刑事诉讼中被害人权利的保障
摘要
刑事诉讼法的修改,在学界有一个重要的议题,那就是对于被害人地位的提高,对于被害人的应有权利进行确认及保障。因此刑事被害人的权利保护应当成为刑事诉讼理论和实践中倍受关注的问题。然而目前我国现行的刑事诉讼法并没有赋予被害人诉讼主体的地位,致使被害人在刑事诉讼中的相关权利没有得到落实与保障,从而也不能满足被害人参与诉讼的心理诉求——复仇与求偿。本文从被害人的基本理论入手,界定了刑事被害人的概念,通过分析刑事被害人在刑事诉讼中的地位与权利,找出被害人诸多权利背后所隐藏的缺陷,特别是提出了被害人的决定权,并尝试进行了完善被害人权利体系的制度设计。
At present, the amendment work of procedural law in China has come and regarding the amendment to criminal procedure law, one important opinion in the academic circle is to enhance the litigation status of criminal victims in the process of criminal litigation, and ensure the implementation of relevant rights of criminal victims. Under the current criminal procedure law system of China, the victims are only regarded as criminal witnesses or lookers-on in criminal litigation, or are excluded outside the court, or give testimony in the court. They don’t have formal litigation status, and can not enjoy relevant litigation rights. Thus, some scholars put forward that protection of the rights of victims should be strengthened and“make the scale that is biased towards the defendant be balanced”. Under this circumstance, this paper will study the issue on the litigation status and relevant rights of criminal victims, especially the status and rights insurance issue in public prosecution cases. For the above issues, the paper is divided into four parts to study them from enquiry of principles to attempt of system design.
In the first part, it studies the concept of criminal victim and rights source of victims. Through investigating the source and development of the concept of criminal victim, and combining the mainstream opinions in home and abroad, the writer defines the concept of criminal victim as the natural person whose just rights or legal rights and interests are infringed. At the same time, according to the key point of study of this paper, the writer defines the concept of victim within public prosecution cases. But for study on the source of rights, one important investigation is examining the motivation of victims in participating in the litigation and on this basis doing some targeted design on the procedures of criminal litigation. If these goals are realized, the rights of victims can be actually guaranteed. Based on this, the paper surveys one new perspective of the academic world’s study on the motivation of victims in participating in the litigation, the mentality of revenge and compensation-seeking of victims and thinks that this is the body litigation status of victims and the source of litigation rights around this positioning. Through examination of the producing mechanism of revenge and compensation-seeking mentality of victims, it gets the reasonability of the existence of revenge criminal led by the country. And combining the principle of statutory offence and fitness of crime and responsibility, it determines the principle of rights guarantee of victims: ensure victims participating in litigation, realize their interest appeal through litigation, deciding rights on the treatment of criminals within the legal scope, and ensure that the revenge and compensation-seeking mentality of victims are appropriately met.
The second part is a historical analysis of the rights guarantee of criminal victims. In this part, with the development sequence of guarantee of victims’rights, the paper investigates that the initial stage of victims’rights is the maximum stage, development stage, decreased stage, recovery stage. Through analysis of the condition of victims’rights in each stage, combining the historical background at that time, it provides theoretical foreshadowing for the realistic analysis of victims’rights.
The third part is a realistic analysis of the guarantee of victims’rights. In this part, the paper surveys the current condition of guarantee of victims’rights and the inadequacy of guarantee of victims’rights; analyzes the reason of inadequacy of guarantee of victims’rights; illustrates the realistic urgency and necessity of guarantee of victims’rights. The paper holds the opinion that the determination of the status of victims in litigation is the basis for confirming the guarantee of their rights, but there are different opinions on the litigation status issue of victims in the theoretical circle of China. Some think that victims are in the litigant status while others think that they are in the status of witness. Through examination of the current law, the paper thinks that victims in public prosecution cases are neither witness nor litigant in the complete sense. Actually they do not have full litigant status. In this case, the system design of criminal procedure law considers less for victims in the distribution of litigation rights, which causes the unbalanced litigation rights distribution of victims and defendant in criminal procedure law. This causes that the regulations on protection of criminal procedure rights in China have many weaknesses, for example lack of defining on the concept and scope of victims, not perfect regulations on the prosecution rights and appealing rights of victims, lack of regulations on providing legal relief for victims, and lack of regulations on compensation by the state to victims.
