跨国企业资本弱化避税的法律规制研究
|
摘要
资本弱化是指企业投资者为了达到避税目的或其它目的,在企业融资方式的选择上,降低股本的比重,提高负债的比重,以贷款方式替代募股方式进行融资。近些年来,企业特别是跨国企业通过减少股份资本、扩大贷款规模,从而以增加利息支出来转移应税所得,实现税收负担最小化,对相关国家的税收权益产生了不可忽视的负面影响。它已经逐渐成为跨国企业广泛采用的避税方式。
OECD范本和联合国范本提倡采用两种方法应对资本弱化:(1)正常交易方法。(2)固定比率方法。美国在1976年制定资本弱化税制(IRC第385条),1989年增加163条J条款后更加完善,其后,英国、法国、德国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国也相继引入和制订了这一税制,日本于1992年税制改革时,正式引入了资本弱化税制。新企业所得税法的实施,“两税合一”涉及对外国投资税收优惠制度的改革,特别是股本投资的各种优惠待遇范围调整压缩,未来我国资本项目外汇管制的逐步放开,资本弱化必然会越来越多地为跨国投资人所利用,作为谋求税后利润最大化的避税方式。
我国应当在借鉴西方发达国家成功的资本弱化税制经验的基础上,结合我国基本国情,以新企业所得税法实施为契机,采用安全港原则来构建我国的资本弱化税制体系,着重做好以下几个方面的工作:(1)确定合适的债务/股本比率,并调整关联方最低控制水平。适宜确定为30%到40%之间。(2)明确固定债务/股本比率的计算对象。根据我国的实际情况,我国的安全港比率应以单个股东为对象来计算。(3)明确债务资本和股权资本的范围。债务资本应界定为企业直接或间接从所有关联方获得的、按照合同约定需要定期以现金或其他非现金形式支付固定收益的借入资金,具体包括由我国的非居民银行提供的具有投资替代性固定利率中长期贷款;和居民公司收益挂钩的浮动利率贷款;背靠背贷款或委托贷款;具有贷款和股本投资双重特征的混合贷款;无关联第三方提供的,但对股东有追索权的贷款。(4)明确超额利息的计算和处理。按照股息的税率征收公司所得税和预提税。同时加强国际税收协作。
Thin Capitalization means investors reduce the proportion of equity, raise the proportion of debt to loans offering alternative form of financing in the enterprise of choice of the mode of financing,in order to achieve tax purposes or other purposes.
In recent years ,enterprises , particurly the Transnational enterprise increase the interest expense to transfer the taxable income and then to get tax burden minimization by reducing the share capital and expand the scale of loans . This negative impact can not be ignored . It has gradually become multinational widely used method of tax avoidance.
The model for calligrahy of OECD and the United Nations should recommend to adopt 2 ways of coping with thin Capitalization : (1) Normal trading method. (2) Fixed rate method. In 1976 the United States enacted china's capital-weaken taxation (IRC section 385), added 163 J terms to make it more perfect in 1989, then, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada, Australia and other countries have also introduced and established this system .Japan introduced the formal system of the Thin Capitalization model during the 1992 tax reform. New enterprise income tax law implenmentation, "the unified tax system" involving tax concessions to foreign investment system reform, in particular the preferential treatment of various equity investments range compression adjustment, the future capital projects in China has gradually liberalized the foreign exchange controls, capital dilution inevitable will be more and more transnational investment utilized by people, as to maximize the after-tax profits of tax avoidance methods.
