛋白质产量的调控，山东畜牧兽医，2000，1：29-30
45．刘宗贵等，氢氧化钠+尿素处理稻草喂奶牛试验，草与畜，1990，4：19-20
46．卢德勋，反刍动物饲养技术新探动物营养与饲料加工技术—国际动物营养与饲料加工技术研修班论文集(1996-1997北京)，见李德发，王若军主编，北京，中国农业大学出版社，1997，192-203
47．卢庆萍，王加启，秸秆处理技术的研究，中国饲料，1999，10，26-28
48．毛华明，戴志明，提高秸秆类饲料转化效率方面研究的建议，云南畜牧兽医，1995，1：36
49．毛华明，冯仰廉，尿素和氢氧化钙处理作物秸秆提高营养价值的研究，中国畜牧，1991，(27)5：3-5
50．毛华明，朱仁俊，冯仰廉，饲喂复合化学处理大麦秸颗粒对泌乳牛生产性能的影响，云南农业大学学报，1999，14(2)，167-170
51．孟庆翔，付春江，氨化秸秆的活体外消化率、消化速度与蛋白质降解率，北京农业大学学报，1991，2，86
52．孟庆翔，精料水平与秸秆氨化对绵羊日粮消化氮存留与进食量的影响，北京农业大学学报，1991，17(3)：109
53．孟庆翔，熊易强，蒋洪茂等，氨化小麦秸在阉牛生长育肥期的利用与效益分析，中国畜牧杂志，1990，26(6)：8-11
5i．莫放，冯仰廉，杨雅芳等，化学处理对秸秆秕壳的瘤胃有机物降解率的影响，动物营养学报，1996，1：22-27
55．石传林，尿素强化碱溶液浸泡秸秆饲喂肉牛的试验，饲料博览，1998，10(5)：4
56．史清河，韩友文(1999)，全混合日对羔羊瘤胃代谢产物浓度变化的影响，动物营养学报，1999，11(3)：51-57
57．王洪荣，冯宗慈，卢德勋等，应用瘤胃液氨氮、挥发性脂肪酸和血浆尿素氮水平检测放物绵羊营养状况的研究，内蒙古畜牧科学，1992，3，34-40
58．王加启，冯仰廉，日粮精粗比对瘤胃微生物合成效率的影响，畜牧兽医学报，1995，26(4)：301-307
59．王钟建，提高秸秆营养价值研究进展，饲料工业，1998，19(5)：12-14
60．吴克谦，秸秆饲料的利用与营养评价的研究，动物营养研究进展(1996)，中国畜牧兽医学会动物营养学分会编，中国农大出版社，1997，9
61．杨胜．饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术．第1版．北京：北京农业大学出版社1993，59
62．叶日松，洪瑞林，祝玉华，碱化稻草饲喂奶牛效果好，中国奶牛，1999，2：28-29
63．易建明，李树聪，江雄生等，新型饲料添加剂对稻草对牛瘤胃降解特性影响的研究，动物营养学报，1999，11(增刊)：203-207
64．张国奋，李钟乐，徐春城等，稻草尿素氨化处理的研究，延边农学院学报，1994，16(1)：52-58
65．张浩，邹霞青，不同处理稻草纤维类物质瘤胃的降解特性，福建农业大学学报，2000，29(1)：81-86
66．张宏福，张子仪编著，动物营养参数与饲养标准，中国农业出版社，1998，341
67．张英来，程起方译，利用化学和生物方法提高禾谷类秸秆的质量，国外畜牧科技，1999，26(3)：23-28
68．中国农业统计年鉴，1996，北京：中国农业出版社，1996，290-292
2． Asadpour, P. and Klopfenstein, T., Calcium and ammonium hydroxide treatment of wheat straw. J. Anim. Sci., Supple. 1979． 1:106 (abstract)
3． Bass, J. M, Parkins, J. J. and Fishwick, G., The effect of calcium hydroxide treatment on the digestibility of chopped oat straw supplemented with a solution containing urea, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, trace elements and vitamins, Anim. Feed. Sci.Technol., 1982． 7:93-100
4． Chaudhry, A. S., In vitro and in sacco digestibility of wheat straw treated with calcium oxide and sodium hydroxide alone or with hydrogen peroxide, Anim. Feed. Sci.Technol., 1998,a,74:301-313
5． Chaudhn, A. S., Nutrient composition, digestion and rumen fermentation in sheep of wheat straw treated with calcium oxide, sodium hydroxide and alkaline hydrogen peroxide, Anim. Feed. Sci.Technoi.,b,74:315-328
6． Cheng, K.J. and Hungate, U.E., Effect of alfalfa fibre substrate on culture counts of rumen bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1976． 32:649-652
7． Cottyn, B.G., Soever, J.L, Upgrading of straw by ammoniation. Anim. Feed Sci Technol, 1988． 21:287-294
8． Dias-da-Silva, AA., Mascarenhas Ferreira, A aand Gredes, C. V.M. Effects of moisture level, treatment time and soya bean addition on the nutritive value of urea-treated maize stover. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol., 1988,19:67-77
9． Djajaucgara, A, Molina, B.T. and Doyle, P.T., The utilization of untreated and calcium hydroxide treated wheat straw by sheep. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol., 1985． 12:141-150
10． Dryden, G.MCL. and Kempton, T. J., Digestion of organic matter and nitrogen in ammoniated barley straw. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 1983． 10:65-75
