多尺度上多物种的多格局及其尺度推绎
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摘要
植物的生长固然与自身特性有关,也与其生境中环境要素及其它物种相互作用相互影响,牵涉到生物格局、环境格局和景观格局的相互作用,已有研究表明,这种作用具有多尺度特性。量化这三种格局的某些重要特征,将有利于理解这种尺度行为对格局的影响,甚至量化格局在多尺度上的一些特性,同时数量化后的特征也方便进行尺度推绎。
本文在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘莫索湾沙地选取相隔15km的两个200m×200m样地,以心叶驼绒藜(Ceratoides ewersmanniana)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、琵琶柴(Perosimonia soongorica)和淡枝沙拐枣(Calligonum leucocladum)及其生境地形和土壤理化性质为研究对象,联合小波分析(WAA)、点格局分析(PPA)和典范对应分析(CCA)研究莫索湾沙漠4种灌木种内的聚集性(成丛性)及其周期性、种间相互作用、边缘效应及其与生境地形和土壤理化性质的关系,最后将所得结论在合适的尺度上进行了推绎。结果发现:
(1)表观上沙生植物分布非连续,但是可形成25-80m尺度范围的成丛性分布(“虎纹”),且周期性出现,心叶驼绒藜周期为115-125m、梭梭周期为130-140m,研究表明,周期为110m的地形基频是植物成丛性周期形成的主因。琵琶柴和淡枝沙拐枣虽成丛分布,但未发现其周期,其周期可能在更大的幅度上存在。
(2)其次,东西方向的边缘量化检测结果表明:东西方向也存在功能边缘和结构边缘,不像南北边缘的位置是受到太阳辐射和遮阴作用影响,东西边缘的位置却是受到了垄状沙丘大小和地形的影响,且东西边缘的存在可能使幼苗更容易生长。
(3)再次,种间关系研究发现:4种灌木相互都是负相关,且在大多数尺度上是显著负相关。荒漠植物通过成丛或聚集分布可以形成适合本物种生存的局部微生境。
(4)在尺度推绎过程中也可以得出结论(1),小波分析对信号整体特征的提取作用实现了小尺度上的信息到大尺度上的聚合。结合小波分析对信号突变点的检测,利用位置方差检验局部空间异质性程度,发现位置方差将大尺度上的格局分解到每个取样小样方,位置方差最大的地点对应的异质性也最强,实现了大尺度上的信息到小尺度上的分解。总结认为应用小波分析可以实现对空间格局的尺度推绎,具有对植被、环境的分布格局以及异质性有双重度量作用,由小波系数以及由其衍生的小波方差、位置方差来实现这种度量,图形表现直观,优越性明显。
We investigated the distributions and habitats of Ceratoides ewersmanniana, Haloxylon ammodendron, Rerosimonia soongorica and Calligonum leucocladum in two plots (200m×200m, the distance between the plots is 15 km) at Mosuowan desert. We analyzed their intraspecific clumpiness (caespitose) and periodicity, interspecific interaction, edge effect, and their relationship with habitats’geomorphology and soil physical and chemical properties.Wavelet analysis was used to detect edges from east to west, explain its existence, and quantify its location; Furthermore, we combined Wavelet Analysis and Point Pattern Analysis to detect and quantify the scales and periods of clumpiness. Finally, using Wavelet Analysis, Point Pattern Analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis, we studies the importance of habitats’geomorphology and soil physical or chemical properties to biological patterns.
We got some important finding: First of all, the distributions of C.ewersmanniana and H.ammodendron were non-continuous, rather showing aggregated and periodic distribution patterns (115-125m for C.ewersmanniana, and 130-140m for H.ammodendron), which were caused by the geomorphologic oscillation period at 110m. P.soongorica and C.leucocladum showed aggregated distribution patterns but no period.
Second, detected edge effect demonstrated that the east-west edges corresponding to the influences of their geomorphology, in the contrary, the south-north edges corresponded to the influences of incoming solar radiation, shad effect and surface characteristics.
Third, the result of interspecific interactions indicated that aggregation of desert plants was correlated with habitat conditions. Desert plants could form a micro-habitat by aggregation to reduce evaportranspiration stress and serve as an important adaptive strategy at the community level.
Finally, we also identified signal catastrophe points with wavelets and verified heterogeneity degree of local space with position variance. We found that position variance decomposed the distribution patterns at large scale into small sampling plot, and the position with the largest variance also had strongest heterogeneity. In a word, wavelet analysis method could scale-up spatial distribution patterns and habit heterogeneity. With this method and other method derived from this one, such as, wavelet scale, wavelet variance, position variance, and extremely direct-viewing graphs, wavelet analysis could be widely applied in solving the scaling problem in ecological and environmental studies.