On the basis of learning from developed Western countries's success of Thin Capitalization system experience, China should combin with the condition of our country and take the opportunity of new corporate income tax law implementation , use safe harbour provisions to set up China's Thin Capitalization tax system, focus on the following aspects of work: (1) Determine the appropriate debt / equity ratio, and adjust the minimum level of control related parties. The suitable rate will be 30% -40%. (2) Definite fixed debt / equity ratio's caculating object .According to China's actual conditions, we believe that our country's safe harbour rule should be caculated by individual sharedholders .(3) Definite debt capital and equity capital scope. Debt capital should be defined as enterprises get it directly or indirectly from all related parties and enterprises should pay the fixed-income borrow funds by cash or other forms of non-cash according to contractual agreement to the need for regular cash or other forms of non-cash .It mainly includes non-residents from China's banks to offer alternative investments with fixed interest rates and long-term loans; linked to corporate earnings and residents of floating rate loans; commissioned by the back-to-back loans or loans with loans and equity investments dual characteristics of the mixed loans provided by an unrelated third party, but shareholders have recourse loan. (4) Definite the excess interest calculation and processing. The tax department need to impose corporate income tax and and withholding tax according to divident 's tax rate,at the same time, enhance the international tax cooperation.
OECD范本和联合国范本提倡采用两种方法应对资本弱化:(1)正常交易方法。(2)固定比率方法。美国在1976年制定资本弱化税制(IRC第385条),1989年增加163条J条款后更加完善,其后,英国、法国、德国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国也相继引入和制订了这一税制,日本于1992年税制改革时,正式引入了资本弱化税制。新企业所得税法的实施,“两税合一”涉及对外国投资税收优惠制度的改革,特别是股本投资的各种优惠待遇范围调整压缩,未来我国资本项目外汇管制的逐步放开,资本弱化必然会越来越多地为跨国投资人所利用,作为谋求税后利润最大化的避税方式。
我国应当在借鉴西方发达国家成功的资本弱化税制经验的基础上,结合我国基本国情,以新企业所得税法实施为契机,采用安全港原则来构建我国的资本弱化税制体系,着重做好以下几个方面的工作:(1)确定合适的债务/股本比率,并调整关联方最低控制水平。适宜确定为30%到40%之间。(2)明确固定债务/股本比率的计算对象。根据我国的实际情况,我国的安全港比率应以单个股东为对象来计算。(3)明确债务资本和股权资本的范围。债务资本应界定为企业直接或间接从所有关联方获得的、按照合同约定需要定期以现金或其他非现金形式支付固定收益的借入资金,具体包括由我国的非居民银行提供的具有投资替代性固定利率中长期贷款;和居民公司收益挂钩的浮动利率贷款;背靠背贷款或委托贷款;具有贷款和股本投资双重特征的混合贷款;无关联第三方提供的,但对股东有追索权的贷款。(4)明确超额利息的计算和处理。按照股息的税率征收公司所得税和预提税。同时加强国际税收协作。
Thin Capitalization means investors reduce the proportion of equity, raise the proportion of debt to loans offering alternative form of financing in the enterprise of choice of the mode of financing,in order to achieve tax purposes or other purposes.
In recent years ,enterprises , particurly the Transnational enterprise increase the interest expense to transfer the taxable income and then to get tax burden minimization by reducing the share capital and expand the scale of loans . This negative impact can not be ignored . It has gradually become multinational widely used method of tax avoidance.
The model for calligrahy of OECD and the United Nations should recommend to adopt 2 ways of coping with thin Capitalization : (1) Normal trading method. (2) Fixed rate method. In 1976 the United States enacted china's capital-weaken taxation (IRC section 385), added 163 J terms to make it more perfect in 1989, then, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada, Australia and other countries have also introduced and established this system .Japan introduced the formal system of the Thin Capitalization model during the 1992 tax reform. New enterprise income tax law implenmentation, "the unified tax system" involving tax concessions to foreign investment system reform, in particular the preferential treatment of various equity investments range compression adjustment, the future capital projects in China has gradually liberalized the foreign exchange controls, capital dilution inevitable will be more and more transnational investment utilized by people, as to maximize the after-tax profits of tax avoidance methods.