11． El Hag, H. M. A and Green halgh, J. F.D., Intake and digestibility in sheep fed on alkali-treated straw and concentrations, as complete diets or separate feeds. Anim. Feed Sci.Technol.,1982,7:271-276
12． Grotheer, M.D, Cross, D.L and Grimes, LW., Effect of ammonia level and time of exposure to ammonia on nutritional and preservatory characteristics of dry and high moisture coastal Bermuda grass hay. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol, 1986． 14:55-65
13． Horton, G. M. J., Nicholson ,H H. and Christensen, D. A, Ammonia and sodium hydroxide treatment of wheat straw in diets for fattening steers. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 1982． 7: 1-10
14． Hover W.H. Chemical factors involved in ruminal fibre digestion. J Dairy Sci. 1986, 69: 2755-2766
15． Jayasuriya, M. C. N. and Pearce, G.R, The effect of urease enzyme on treatment time and the nutritive value of straw treated with ammonia as urea. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol.,1983． 8: 271-281
16． Jewell, S. N. and Campling, R C, Aqueous ammonia treatment of wheat straw: voluntary intake and digestibility in cattle. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol., 1986． 14:81-93
17． Joy, M, Alibes, X., Munoz, F., Chemical treatment of lignocellulosic residues with urea. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol., 1992． 38:319-333
18． Kategile, J. A., Uril, N. A., Sundstol, F. and Mzihirwa, Y. G., Simplified method for alkali treatment of low-quality roughages for use by small-holders in developing countries. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol., 1981． 6:133-143
19． Lacey, J., Lord, K.A. and Cayley, G. R, Chemicals for preventing moulding in damp hay. Anim. Feed Sci.Technol.,1981,6:323-336
20． Mira J.J.F. and Kay. m., Treatment of barley straw with urea or anhydrous ammonia for growing cattle .Anim prod. 1983． 36:271-275
21． Moran, J.B., S atoto, KB. and Dawson, J.E., The utilization of rice straw fed to zebu cattle and swamp buffalo as influenced by alkali treatment and Leucaena supplementation. Aust, J. Agric. Res., 1983． 34:73-84
22． Mould,F.L and Orskov, E. R, Manipulation of rumen fluid pH and its influence on cellulolysis in sacco, dry matter degradation and the rumen microflora of sheep offered either hay or concentrate. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 1983． 10:1-14
23． Owen,E., Mopfenstein, T.J, Britton, RA.,Rump,K and McDonell,M.L, Treatment of wheat straw with different alkalis J. Anim. Sci.,53, suppl. 1982． 1:803(abstract)
24． Reddy, Kjoji, Reddy, M. R Effect of feeding complete feeds on various nitrogen fractions and total VFA concentrations in the rumen fluid of sheep. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 1985,55(9) :819-825
25． Reddy. P. S.,et al. Utilization of sunflower straw and subabul-meal in complete diets for crossbred bulls. Indian. J. Anim. Sci., 1987． 57(9) : 980-987
26． Reddy N.M. et al. Effect of fodder based complete diets on the rumen fermentation pattern in crossbred bulls. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 1993． 10(1) : 7-16
27． Sehgal, J.P. and Punj, M.L., Utilization of alkali-treated and neutralized wheat straw-based rations for growing goat kids. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 1983． 9: 155-168
