三维地质建模技术的研究
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摘要
本论文在对国内外三维地质建模发展现状分析的基础上,系统研究了三维地质建模理论,提出了一种有效的基于四面体体元构建地质体模型的方法和利用插值理论确定虚拟钻孔的方法,并在建模过程中用不同的插值方法对地质数据进行处理。根据这一地质建模方法设计了一套可行的实验方案。全文主要内容如下:
(1)详细介绍了三维地质建模的研究背景和国内外研究现状,说明了本论文的主要研究内容和三维地质建模及其可视化的研究目标。
(2)介绍了三维地质建模和实际钻孔数据的基本概念,系统研究了三维地质建模的各种模型——基于面、体的模型和面向对象的模型,分析了不同模型的优缺点。
(3)说明了三维地质模型的选取原则,并详细阐述了本论文三维地质建模的设计思想。利用已知勘探的具有多层地质信息的钻孔数据,通过插值方法生成规则网格的插值数据;在形成的规则网格模型中,将相同相对坐标的不同层数据相连就构成由四棱柱体所组合的地质模型,再将四棱柱按照一定规则分解成容易处理的四面体体元,把四面体体元作为基本体元进行处理操作。在确定虚拟钻孔的过程中,本文直接采用插值方法进行确定,避免了体元模型确定虚拟钻孔的复杂性。由于论文中大量使用插值方法,文中对两种插值方法——距离反比加权插值法和Kriging插值方法做了详细的研究。
(4)介绍了可视化的基础理论,对计算机图形学和OpenGL做了简要的阐述。说明了基于OpenGL的地质体可视化过程,设计了地质模型的可视化方案,实现了对三维地质模型的多模式显示。
After an overview of research about 3D geological modeling in our country and foreign countries, this dissertation researches some methods of geological modeling detailedly, and puts forward a effective method based on tetrahedron to constructing geologic model. In the process of constructing, chooses different interpolation methods—inverse distance weighted average and Kriging interpolation method to process geological data. According to this modeling method, the author designed a feasible experiment program. The main contents of dissertation are as following:
(1) Introduces the background and research status of the three-dimensional geological modeling and visualization, explains the main contents and objectives of 3D geological modeling and visualization.
(2) Introduces the basic concept of 3D geological modeling and borehole data,and researches the several data structure of geological model------surfacestructure、body structure and Object Oriented structure. Analyzes the advantage and disadvantage of these structures.
(3) Elaborates the principle of choosing geological model and the method of modeling in this dissertation. Firstly, takes advantage of interpolation method to process borehole data and gets interpolation data. The interpolation data can form the surface model of stratum. Secondly, linking the data of the same relative coordinates in different stratum surface can form prism, and then uses prism to make up stratum model. Thirdly, decomposes prism into five tetrahedrons, makes use of tetrahedron as basic volume element. The virtual borehole is gotten byinterpolation method. This paper researches two interpolation methods------inverse distance weighted average and Kriging interpolation method.
(4) Introduces the basis theory of visualization、computer graphics and OpenGL. Explains the geological model visualization process based on OpenGL, and designs a program to realize multi-mode display.
(1)详细介绍了三维地质建模的研究背景和国内外研究现状,说明了本论文的主要研究内容和三维地质建模及其可视化的研究目标。
(2)介绍了三维地质建模和实际钻孔数据的基本概念,系统研究了三维地质建模的各种模型——基于面、体的模型和面向对象的模型,分析了不同模型的优缺点。
(3)说明了三维地质模型的选取原则,并详细阐述了本论文三维地质建模的设计思想。利用已知勘探的具有多层地质信息的钻孔数据,通过插值方法生成规则网格的插值数据;在形成的规则网格模型中,将相同相对坐标的不同层数据相连就构成由四棱柱体所组合的地质模型,再将四棱柱按照一定规则分解成容易处理的四面体体元,把四面体体元作为基本体元进行处理操作。在确定虚拟钻孔的过程中,本文直接采用插值方法进行确定,避免了体元模型确定虚拟钻孔的复杂性。由于论文中大量使用插值方法,文中对两种插值方法——距离反比加权插值法和Kriging插值方法做了详细的研究。
(4)介绍了可视化的基础理论,对计算机图形学和OpenGL做了简要的阐述。说明了基于OpenGL的地质体可视化过程,设计了地质模型的可视化方案,实现了对三维地质模型的多模式显示。
After an overview of research about 3D geological modeling in our country and foreign countries, this dissertation researches some methods of geological modeling detailedly, and puts forward a effective method based on tetrahedron to constructing geologic model. In the process of constructing, chooses different interpolation methods—inverse distance weighted average and Kriging interpolation method to process geological data. According to this modeling method, the author designed a feasible experiment program. The main contents of dissertation are as following:
(1) Introduces the background and research status of the three-dimensional geological modeling and visualization, explains the main contents and objectives of 3D geological modeling and visualization.