The fourth part is about establishment of rights system of victims. The paper in this part mainly discusses the establishment of rights system of victims, and improvement of victims’rights in criminal procedures and emphases the importance of establishing state compensation system. According to the conclusion of“in the whole legal system, rights shall be the beginning point, core and leading part, and rights is the purpose”, the writer puts forward deciding the status of victims and guaranteeing the rights of victims needs each of the basic rights of victims in the litigation process, establish the rights system of victims, and defines the rights and obligations of each side based on this in order to achieve the purpose of victims. The rights system of victims includes four aspects: the rights of litigation of victims, the rights for getting relief and compensation, the guaranteeing rights of victims and the relevant deciding rights of victims in criminal litigation. Establishing the above rights system is also key measures for meeting and leading the revenge and compensation mentality of victims. After establishment of rights system, the paper tries to design the system for implementing the above rights system in legislature, including: endowing appealing rights to victims in legislature; endowing them with the rights to know in litigation process; endowing them the rights in executions stage, mainly including the suggestion of victims on measurement of penalty and manner of penalty execution and the right to object. The state compensation system for victims refers to before acquiring compensation or compensation is not enough, through certain procedure of the state, giving victims who are infringed due to criminal act proper economic compensation. Through examining the concept and historical development of this system, and combining the relevant legislature experience in foreign countries, the writer tries to study the specific operations of this system, including the fund source of state compensation to victims, compensation subjects and some relevant procedural issues in implementing this system.
The guarantee of victim’s rights is the requirement of social development and mark of social progress. Concerning the underprivileged group means the civilization and prosperity of a society. When we gain the victory of fight for victims’rights in the conflict between punishing crime and ensuring the human rights, we should not forget the cry and suffering of victims who are infringed by criminal acts, and we have not any excuse to turn a deaf ear to this cry. We believe, only when the litigation rights of victims and defendants and their litigation status s are equally concerned, can the conception of guarantee of human rights be healthy and can the meaning of social civilization be really full, and can the love of human society for the underprivileged group be embodied. In order to fully realize that the criminal litigation law guarantees human rights, we should not only pay attention to the guarantee of the rights of defendants and criminal suspects, but also strengthens guarantee for victims’rights. Defendants possess important legal status in litigation and enjoy broad substantive rights and procedural rights. Guaranteeing the rights of victims is the embodiment and deepening of guarantee of human rights, and is important mark of civilization of criminal litigation. We should begin from the basic conception of guaranteeing the human rights of victims and realizing procedural justice, and realizing the balanced guarantee of the interests of the state, victims and defendants.
At present, the amendment work of procedural law in China has come and regarding the amendment to criminal procedure law, one important opinion in the academic circle is to enhance the litigation status of criminal victims in the process of criminal litigation, and ensure the implementation of relevant rights of criminal victims. Under the current criminal procedure law system of China, the victims are only regarded as criminal witnesses or lookers-on in criminal litigation, or are excluded outside the court, or give testimony in the court. They don’t have formal litigation status, and can not enjoy relevant litigation rights. Thus, some scholars put forward that protection of the rights of victims should be strengthened and“make the scale that is biased towards the defendant be balanced”. Under this circumstance, this paper will study the issue on the litigation status and relevant rights of criminal victims, especially the status and rights insurance issue in public prosecution cases. For the above issues, the paper is divided into four parts to study them from enquiry of principles to attempt of system design.