On the basis of learning from developed Western countries's success of Thin Capitalization system experience, China should combin with the condition of our country and take the opportunity of new corporate income tax law implementation , use safe harbour provisions to set up China's Thin Capitalization tax system, focus on the following aspects of work: (1) Determine the appropriate debt / equity ratio, and adjust the minimum level of control related parties. The suitable rate will be 30% -40%. (2) Definite fixed debt / equity ratio's caculating object .According to China's actual conditions, we believe that our country's safe harbour rule should be caculated by individual sharedholders .(3) Definite debt capital and equity capital scope. Debt capital should be defined as enterprises get it directly or indirectly from all related parties and enterprises should pay the fixed-income borrow funds by cash or other forms of non-cash according to contractual agreement to the need for regular cash or other forms of non-cash .It mainly includes non-residents from China's banks to offer alternative investments with fixed interest rates and long-term loans; linked to corporate earnings and residents of floating rate loans; commissioned by the back-to-back loans or loans with loans and equity investments dual characteristics of the mixed loans provided by an unrelated third party, but shareholders have recourse loan. (4) Definite the excess interest calculation and processing. The tax department need to impose corporate income tax and and withholding tax according to divident 's tax rate,at the same time, enhance the international tax cooperation.
引文
[1] 刘剑文. 国际所得税法研究. 北京: 中国政法大学出版社, 2000, 147
[2] 王逸. 资本弱化: 国际避税与反避税的新焦点. 涉外税务, 2001, (12):30
[3] 王进猛,刘永军,沈黎明. 资本弱化的国际影响及评析. 比较税收, 2003, (7):43
[4] 杨宇光, 姜能之. 试论我国合资企业的资本弱化问题. 亚太经济, 1998, (6): 41 - 46
[5] 刘晓红, 马骏. 资本弱化: 外资企业避税新动向. 涉外税务, 2002, (10):25-27
[6] Tim Edgar. The Thin Capitalization Rules: Role and Reform, TaxFind- Publication, Canadian Tax Foundation, 1999, 2
[7] See Section. The Income Tax Act. Canada, 1972, 18(4)
[8] 杨斌. 国际税收制度规则和管理方法的比较研究. 北京: 中国税务出版社, 2002, 138, 196; 杨 斌. 国际税收.上海: 复旦大学出版社,2003, 263
[9] 朱青. 国际税收. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社, 2001,186
[10] 曾华群. 国际经济法导论. 北京: 法律出版社, 1997, 12
[11] 齐晓丹. 21 世纪国际税收协定发展趋势研究: [大连海事大学硕士学位论文].大连.大连海事大学法学院. 2005, 21
[12] See Wayne Huf. A Critical Evaluation of Australia’s Current Thin Capitalization Rules Including a Review of How These Rules Operate. Journal of the ATAX Association, Volume 3,2001,48 ; See Thomsett E. Thin Capitalization. The OECD Report of 1987 and a Review of Currnet Pracice in Major Trading Nations. [1098], Touche Ross 1,1
[13] See C.F.E.(Confederation Fiscale Europeenne)Comments on ECJ,Landhorst- Hohorst GmbH, C-324/00,1
[14] See Anno Rainer, Otmar Thoemmes and Eric Tomsett. EU: The power of the freedom of establishment principle. International Tax Review, London: Nov 2002, 13