(2) Introduces the basic concept of 3D geological modeling and borehole data,and researches the several data structure of geological model------surfacestructure、body structure and Object Oriented structure. Analyzes the advantage and disadvantage of these structures.
(3) Elaborates the principle of choosing geological model and the method of modeling in this dissertation. Firstly, takes advantage of interpolation method to process borehole data and gets interpolation data. The interpolation data can form the surface model of stratum. Secondly, linking the data of the same relative coordinates in different stratum surface can form prism, and then uses prism to make up stratum model. Thirdly, decomposes prism into five tetrahedrons, makes use of tetrahedron as basic volume element. The virtual borehole is gotten byinterpolation method. This paper researches two interpolation methods------inverse distance weighted average and Kriging interpolation method.
(4) Introduces the basis theory of visualization、computer graphics and OpenGL. Explains the geological model visualization process based on OpenGL, and designs a program to realize multi-mode display.
引文
[1]Moore T.An introduction to the global positioning system and its applications [J].Developments in the Use of Global Positioning Systems,1994,Page(s):1-6.
[2]张勤,李家权.GPS测量原理及应用[M].北京,科学出版社,2005.
[3]Alippi C,Giussani A,Micheletti C,Roncoroni F,Stefini G,Vassena G.Global positioning and geographical information systems[J].Instrumentation &Measurement Magazine,IEEE Volume 7,Issue 4,2004,Page(s):36-43.
[4]李博,陈华,杨健.遥感技术的发展趋势分析[J].中国资源综合利用,2007,25(9):39-41.
[5]Zhong D H,Li M C,Song L G,et al.Enhanced NURBS modeling and visualization for large 3D geoengineering applications:an example from the Jinping first level hydropower engineering project,China[J].Computer and Geosciences,2006,32(9):1270-1282.
[6]Simon W Houlding.3D Geoscience Modeling:Computer Techniques for Geological Characterization[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1994.
[7]毛善君.灰色地理信息系统:动态修正地质空间数据的理论和技术[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2002,38(4):556-562.
[8]李青元,常燕卿,曹代勇.3维GIS拓扑关系中“一面三层”的概念及其在2维的推广[J].测绘学报,2002,31(4):350-355.
[9]李建华,边馥苓.适合GIS事务特征的并发模型探讨[J].测绘信息与工程,2005,30(1):5-7.
[10]程朋根,龚健雅.地质矿山中三维GIS数据模型的应用问题[J].矿山测量,1999,第2期.
[11]齐安文,吴立新,侯恩科,杨可明.三维地学模拟评述及其矿山应用关键问题[J].中国矿业,2001,10(5):61-64.
[12]J.F.Luis.Mirone:A multi-purpose tool for exploring grid data[J].Computers & Geosciences 33(2007)31-41.
[13]邓飞,王瑞,王美平,周熙襄.复杂三维地层建模及快速射线追踪的研究与实现[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2007,26(1):113-117.
[14]James D,McCarthy,Phil A Graniero.A GIS-based borehole data management and 3D visualization system[J].Computers & Geosciences,2006,(32):1699-1708.
[15]Joachim Gudmundsson,Mikael Hammar,Marc van Kreveld.Higher order Delaunay triangulations[J].Computational Geometry,2002,(23):85-98.
[16]Yong Xue,Min Sun,Ainai Ma.On the reconstruction of three-dimensional complex geological objects using Delaunay triangulation[J].Future Generation Computer Systems,2004,(20):1227-1234.
[17]Rognant L,Chassery J M,Goze S,Planes J G.The Delaunay constrained triangulation:the Delaunay stable algorithms[J].Information Visualization, 1999,Page(s):147-152.
[18]李翠平,李仲学,余东明.基于泰森多边形法的空间品位插值[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2007,26(4):488-491.
[19]Varley P.A.C,Martin R.R,A system for constructing boundary representation solid models from a two-dimensional sketch[J].Geometric Modeling and Processing,2000.Theory and Applications.Proceedings 10-12 April 2000,Page(s):13-32.