本文在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘莫索湾沙地选取相隔15km的两个200m×200m样地,以心叶驼绒藜(Ceratoides ewersmanniana)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、琵琶柴(Perosimonia soongorica)和淡枝沙拐枣(Calligonum leucocladum)及其生境地形和土壤理化性质为研究对象,联合小波分析(WAA)、点格局分析(PPA)和典范对应分析(CCA)研究莫索湾沙漠4种灌木种内的聚集性(成丛性)及其周期性、种间相互作用、边缘效应及其与生境地形和土壤理化性质的关系,最后将所得结论在合适的尺度上进行了推绎。结果发现:
(1)表观上沙生植物分布非连续,但是可形成25-80m尺度范围的成丛性分布(“虎纹”),且周期性出现,心叶驼绒藜周期为115-125m、梭梭周期为130-140m,研究表明,周期为110m的地形基频是植物成丛性周期形成的主因。琵琶柴和淡枝沙拐枣虽成丛分布,但未发现其周期,其周期可能在更大的幅度上存在。
(2)其次,东西方向的边缘量化检测结果表明:东西方向也存在功能边缘和结构边缘,不像南北边缘的位置是受到太阳辐射和遮阴作用影响,东西边缘的位置却是受到了垄状沙丘大小和地形的影响,且东西边缘的存在可能使幼苗更容易生长。
(3)再次,种间关系研究发现:4种灌木相互都是负相关,且在大多数尺度上是显著负相关。荒漠植物通过成丛或聚集分布可以形成适合本物种生存的局部微生境。
(4)在尺度推绎过程中也可以得出结论(1),小波分析对信号整体特征的提取作用实现了小尺度上的信息到大尺度上的聚合。结合小波分析对信号突变点的检测,利用位置方差检验局部空间异质性程度,发现位置方差将大尺度上的格局分解到每个取样小样方,位置方差最大的地点对应的异质性也最强,实现了大尺度上的信息到小尺度上的分解。总结认为应用小波分析可以实现对空间格局的尺度推绎,具有对植被、环境的分布格局以及异质性有双重度量作用,由小波系数以及由其衍生的小波方差、位置方差来实现这种度量,图形表现直观,优越性明显。
We investigated the distributions and habitats of Ceratoides ewersmanniana, Haloxylon ammodendron, Rerosimonia soongorica and Calligonum leucocladum in two plots (200m×200m, the distance between the plots is 15 km) at Mosuowan desert. We analyzed their intraspecific clumpiness (caespitose) and periodicity, interspecific interaction, edge effect, and their relationship with habitats’geomorphology and soil physical and chemical properties.Wavelet analysis was used to detect edges from east to west, explain its existence, and quantify its location; Furthermore, we combined Wavelet Analysis and Point Pattern Analysis to detect and quantify the scales and periods of clumpiness. Finally, using Wavelet Analysis, Point Pattern Analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis, we studies the importance of habitats’geomorphology and soil physical or chemical properties to biological patterns.
We got some important finding: First of all, the distributions of C.ewersmanniana and H.ammodendron were non-continuous, rather showing aggregated and periodic distribution patterns (115-125m for C.ewersmanniana, and 130-140m for H.ammodendron), which were caused by the geomorphologic oscillation period at 110m. P.soongorica and C.leucocladum showed aggregated distribution patterns but no period.
Second, detected edge effect demonstrated that the east-west edges corresponding to the influences of their geomorphology, in the contrary, the south-north edges corresponded to the influences of incoming solar radiation, shad effect and surface characteristics.
Third, the result of interspecific interactions indicated that aggregation of desert plants was correlated with habitat conditions. Desert plants could form a micro-habitat by aggregation to reduce evaportranspiration stress and serve as an important adaptive strategy at the community level.
Finally, we also identified signal catastrophe points with wavelets and verified heterogeneity degree of local space with position variance. We found that position variance decomposed the distribution patterns at large scale into small sampling plot, and the position with the largest variance also had strongest heterogeneity. In a word, wavelet analysis method could scale-up spatial distribution patterns and habit heterogeneity. With this method and other method derived from this one, such as, wavelet scale, wavelet variance, position variance, and extremely direct-viewing graphs, wavelet analysis could be widely applied in solving the scaling problem in ecological and environmental studies.
引文
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