28． Sirohi, S.K, and Rai, S.N. Optimisation of treatment conditions of wheat straw with lime: Effect of concentration, moisture content and treatment time on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility, Anim. Feed. Sci.Technol., 1998,74:57-62
29． Silva, AT., and Orskov, E. R, Fibre degradation in the rumens of animals receiving hay, untreated or ammonia-treated straw. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol., 1988． 19:277-287
30． Tetlow. R M, The effect of urea on the preservation and digestibility in vitro of perennial ryegrass. Anim. Feed. Sci.Technol.,1983,10:49-63
31． Wanapat, M, Sundstol, F. and Garmo, T.H., A comparison of alkali treatment methods to improve the nutritive value of straw. I .Digestibility and metabolizability. Anim. Feed Dci. Technol., 1955． 12:295-309
32． Willams, P.E.V., Innes, G. M and Brewer, A., Ammonia treatment of straw via the hydrolysis of area . Ⅱ .Additions of soya bean (urease), sodium hydroxide and molasses; effects on the digestibility of
33. Zaman, M-S., Owen., Effect of calcium hydroxide or urea treatment of barley straw on intake and digestibility in sheep, Small Ruminant Res. 1990,3,237～248
34．边四辈，卢旺，王加启等，提高秸秆营养价值的研究进展，国外畜牧科技，1999，26(5)：13-18
35．曹玉凤，李英，刘荣昌等，复合化学处理秸秆对肉牛生产性能的影响，中国草食动物，2000，1：13-16
36．陈伟华．用氨气敏电极测定瘤胃液中的氨氮．南京农学院学报，1981，3：124
37．陈自胜，刘国才，彭宇年等，提高秸秆氨化饲料经济效益的研究，吉林畜牧兽医，1994，5：12-15
38．道良佐编著，肉羊生产技术手册，北京，中国农业出版社，1997，52
39．邓栓林，毕西潮，郝云睛等，不同处理的小麦秸在绵羊体内的消化率及其对瘤胃液pH值、NH_3—N浓度的影响，青海畜牧兽医杂志，1992，1，14-16
40．冯仰廉，张子仪，论秸秆的饲用价值及科学利用，见卢德勋主编，2000’动物营养研究进展，北京，中国农业出版社，2001，66
41．韩正康，陈杰编著，反刍动物瘤胃的消化和代谢，科学出版社，1988，19
42．贺建华，陈立祥，低质牧草和粗饲料的改良，国外畜牧学—饲料，1991，1：10-17
43．计成，许成根，动物营养研究与应用，第一版，中国农业科技出版社，1997，85-87
44．林雪彦，王中华，谢幼梅等，瘤胃微生物蛋白质产量的调控，山东畜牧兽医，2000，1：29-30
45．刘宗贵等，氢氧化钠+尿素处理稻草喂奶牛试验，草与畜，1990，4：19-20
46．卢德勋，反刍动物饲养技术新探动物营养与饲料加工技术—国际动物营养与饲料加工技术研修班论文集(1996-1997北京)，见李德发，王若军主编，北京，中国农业大学出版社，1997，192-203
47．卢庆萍，王加启，秸秆处理技术的研究，中国饲料，1999，10，26-28
48．毛华明，戴志明，提高秸秆类饲料转化效率方面研究的建议，云南畜牧兽医，1995，1：36
49．毛华明，冯仰廉，尿素和氢氧化钙处理作物秸秆提高营养价值的研究，中国畜牧，1991，(27)5：3-5
50．毛华明，朱仁俊，冯仰廉，饲喂复合化学处理大麦秸颗粒对泌乳牛生产性能的影响，云南农业大学学报，1999，14(2)，167-170
51．孟庆翔，付春江，氨化秸秆的活体外消化率、消化速度与蛋白质降解率，北京农业大学学报，1991，2，86
52．孟庆翔，精料水平与秸秆氨化对绵羊日粮消化氮存留与进食量的影响，北京农业大学学报，1991，17(3)：109
53．孟庆翔，熊易强，蒋洪茂等，氨化小麦秸在阉牛生长育肥期的利用与效益分析，中国畜牧杂志，1990，26(6)：8-11
5i．莫放，冯仰廉，杨雅芳等，化学处理对秸秆秕壳的瘤胃有机物降解率的影响，动物营养学报，1996，1：22-27
55．石传林，尿素强化碱溶液浸泡秸秆饲喂肉牛的试验，饲料博览，1998，10(5)：4
56．史清河，韩友文(1999)，全混合日对羔羊瘤胃代谢产物浓度变化的影响，动物营养学报，1999，11(3)：51-57
57．王洪荣，冯宗慈，卢德勋等，应用瘤胃液氨氮、挥发性脂肪酸和血浆尿素氮水平检测放物绵羊营养状况的研究，内蒙古畜牧科学，1992，3，34-40
58．王加启，冯仰廉，日粮精粗比对瘤胃微生物合成效率的影响，畜牧兽医学报，1995，26(4)：301-307
59．王钟建，提高秸秆营养价值研究进展，饲料工业，1998，19(5)：12-14
60．吴克谦，秸秆饲料的利用与营养评价的研究，动物营养研究进展(1996)，中国畜牧兽医学会动物营养学分会编，中国农大出版社，1997，9
61．杨胜．饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术．第1版．北京：北京农业大学出版社1993，59
62．叶日松，洪瑞林，祝玉华，碱化稻草饲喂奶牛效果好，中国奶牛，1999，2：28-29
63．易建明，李树聪，江雄生等，新型饲料添加剂对稻草对牛瘤胃降解特性影响的研究，动物营养学报，1999，11(增刊)：203-207
64．张国奋，李钟乐，徐春城等，稻草尿素氨化处理的研究，延边农学院学报，1994，16(1)：52-58
65．张浩，邹霞青，不同处理稻草纤维类物质瘤胃的降解特性，福建农业大学学报，2000，29(1)：81-86
66．张宏福，张子仪编著，动物营养参数与饲养标准，中国农业出版社，1998，341
67．张英来，程起方译，利用化学和生物方法提高禾谷类秸秆的质量，国外畜牧科技，1999，26(3)：23-28
68．中国农业统计年鉴，1996，北京：中国农业出版社，1996，290-292
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