[20]Qing Wang,Wei Hua,Guiqing Li,Hujun Bao.Generalized NURBS curves and surfaces[J].Geometric Modeling and Processing,2004.Proceedings 2004,Page(s):365-368.
[21]Deng-Hua Zhonga,Ming-Chao Lia,Ling-Guang Songb,Gang Wang.Enhanced NURBS modeling and visualization for large 3Dgeoengineering applications:An example from the Jinping first-level hydropower engineering project,China[J].Computers & Geosciences,2006,(32):1270-1282.
[22]李明,王山东,陈佩富.三维栅格数据结构的研究与应用[J].金属矿山,2007,374(8):61-64.
[23]Imma Boada.An octree-based multiresolution hybrid framework[J].Future Generation Computer Systems.2004,(20):1275-1284.
[24]Pajarola R,Antonijuan M,Lario R.QuadTIN:quadtree based triangulated irregular networks[J].Visualization,2002.VIS 2002.IEEE.1-1 Nov.2002Page(s):395-402.
[25]Cyril Gruau,Thierry Coupez.3D tetrahedral unstructured and anisotropic mesh generation with adaptation to natural and multidomain metric[J].Comput.Methods Appl.Mech.Engrg.2005,(194):4951-4976.
[26]文学东,卢秀山,李青元,魏占营.基于三棱柱的三维地质体建模及可视化研究[J].测绘科学,2005,30(5):82-83.
[27]齐安文,吴立新,李冰,李建民,杨中东.一种新的三维地学空间构模方法——类三棱柱法[J].煤炭学报,2002,27(2):158-163.
[28]Jianya Gong,Penggen Cheng,Yandong Wang.Three-dimensional modeling and application in geological exploration engineering[J].Computers &Geosciences,2004,(30):391-404.
[29]程朋根,龚健雅.地勘工程三维空间数据模型及其数据结构设计[J].测绘学报,2001,30(1):74-81.
[30]贺建忠.面向对象GIS的空间数据模型的研究[D].北京大学博士学位论文,1995.
[31]边馥苓,傅仲良,胡自锋.面向目标的栅格矢量一体化三维数据模型[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,2000,25(4):294-298.
[32]Revesz P,Lixin Li.Constraint-based visualization of spatial interpolation data[J].Information Visualisation,2002 Proceedings.Sixth International Conference on 10-12 July 2002,Page(s):563-569.
[33]Hofierka,J,Cebecauer,T.Spatial Interpolation of Elevation Data With Variable Density:A New Methodology to Derive Quality DEMs[J].Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,IEEE Volume 4,Issue 1,Jan.2007,Page(s):117-121.
[34]靳国栋,刘衍聪,牛文杰.距离加权反比插值法和克里金插值法的比[J].长春工业大学学报,2003,24(3):53-57.
[35]李翠平,李仲学,余东明.基于泰森多边形法的空间品位插值[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2007,26(4):488-491.
[36]DalyC,HelmerEH,QuionesM.Mapping the climate of Puerto Rico,Vieques and Culebra[J].Int.J.Climatol,2003,23(11):1359-1381.
[37]Laurimar Goncalves Vendrusculo,Paulo Sergio Graziano Magalhaes,Sidney Rosa Vieira,Jose Ruy Porto de Carvalho.Computation system for geostatistical analysis[J].Sci.Agric.(Piracicaba,Braz.),v.61,n.1,Jan/Fev 2004,Page(s):100-107.
[38]Van Beers W.C.M,Kleijnen J.P.C.Kriging interpolation in simulation:a survey[J].Simulation Conference,2004.Proceedings of the 2004 Winter Dec 2004,Volume1:5-8.
[39]谢延敏,于沪平,陈军,阮雪榆.基于Kriging模型的可靠度计算[J].上海交通大学学报,2007,41(2):177-180.
[40]G.Matheron.La theorie des variables regionaliseeset ses applications,Cahier du Centre de Morphologie Mathematique de Fontainebleau,Ecole des Mines[M].Paris,1970.
[41]Pham T D.Recognition of trademarks with spatial statistics and neural learning Artificial Intelligence Systems[J],2002.(ICAIS 2002).2002 IEEE International Conference on 5-10 Sept.2002,Page(s):205-210
[42]李清泉,李德仁.三维地理信息系统中的数据结构[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1996,21(2):128-133.