[15] Klaus Eicker. Advocate General Holds German Thin Capitalization Rules Incompatible with EC Law. International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation, January/February, 2003, 23
[16] Anno Rainer. Otmar Thoemmes and Eric Tomsett. EU:ECJ hears case on German thin capitalization rules. International Tax A Review, London;Jul/ug2002, 48
[17] See Appendix of CMS Tax Pag Meeting.Thin Capitalization Guidelines.Rome, October 4 th, 2002,45
[18] Grant Richardson, Dean Hanlon, Les Nethercott. Thin Capitalization Rules: An Anglo-American Comparison.The International Tax Journal, Volume 24, Number2, spring,1998, 9
[19] Grant Richardson, Dean Hanlon, Les Nethercott. Thin Capitalization Rules: An Anglo-American Comparison.The International Tax Journal, Volume24, Number2, spring, 1998, 9
[20] 朱洪仁. 国际税收筹划. 上海: 上海财经大学出版社, 2000, 271
[21] Eric N. Roose, Takeo Mizutani. Thin Capitalization. Asia-Pacific tax bulletin September/October,2005,54
[22] 张文春. 日本的国际税收发展史. 涉外税务, 2003, (7): 37
[23] 萧承龄. 面对经济全球化的国际税收管理对策.涉外税务,2000(10):24
[24] See Melissa Fox-Revett, Catherine Brayley. Thin Capitalization Rules to Change After 2000, Taxation and Business Law, June 2000,63
[25] Grant Richardson, Dean Hanlon, Les Nethercott. Thin Capitalization Rules: An— Anglo-American Comparison.The International Tax Journal, Volume24, Number2,1998, 7
[26] Clayson, Murray, UK Rewrites Thin Cap.Rules. International Tax Review, London: Feb 1995.Vol.6, 16; 朱青. 国际税收. 北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2001, 189
[27] See Mark Baldwin. U.K.Reforms Its Transfer Pricing Rules. The National Law Journal, Monday, July 27, 1998, 25
[28] Jenkins. U.K. Alert .http://www.corptax.com/ (15.12.03),2002-02-14
[29] 李俊伟. 资本弱化立法比较研究及对中国的借鉴.[华东政法学院硕士学位论文].上海.华东政法学院法学院. 2004, 4,35
[30] 孙少岩,李响.限制资本弱化的法规问题研究.经济纵横,2006,(2),34
[31] 冯倩. 浅析资本弱化与外资避税. 重庆大学大学学报,2006,(12),75
[32] 蒋玲.浅谈新税法中反资本弱化规定. http://www.chinadbk.com/wz.jsp 2007-06-01
[33] 廖益新, 陈红彦. 资本弱化企业所得税政策的国际经验与借鉴. 厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2007, (1),33; 35
[34] 王选汇. 外商投资企业资本金管理与税收措施.涉外税务,2000(3):51-53.
[35] 安然, 罗艳. 对“资本弱化”进行规制的思考. 法学论坛, 2006, (2),35-38
[36] 刘剑文. 国际所得税法研究. 北京: 中国政法大学出版社,2000, 135
[37] See Appendix of CMS Tax Pag Meeting.Thin Capitalization Guidelines, Rome, October 4 th, 2002, 36
[38] 廖益新. 国际税法学. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2001, 275
[2] 王逸. 资本弱化: 国际避税与反避税的新焦点. 涉外税务, 2001, (12):30
[3] 王进猛,刘永军,沈黎明. 资本弱化的国际影响及评析. 比较税收, 2003, (7):43
[4] 杨宇光, 姜能之. 试论我国合资企业的资本弱化问题. 亚太经济, 1998, (6): 41 - 46
[5] 刘晓红, 马骏. 资本弱化: 外资企业避税新动向. 涉外税务, 2002, (10):25-27
[6] Tim Edgar. The Thin Capitalization Rules: Role and Reform, TaxFind- Publication, Canadian Tax Foundation, 1999, 2
[7] See Section. The Income Tax Act. Canada, 1972, 18(4)
[8] 杨斌. 国际税收制度规则和管理方法的比较研究. 北京: 中国税务出版社, 2002, 138, 196; 杨 斌. 国际税收.上海: 复旦大学出版社,2003, 263
[9] 朱青. 国际税收. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社, 2001,186
[10] 曾华群. 国际经济法导论. 北京: 法律出版社, 1997, 12
[11] 齐晓丹. 21 世纪国际税收协定发展趋势研究: [大连海事大学硕士学位论文].大连.大连海事大学法学院. 2005, 21