In the first part, it studies the concept of criminal victim and rights source of victims. Through investigating the source and development of the concept of criminal victim, and combining the mainstream opinions in home and abroad, the writer defines the concept of criminal victim as the natural person whose just rights or legal rights and interests are infringed. At the same time, according to the key point of study of this paper, the writer defines the concept of victim within public prosecution cases. But for study on the source of rights, one important investigation is examining the motivation of victims in participating in the litigation and on this basis doing some targeted design on the procedures of criminal litigation. If these goals are realized, the rights of victims can be actually guaranteed. Based on this, the paper surveys one new perspective of the academic world’s study on the motivation of victims in participating in the litigation, the mentality of revenge and compensation-seeking of victims and thinks that this is the body litigation status of victims and the source of litigation rights around this positioning. Through examination of the producing mechanism of revenge and compensation-seeking mentality of victims, it gets the reasonability of the existence of revenge criminal led by the country. And combining the principle of statutory offence and fitness of crime and responsibility, it determines the principle of rights guarantee of victims: ensure victims participating in litigation, realize their interest appeal through litigation, deciding rights on the treatment of criminals within the legal scope, and ensure that the revenge and compensation-seeking mentality of victims are appropriately met.
The second part is a historical analysis of the rights guarantee of criminal victims. In this part, with the development sequence of guarantee of victims’rights, the paper investigates that the initial stage of victims’rights is the maximum stage, development stage, decreased stage, recovery stage. Through analysis of the condition of victims’rights in each stage, combining the historical background at that time, it provides theoretical foreshadowing for the realistic analysis of victims’rights.
The third part is a realistic analysis of the guarantee of victims’rights. In this part, the paper surveys the current condition of guarantee of victims’rights and the inadequacy of guarantee of victims’rights; analyzes the reason of inadequacy of guarantee of victims’rights; illustrates the realistic urgency and necessity of guarantee of victims’rights. The paper holds the opinion that the determination of the status of victims in litigation is the basis for confirming the guarantee of their rights, but there are different opinions on the litigation status issue of victims in the theoretical circle of China. Some think that victims are in the litigant status while others think that they are in the status of witness. Through examination of the current law, the paper thinks that victims in public prosecution cases are neither witness nor litigant in the complete sense. Actually they do not have full litigant status. In this case, the system design of criminal procedure law considers less for victims in the distribution of litigation rights, which causes the unbalanced litigation rights distribution of victims and defendant in criminal procedure law. This causes that the regulations on protection of criminal procedure rights in China have many weaknesses, for example lack of defining on the concept and scope of victims, not perfect regulations on the prosecution rights and appealing rights of victims, lack of regulations on providing legal relief for victims, and lack of regulations on compensation by the state to victims.
The fourth part is about establishment of rights system of victims. The paper in this part mainly discusses the establishment of rights system of victims, and improvement of victims’rights in criminal procedures and emphases the importance of establishing state compensation system. According to the conclusion of“in the whole legal system, rights shall be the beginning point, core and leading part, and rights is the purpose”, the writer puts forward deciding the status of victims and guaranteeing the rights of victims needs each of the basic rights of victims in the litigation process, establish the rights system of victims, and defines the rights and obligations of each side based on this in order to achieve the purpose of victims. The rights system of victims includes four aspects: the rights of litigation of victims, the rights for getting relief and compensation, the guaranteeing rights of victims and the relevant deciding rights of victims in criminal litigation. Establishing the above rights system is also key measures for meeting and leading the revenge and compensation mentality of victims. After establishment of rights system, the paper tries to design the system for implementing the above rights system in legislature, including: endowing appealing rights to victims in legislature; endowing them with the rights to know in litigation process; endowing them the rights in executions stage, mainly including the suggestion of victims on measurement of penalty and manner of penalty execution and the right to object. The state compensation system for victims refers to before acquiring compensation or compensation is not enough, through certain procedure of the state, giving victims who are infringed due to criminal act proper economic compensation. Through examining the concept and historical development of this system, and combining the relevant legislature experience in foreign countries, the writer tries to study the specific operations of this system, including the fund source of state compensation to victims, compensation subjects and some relevant procedural issues in implementing this system.
The guarantee of victim’s rights is the requirement of social development and mark of social progress. Concerning the underprivileged group means the civilization and prosperity of a society. When we gain the victory of fight for victims’rights in the conflict between punishing crime and ensuring the human rights, we should not forget the cry and suffering of victims who are infringed by criminal acts, and we have not any excuse to turn a deaf ear to this cry. We believe, only when the litigation rights of victims and defendants and their litigation status s are equally concerned, can the conception of guarantee of human rights be healthy and can the meaning of social civilization be really full, and can the love of human society for the underprivileged group be embodied. In order to fully realize that the criminal litigation law guarantees human rights, we should not only pay attention to the guarantee of the rights of defendants and criminal suspects, but also strengthens guarantee for victims’rights. Defendants possess important legal status in litigation and enjoy broad substantive rights and procedural rights. Guaranteeing the rights of victims is the embodiment and deepening of guarantee of human rights, and is important mark of civilization of criminal litigation. We should begin from the basic conception of guaranteeing the human rights of victims and realizing procedural justice, and realizing the balanced guarantee of the interests of the state, victims and defendants.
引文
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[2]参见王建民:《被害人概念及其分类》,《政法论坛》1989 年第 1 期,第 1 页。
[3]参见杨正万:《刑事被害人问题研究——从诉讼角度的观察》,人民公安出版社 2002 年第 1 版,第 23 页。
[4]孟昭兰主编:《普通心理学》,北京大学出版社 1994 年第 1 版,第367-369 页。
[5]任克勤主编:《被害人心理学》,警官教育出版社 1997 年第 1 版,第80 页。
[6]任克勤主编:《被害人心理学》,警官教育出版社 1997 年第 1 版,第80 页。
[7]贾晓明:《西方心理学流派》,北京理工大学出版社 2004 年第 1 版,第 51 页。
[8]贾晓明:《西方心理学流派》,北京理工大学出版社 2004 年第 1 版,第 57 页。
[9]参见孟昭兰主编:《普通心理学》,北京大学出版社 1994 年第 1 版,第 367-369 页。
[10]参见孟昭兰主编:《普通心理学》,北京大学出版社 1994 年第 1 版,第 372 页。
[11]参见任克勤主编:《被害人心理学》,警官教育出版社 1997 年第 1 版,第 82 页。
[12]参见任克勤主编:《被害人心理学》,警官教育出版社 1997 年第 1 版,第 83 页。
[13][德]黑格尔:《法哲学原理》,范扬、张企泰译,商务印书馆 1996 年第 1 版,第 108 页。
[14][德]康德:《法的形而上学原理》,沈叔平译,商务印书馆 1997 年第1 版,第 176 页。
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[16]汤啸天:《犯罪被害人学》,甘肃人民出版社 1998 年第 1 版,第 134页。
[17]参见郭建安主编:《犯罪被害人学》,北京大学出版社 1997 年第 1 版,第 56 页。
[18]参见李英民:《刑事被害人权利保障研究》,吉林大学 2005 年法律硕士论文,第 13 页。
[19][美]查尔斯·库利:《人类本性与社会秩序》,包凡一、王源译,华夏出版社 1999 年第 1 版,第 256 页。
[20]黄东熊:《刑事诉讼法论》,三民书局 1981 年第 1 版,第 81 页。
[21]魏彤:《欧美国家犯罪被害人在刑事诉讼中的地位》,《中外法学》1996年第 4 期,第 2 页。
[22]参见叶淑香著:《浅谈刑事被害人权利保护上的立法不足》,《辽宁师专学报》2001 年第 4 期,第 2 页。
[23]参见朱配霞:《论刑事被害人的权利保护》,郑州大学 2005 年硕士学位论文,第 10—14 页。
[24]参加朱配霞:《论刑事被害人的权利保护》,郑州大学 2005 年硕士学位论文,第 10—14 页。
[25]参见谭世贵主编:《刑事诉讼原理与改革》,法律出版社 2002 年第 1版,第 30-36 页。
[26]参见张文显:《二十世纪西方法哲学思潮研究》,法律出版社 2006 年第 1 版,第 427 页。
[27]参见李明耀:《恢复性司法:让社会更和谐》,载《检察日报》2006年 3 月 13 日,第 3 版。
[28]谭世贵:《刑事诉讼原理与改革》,法律出版社 2002 年第 4 版,第57 页。
[29]在英美法系陪审制的情况下,被害人的陈述重要的作用就是影响陪审团最终对于犯罪事实的认定已达到对公诉方期望的结果。
[30]黄东熊:《刑事诉讼法论》,三民书局 1981 年第 1 版,第 66 页。
[31]魏彤:《欧美国家犯罪被害人在刑事诉讼中的地位》,《中外法学》1996年第 4 期,第 3 页。
[32]魏彤:《欧美国家犯罪被害人在刑事诉讼中的地位》,《中外法学》1996年第 4 期,第 3 页。
[33]魏彤:《欧美国家犯罪被害人在刑事诉讼中的地位》,《中外法学》1996年第 4 期,第 3 页。
[34]刘涛:《刑事诉讼主体论》,中国人民共安大学出版社 2005 年第 1 版,第 173 页。
[35]刘涛:《刑事诉讼主体论》,中国人民共安大学出版社 2005 年第 1 版,第 101 页。
[36]张穹主编:《公诉问题研究》,中国人民共安大学出版社 2000 年第 1版,第 301—302 页。
[37]王炎:《对于建立被害人国家赔偿制度的构想》,《河北公安高等专科学校学报》2007 年第 2 期,第 44 页。
[38]参见[日]大谷实:《刑事政策学》,黎宏译,法律出版社 2000 年第 1版,第 309 页。
[39]汤啸天、任克勤:《刑事被害人学》,中国政法大学出版社 1989 年第1 版,第 404 页。
[40]参见刘涛:《刑事诉讼主体论》,中国人民公安大学出版社 2005 年第1 版,172—173 页。
[41]梁玉霞:《刑事被害补偿刍议》,《法商研究》1998 年第 4 期,第 27页。
[42]张智辉、徐明涓编译:《犯罪被害者学》,群众出版社 1989 年第 1 版,第 198 页。
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19. 《德国刑事诉讼法典》,李昌珂译,中国政法大学出版社 1995 年第1 版。
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21. 郭建安:《犯罪被害人学》,北京大学出版社 1997 年第 1 版。
22. 孙孝福:《刑事诉讼人权保障的运行机制研究》,法制出版社 2001 年第 1 版。
23. 莫洪宪主编:《刑事被害救济理论与实务》,武汉大学出版社 2004 年第 1 版。
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30. [德]汉斯·约阿希姆·施奈德著:《国际范围内的被害人》,许润章等译,中国人民公安大学出版社 1992 年第 1 版。
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3. 陈卫东、刘计划:《公诉的价值冲突与衡平论略》,《国家检察官学报》第 9 卷第 3 期。
4. 龙宗智:《被害人作为公诉案件当事人制度评析》,《法学》2001 年第4 期。
5. 张振高、梁卫东:《论犯罪被害人的权利》,《国家检察官学报》1998年第 3 期。
6. 吴宁:《社会弱势群体保护的权利视角及其理论基础》,《法制与社会发展》2004 年第 3 期。
7. 田思源:《论犯罪被害人的社会支援》,《法制与社会发展》2002 年第4 期。
8. 陈卫东、刘计划:《公诉人的公诉地位探析》,《法制与社会发展》2003年第 6 期。
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10. 刘万奇:《刑事被害人论纲》,《法制与社会发展》2001 年第 2 期。
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