[43]程朋根,龚健雅,史文中,刘少华.基于似三棱柱的地质体三维建模与应用研究[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2004,29(7):602-607.
[44]王润怀,李永树,刘永和,向中林.三维地质建模中虚拟钻孔的引入及其确定[J].地质与勘探,2007,43(3):102-107.
[45]唐泽圣,孙延奎,邓俊辉.科学计算可视化理论与应用研究进展[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2001,41(45):199-202.
[46]徐长青,许志闻,郭晓新.计算机图形学[M].机械工业出版社,2004.
[47]Richard S,Wright Jr,Benjamin Lipchak.OpenGL SuperBible,Third Edition[M].2005 by Sams Publishing.
[48]DirectX SDK[Z].1995-2002,Microsoft Corporation.
[2]张勤,李家权.GPS测量原理及应用[M].北京,科学出版社,2005.
[3]Alippi C,Giussani A,Micheletti C,Roncoroni F,Stefini G,Vassena G.Global positioning and geographical information systems[J].Instrumentation &Measurement Magazine,IEEE Volume 7,Issue 4,2004,Page(s):36-43.
[4]李博,陈华,杨健.遥感技术的发展趋势分析[J].中国资源综合利用,2007,25(9):39-41.
[5]Zhong D H,Li M C,Song L G,et al.Enhanced NURBS modeling and visualization for large 3D geoengineering applications:an example from the Jinping first level hydropower engineering project,China[J].Computer and Geosciences,2006,32(9):1270-1282.
[6]Simon W Houlding.3D Geoscience Modeling:Computer Techniques for Geological Characterization[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1994.
[7]毛善君.灰色地理信息系统:动态修正地质空间数据的理论和技术[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2002,38(4):556-562.
[8]李青元,常燕卿,曹代勇.3维GIS拓扑关系中“一面三层”的概念及其在2维的推广[J].测绘学报,2002,31(4):350-355.
[9]李建华,边馥苓.适合GIS事务特征的并发模型探讨[J].测绘信息与工程,2005,30(1):5-7.
[10]程朋根,龚健雅.地质矿山中三维GIS数据模型的应用问题[J].矿山测量,1999,第2期.
[11]齐安文,吴立新,侯恩科,杨可明.三维地学模拟评述及其矿山应用关键问题[J].中国矿业,2001,10(5):61-64.
[12]J.F.Luis.Mirone:A multi-purpose tool for exploring grid data[J].Computers & Geosciences 33(2007)31-41.
[13]邓飞,王瑞,王美平,周熙襄.复杂三维地层建模及快速射线追踪的研究与实现[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2007,26(1):113-117.
[14]James D,McCarthy,Phil A Graniero.A GIS-based borehole data management and 3D visualization system[J].Computers & Geosciences,2006,(32):1699-1708.
[15]Joachim Gudmundsson,Mikael Hammar,Marc van Kreveld.Higher order Delaunay triangulations[J].Computational Geometry,2002,(23):85-98.
[16]Yong Xue,Min Sun,Ainai Ma.On the reconstruction of three-dimensional complex geological objects using Delaunay triangulation[J].Future Generation Computer Systems,2004,(20):1227-1234.
[17]Rognant L,Chassery J M,Goze S,Planes J G.The Delaunay constrained triangulation:the Delaunay stable algorithms[J].Information Visualization, 1999,Page(s):147-152.
[18]李翠平,李仲学,余东明.基于泰森多边形法的空间品位插值[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2007,26(4):488-491.
[19]Varley P.A.C,Martin R.R,A system for constructing boundary representation solid models from a two-dimensional sketch[J].Geometric Modeling and Processing,2000.Theory and Applications.Proceedings 10-12 April 2000,Page(s):13-32.
[20]Qing Wang,Wei Hua,Guiqing Li,Hujun Bao.Generalized NURBS curves and surfaces[J].Geometric Modeling and Processing,2004.Proceedings 2004,Page(s):365-368.
[21]Deng-Hua Zhonga,Ming-Chao Lia,Ling-Guang Songb,Gang Wang.Enhanced NURBS modeling and visualization for large 3Dgeoengineering applications:An example from the Jinping first-level hydropower engineering project,China[J].Computers & Geosciences,2006,(32):1270-1282.
[22]李明,王山东,陈佩富.三维栅格数据结构的研究与应用[J].金属矿山,2007,374(8):61-64.
[23]Imma Boada.An octree-based multiresolution hybrid framework[J].Future Generation Computer Systems.2004,(20):1275-1284.
[24]Pajarola R,Antonijuan M,Lario R.QuadTIN:quadtree based triangulated irregular networks[J].Visualization,2002.VIS 2002.IEEE.1-1 Nov.2002Page(s):395-402.
[25]Cyril Gruau,Thierry Coupez.3D tetrahedral unstructured and anisotropic mesh generation with adaptation to natural and multidomain metric[J].Comput.Methods Appl.Mech.Engrg.2005,(194):4951-4976.
[26]文学东,卢秀山,李青元,魏占营.基于三棱柱的三维地质体建模及可视化研究[J].测绘科学,2005,30(5):82-83.
[27]齐安文,吴立新,李冰,李建民,杨中东.一种新的三维地学空间构模方法——类三棱柱法[J].煤炭学报,2002,27(2):158-163.
[28]Jianya Gong,Penggen Cheng,Yandong Wang.Three-dimensional modeling and application in geological exploration engineering[J].Computers &Geosciences,2004,(30):391-404.
[29]程朋根,龚健雅.地勘工程三维空间数据模型及其数据结构设计[J].测绘学报,2001,30(1):74-81.
[30]贺建忠.面向对象GIS的空间数据模型的研究[D].北京大学博士学位论文,1995.
[31]边馥苓,傅仲良,胡自锋.面向目标的栅格矢量一体化三维数据模型[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,2000,25(4):294-298.
[32]Revesz P,Lixin Li.Constraint-based visualization of spatial interpolation data[J].Information Visualisation,2002 Proceedings.Sixth International Conference on 10-12 July 2002,Page(s):563-569.
[33]Hofierka,J,Cebecauer,T.Spatial Interpolation of Elevation Data With Variable Density:A New Methodology to Derive Quality DEMs[J].Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,IEEE Volume 4,Issue 1,Jan.2007,Page(s):117-121.
[34]靳国栋,刘衍聪,牛文杰.距离加权反比插值法和克里金插值法的比[J].长春工业大学学报,2003,24(3):53-57.
[35]李翠平,李仲学,余东明.基于泰森多边形法的空间品位插值[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2007,26(4):488-491.
[36]DalyC,HelmerEH,QuionesM.Mapping the climate of Puerto Rico,Vieques and Culebra[J].Int.J.Climatol,2003,23(11):1359-1381.
[37]Laurimar Goncalves Vendrusculo,Paulo Sergio Graziano Magalhaes,Sidney Rosa Vieira,Jose Ruy Porto de Carvalho.Computation system for geostatistical analysis[J].Sci.Agric.(Piracicaba,Braz.),v.61,n.1,Jan/Fev 2004,Page(s):100-107.
[38]Van Beers W.C.M,Kleijnen J.P.C.Kriging interpolation in simulation:a survey[J].Simulation Conference,2004.Proceedings of the 2004 Winter Dec 2004,Volume1:5-8.
[39]谢延敏,于沪平,陈军,阮雪榆.基于Kriging模型的可靠度计算[J].上海交通大学学报,2007,41(2):177-180.
[40]G.Matheron.La theorie des variables regionaliseeset ses applications,Cahier du Centre de Morphologie Mathematique de Fontainebleau,Ecole des Mines[M].Paris,1970.
[41]Pham T D.Recognition of trademarks with spatial statistics and neural learning Artificial Intelligence Systems[J],2002.(ICAIS 2002).2002 IEEE International Conference on 5-10 Sept.2002,Page(s):205-210
[42]李清泉,李德仁.三维地理信息系统中的数据结构[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1996,21(2):128-133.
[43]程朋根,龚健雅,史文中,刘少华.基于似三棱柱的地质体三维建模与应用研究[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2004,29(7):602-607.
[44]王润怀,李永树,刘永和,向中林.三维地质建模中虚拟钻孔的引入及其确定[J].地质与勘探,2007,43(3):102-107.
[45]唐泽圣,孙延奎,邓俊辉.科学计算可视化理论与应用研究进展[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2001,41(45):199-202.
[46]徐长青,许志闻,郭晓新.计算机图形学[M].机械工业出版社,2004.
[47]Richard S,Wright Jr,Benjamin Lipchak.OpenGL SuperBible,Third Edition[M].2005 by Sams Publishing.
[48]DirectX SDK[Z].1995-2002,Microsoft Corporation.
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