[12] See Wayne Huf. A Critical Evaluation of Australia’s Current Thin Capitalization Rules Including a Review of How These Rules Operate. Journal of the ATAX Association, Volume 3,2001,48 ; See Thomsett E. Thin Capitalization. The OECD Report of 1987 and a Review of Currnet Pracice in Major Trading Nations. [1098], Touche Ross 1,1
[13] See C.F.E.(Confederation Fiscale Europeenne)Comments on ECJ,Landhorst- Hohorst GmbH, C-324/00,1
[14] See Anno Rainer, Otmar Thoemmes and Eric Tomsett. EU: The power of the freedom of establishment principle. International Tax Review, London: Nov 2002, 13
[15] Klaus Eicker. Advocate General Holds German Thin Capitalization Rules Incompatible with EC Law. International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation, January/February, 2003, 23
[16] Anno Rainer. Otmar Thoemmes and Eric Tomsett. EU:ECJ hears case on German thin capitalization rules. International Tax A Review, London;Jul/ug2002, 48
[17] See Appendix of CMS Tax Pag Meeting.Thin Capitalization Guidelines.Rome, October 4 th, 2002,45
[18] Grant Richardson, Dean Hanlon, Les Nethercott. Thin Capitalization Rules: An Anglo-American Comparison.The International Tax Journal, Volume 24, Number2, spring,1998, 9
[19] Grant Richardson, Dean Hanlon, Les Nethercott. Thin Capitalization Rules: An Anglo-American Comparison.The International Tax Journal, Volume24, Number2, spring, 1998, 9
[20] 朱洪仁. 国际税收筹划. 上海: 上海财经大学出版社, 2000, 271
[21] Eric N. Roose, Takeo Mizutani. Thin Capitalization. Asia-Pacific tax bulletin September/October,2005,54
[22] 张文春. 日本的国际税收发展史. 涉外税务, 2003, (7): 37
[23] 萧承龄. 面对经济全球化的国际税收管理对策.涉外税务,2000(10):24
[24] See Melissa Fox-Revett, Catherine Brayley. Thin Capitalization Rules to Change After 2000, Taxation and Business Law, June 2000,63
[25] Grant Richardson, Dean Hanlon, Les Nethercott. Thin Capitalization Rules: An— Anglo-American Comparison.The International Tax Journal, Volume24, Number2,1998, 7
[26] Clayson, Murray, UK Rewrites Thin Cap.Rules. International Tax Review, London: Feb 1995.Vol.6, 16; 朱青. 国际税收. 北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2001, 189
[27] See Mark Baldwin. U.K.Reforms Its Transfer Pricing Rules. The National Law Journal, Monday, July 27, 1998, 25
[28] Jenkins. U.K. Alert .http://www.corptax.com/ (15.12.03),2002-02-14
[29] 李俊伟. 资本弱化立法比较研究及对中国的借鉴.[华东政法学院硕士学位论文].上海.华东政法学院法学院. 2004, 4,35
[30] 孙少岩,李响.限制资本弱化的法规问题研究.经济纵横,2006,(2),34
[31] 冯倩. 浅析资本弱化与外资避税. 重庆大学大学学报,2006,(12),75
[32] 蒋玲.浅谈新税法中反资本弱化规定. http://www.chinadbk.com/wz.jsp 2007-06-01
[33] 廖益新, 陈红彦. 资本弱化企业所得税政策的国际经验与借鉴. 厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2007, (1),33; 35
[34] 王选汇. 外商投资企业资本金管理与税收措施.涉外税务,2000(3):51-53.
[35] 安然, 罗艳. 对“资本弱化”进行规制的思考. 法学论坛, 2006, (2),35-38
[36] 刘剑文. 国际所得税法研究. 北京: 中国政法大学出版社,2000, 135
[37] See Appendix of CMS Tax Pag Meeting.Thin Capitalization Guidelines, Rome, October 4 th, 2002, 36
[38] 廖益新. 国际税法学. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2001, 275
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |