论大学英语教师在E-learning环境中的角色转变与重塑
|
摘要
由于教育信息化进程的推进和教育信息化水平的提高,E-learning被广泛应用于英语教学中,英语教师的角色受到了前所未有的挑战。英语教师会被机器所取代吗?面对这种巨大的变革,英语教师应怎样适应呢?本研究在分析E-learning的特点及教育功能的基础上,就英语教师怎样在E-learning教学中转变角色进行了理性的探讨,虽然E-learning为英语教学创建了最佳环境,但英语教师没有被E-learning取代。英语教师在新的环境中只不过是充当了新的角色,执行着新的任务。笔者认为在E-learning全新的教学环境中,英语教师的角色应当是:教学中的导演、指导者、组织者和为学生学习提供便利的人;课程的设计者、课程教学大纲的制定者、任务的设计者、教材的提供者、教学过程的示范者和咨询者、教学进度的监控者、解决学习困难的鼓励者、教学结果的评估者、教学效果的研究者。怎样实现这些角色的转变与重塑?本研究首先从改变教师的观念入手,用建构主义理论转变教师的观念;再用学科教学知识统一教师的认识;最后用“支架”理论指导教师的教学行为从而实现教师新角色的转变与重塑。
Because of the development and wide use of education technology, E-learning is very popular in education especially in English language teaching. English language teachers meet a great challenge. Will electronic devices take the place of English language teachers? What should the English language teachers do to adopt the new teaching and learning situation—E-learning? This paper explores the characters and the functions of E-learning. The English language teachers have to transfer and reform of their roles in teaching. Though E-learning provides a very good condition for language learning, teachers still play an important role in education technology reforming and can not be taken by electronic devices. They are acting on new roles in E-learning situation. The new roles of English language teachers are guiders, directors, organizers, designers, supervisors, providers of the learning resources, the helpers when students meet problems, the researchers of teaching and learning. How to make the transfer and reform of the news roles? Three constructive strategies are explored in this paper: 1) changing the belief of the teachers on construction theory, 2) making teachers know what knowledge English language teachers should have to be a language teacher, 3) teachers can act on the new roles with the help of scaffolding theory.
Because of the development and wide use of education technology, E-learning is very popular in education especially in English language teaching. English language teachers meet a great challenge. Will electronic devices take the place of English language teachers? What should the English language teachers do to adopt the new teaching and learning situation—E-learning? This paper explores the characters and the functions of E-learning. The English language teachers have to transfer and reform of their roles in teaching. Though E-learning provides a very good condition for language learning, teachers still play an important role in education technology reforming and can not be taken by electronic devices. They are acting on new roles in E-learning situation. The new roles of English language teachers are guiders, directors, organizers, designers, supervisors, providers of the learning resources, the helpers when students meet problems, the researchers of teaching and learning. How to make the transfer and reform of the news roles? Three constructive strategies are explored in this paper: 1) changing the belief of the teachers on construction theory, 2) making teachers know what knowledge English language teachers should have to be a language teacher, 3) teachers can act on the new roles with the help of scaffolding theory.
引文
[1]宋国学.国外E学习的研究综述.比较教育研究,2006,(2).
[1]Thomas Jefferson.A Letter to Littleton and WallerTazewell 1805.1.5.
[1]Carol Twigg.The Need For A National Learning Infrastructure,1994,Volume.(Educom Review,ISSN:1045-9146)
[2]Chris White,The role of Teacher.[J]Journal of Education for teaching 2004.4.
[3]大学英语课程教学要求(试行)教育部高等教育司,高等教育出版社,2004。
[1]大学英语课程教学要求(试行)教育部高等教育司,高等教育出版社,2004。
[1]Henry,P.e-learning technology,Content and service[M],Education +Training,2001.
[2]桂清扬.M-learning主要特点及变革态势.中国远程教育,2006,(2).
[1]胡东芳.教育新思维[M].南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003.(9).
[1]程志,范爱华.信息技术环境下教师专业隐性知识显性化的初探.中国电化教育,2006,(3).
[1]陈文存.论外语教学中的理念.外语界,2005,(6).
[1]束定芳.外语教学改革问题与对策.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004.(6)。
[2]Brown Simmons.The Development and Application of E-learning and Digital Entertainment System.University of California in Irvine.USA 1994.
[1]杨慧琴.在职EFT教师职业发展需求分析.外语与外语教学,2005,(8).
[2]刘润清.论大学英语教学.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999.(6).
[1]李文昊.教师的经验性知识表示研究.中国电化教育,2006,(3).
[1]陈小红.美国通识课程教育的发展趋势及启示.外国教育研究,2006,(1).
[2]谢之君.文化中的语言与语言中的文化.外语界,1999.(1):35-38.
[3]束定芳.外语教学改革问题与对策[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004.(6).
[1]彼得-贾维斯、李爽.专家培养和职业教育.中国电化教育,2006,(1).
[1]Bruner,J.Towards a Theory of Instruction.Cambridge,Mass;Harward University Press,1996.53.
[2]蔡基刚,武世兴.引进多媒体网络技术,改革传统的教学模式.外语界,2003,(6)2-7.
[1]David little Autonomy and Language Learning:maintaining control 1991.
[2]Hollec,H.Autonomy and Foreign Llanguage Learning Oxford:Pergamon.1981.
[3]David little Autonomy and Language Learning:maintaining control 1991.
[1]程雨民.外语教育中几个公众普遍关心的问题.外语界,2006,(6):48.
[2]尤其达.改进“视、听、说”教学的尝试与反思.外语界,2005,(4):19-21.
[3]汪霞.布洛克的后现代课程观探析.比较教育研究,2003,(2).
[1]Jeremy Harmer.The Practice of English Language Teaching[M].Longman Group UK limited 1991.
[1]胡东芳.教育新思维[M].南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003.(9).
[1]束定芳.外语课堂教学新模式刍议[J].外语界,2006,(4):24.
[1]Dewey,J.1904/1963.John Dewey on Education.(R.archambault ed.).Chicago University Press.
[1]张传燧.教育的主体与主体性教育散论.教师教育研究,2004,(3).
[1]Dewey,J.1904/1963.John Dewey on Education.(R.archambault ed.).Chicago University Press.
[1]宋国学.国外E学习的研究综述.[J].比较教育研究,2006,(2).
[2]宋国学.E学习的理论内涵及实践任何时候价值.[J].比较教育研究,2005,(5).
[3]桂清扬.M-learning主要特点及变革态势.[J].中国远程教育,2006,(2).
[4]大学英语课程教学要求(试行)教育部高等教育司,高等教育出版社,2004.
[5]石鸥.网络教学中教师的形象与职能转变.[J].中国教育学刊,2001,(5).
[6]崔岭.多媒体投影式大学英语教学模式:学生角色探析.[J].外语界,2004,(2).
[7]陈文存.论外语教学中的理念.[J].外语界,2005,(6).
[8]程志,范爱华.信息技术环境下教师专业隐性知识显性化的初探.[J].中国电化教育,2006,(3).
[9]陈小红.美国通识课程教育的发展趋势及启示.[J].外国教育研究,2006,(1).
[10]张传燧.教育的主体与主体性教育散论.[J].教师教育研究,2004,(3).
[11]彼得-贾维斯、李爽.专家培养和职业教育.[J].中国电化教育,2006,(1).
[12]熊和平 课程从“圈养”到“游牧”再到“传记”.[J].比较教育研究,2004,(11)。
[13]顾佩娅.多媒体项目教学法的理论与实践.[J].外语界,2007,(2)。
[14]李文昊.教师的经验性知识表示研究.[J].中国电化教育,2006,(3).
[15]杨慧琴.在职EFT教师职业发展需求分析.[J].外语与外语教学,2005,(8).
[16]贾爱武.美国外语教师教育及专业资格标准政策研究.[J].外语界,2006,(2).
[17]彭伟强.欧洲外语教师教育现状与改革动向.[J].外语界,2006,(2).
[18]戴炜华.外语教学研究漫语.[J].外语界,2006,(2).
[19]袁锐锷.试析NBPTS优秀教师认定的标准与程序.[J].比较教育研究,2004,(12).
[20]张学民.国外教师认知能力发展研究述评.[J].比较教育研究,2004,(5).
[21]杨彩霞.教师学科教学知识:本质、特征与结构.[J].教育科学 2006,(2).
[22]http:www.sfll.bnu.edu.cn/default/本科生 bkjx.htm 北京师范大学外国语言文学学院.
[23]http://www.fl.ecnu.edu.cn/specialty/specialty-y.asp 华东师范大学外语学院.
[24]http:www.wyxy.hunnu.edu.cn/ 湖南师范大学外语学院.
[25]赵雪爱.推动大学英语教学改革,探索大学生外语综合能力教育新出路.[J].外研之声2007,(2).
[26]尤其达.改进“视、听、说”教学的尝试与反思.[J].外语界,2005,(4):19-21.
[27]程雨民.外语教育中几个公众普遍关心的问题.[J].外语界,2006,(6):48.
[28]蔡基刚.武世兴.引进多媒体网络技术,改革传统的教学模式.[J].外语界,2003,(6)2-7。
[29]束定芳.外语课堂教学新模式刍议.[J].外语界,2006,(4):24.
[30]谢之君.文化中的语言与语言中的文化.[J].外语界,1999.(1):35-38.
[31]胡卫平.国外思维培育的理论与实践.[J].比较教育研究,2004,(5).
[32]汪霞.布洛克的后现代课程观探析.[J].比较教育研究,2003,(2).
[33]胡东芳.教育新思维.[M].南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003.(9).
[34]刘润清.戴曼纯.中国高校外语教学改革现状与发展策略研究.[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2003.(9).
[36]钟启泉 现代课程论.[M]上海:上海教育出版社,2003.
[37]刘润清.论大学英语教学.[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999.(6).
[38]束定芳.外语教学改革问题与对策.[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004.(6)。
[39]The ACTFL Program standards for the preparation of Foreign Language Teachers [M].Yonkers,2002.or www.actfl.org.
[40]Gary Barkhuizen.Foreign Language reaching and Learning.Theories and Research Methods[Handbook]Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2006.8
[41]Dickinson L.Autonomy and Motivation.a literature review[J].System,1995.
[42]Warschauer M,Turbee L & Roberts B.Computer Learning networks and student empowerment[J].System,1996,24/1:1-14.
[43]Kuang-wu lee Johnny English teacher's Barriers to the Use of Computer-assisted Language learning www.eslteacher.com
[44]Bruner,J.Towards a Theory of Instruction[M].Cambridge,Mass;Harward University Press,1996.53.
[45]Alexander,S.Higher Education Markets and Providers[A],in Fry,K.(Ed.),The Business of E-learning,Bring your Organization in the knowledge Economy,University of Technology,Sydney,2000,102-134.
[46]Marion Williams & Robert L.Burden Psychology For Language Teachers[M].Press of the University of Cambridge.2000 The Internet TESL Journal.
[47]Henry,P.e-learning technology,Content and service[M],Education +Training,2001.
[48]Chris White,The role of Teacher.[J]Journal of Education for teaching 2004.4.
[49]Dongsong Zhang Interactive Multimedia-based E-learning.A Study of Effectiveness[J]The American Journal of distance Education 2005.
[50]The Virtual Varieties,[J]http://www:EFL teacher Forum com.
[51]Thomas Jefferson.A Letter to Littleton and WallerTazewell 1805.1.5.
[52]Carol Twigg.The Need For A National Learning Infrastructure,1994,Volume.(Educom Review,ISSN:1045-9146).
[53]www.masieweb.com
[54]Roffe,I.e-Learning:Engagement,Enhancement and Execution,Quality Assurance in Education,2002,10(1):40-50.
[55]Henry.E-learning Technology,Content and Service 《Education and Training》 2001 /43/04 P 249.
[56]David Evans & Peter Strutt.Market Leader.
[57]Brown Simmons.The Development and Application of E-learning and Digital Entertainment System.University of California in Irvine.USA 1994.
[58]Pajare.Teacher's Beliefs and Educational Research.Cleaning up a messy construct,Review of Educational Research 1992/62/04p 307-331.
[59]Richardson V.The Role of Attitude and Beliefs in Learning to Teach,New York:Macmillan 1996.
[60]Hollec,H.Autonomy and Foreign Llanguage Learning[M]Oxford:Pergamon.1981.
[61]www.piaget.org.
[62]Shulman,L.S.(1986).Those who understand:knowledge growth in teaching.Educational Research,vd.15.No.2.4.14.
[63]Shulman,L.S(1987).Knowledge and teaching:Foundations of the new reform.Harward Education Review,57(1),1-22
[64]Cochran,K.F.,James A.De Ruiter,& Richard A.King(1993).Pedagogical Content Knowing:An Integrative Model For Teacher Preparation.Journal of Teacher Education.44(4),263-272.
[65]Jan H.Van dried,Nico Verloop & Wobbbe de Vos(1995).Developing science teachers' PCK.Journal of Research in Science teaching,Vd.35.No.6
[66]Freeman SA.What constitutes a well-trained modern language teacher?[J].MLJ,1941,(25):293-305.
[67]The ACTFL Program standards for the preparation of Foreign Language Teachers [M].Yonkers,2002.or www.actfl.org.
[68]Profile of Foreign Language teaching in Europe[EB/ OL]http:www.Eurydice.org/documents/profile FLT? 2005.4-25.
[69]Kolodner,J.L,& M.Theory and practice of case-based learning Aids[A].D.Jonassen & S.M.Land(Eds.).Theoretical foundations of learning Environment[M].Mahwah,NJ:Erlbaum,2000.218-219.
[70]Gary Barkhuizen.Foreign Language Teaching and Learning:Theories and Research Methods[Handbook]Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2006.8.
[71]Paul Davies & Eric Pearse.Success In English Teaching[M]Shanghai Language education Press.2002.11.
[72]Jack C.Richards & David Nunam.Second Language Teacher Education[M]Foreign Language Tesching and Research Press 2000.10.
[73]Lev.Vgotsky Zone of Proximal Development[M]1978.
[74]Bransford,Brown,& Cocking,Scaffolding as a Teaching Strategy[J]2000.
[75]Dewey,J.1904/1963.John Dewey on Education.(R.archambault ed.)[M].Chicago University Press.
[76]Starr,Linda.(42000 April).Teaching the American Revolution:Scaffolding to success.Education World:Curriculum Page.Retrieved October 17,2002 from Http://www.educationworld.com/a-curr/curr218.shtml.
[77]Bruner,J.Towards a Theory of Instruction[M].Cambridge,Mass;Harvard University Press,1996.53.
[78]Osborn,A.F.(1963).Applied Imagination.Charles Scribner's Sons.New York.
[79]Jeremy Harmer The Practice of Bnglish Language Teaching[M]Longman Group UK limited 1991.
[80]David little Autonomy and Language Learning:maintaining control[M]1991.
[1]Thomas Jefferson.A Letter to Littleton and WallerTazewell 1805.1.5.
[1]Carol Twigg.The Need For A National Learning Infrastructure,1994,Volume.(Educom Review,ISSN:1045-9146)
[2]Chris White,The role of Teacher.[J]Journal of Education for teaching 2004.4.
[3]大学英语课程教学要求(试行)教育部高等教育司,高等教育出版社,2004。
[1]大学英语课程教学要求(试行)教育部高等教育司,高等教育出版社,2004。
[1]Henry,P.e-learning technology,Content and service[M],Education +Training,2001.
[2]桂清扬.M-learning主要特点及变革态势.中国远程教育,2006,(2).
[1]胡东芳.教育新思维[M].南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003.(9).
[1]程志,范爱华.信息技术环境下教师专业隐性知识显性化的初探.中国电化教育,2006,(3).
[1]陈文存.论外语教学中的理念.外语界,2005,(6).
[1]束定芳.外语教学改革问题与对策.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004.(6)。
[2]Brown Simmons.The Development and Application of E-learning and Digital Entertainment System.University of California in Irvine.USA 1994.
[1]杨慧琴.在职EFT教师职业发展需求分析.外语与外语教学,2005,(8).
[2]刘润清.论大学英语教学.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999.(6).
[1]李文昊.教师的经验性知识表示研究.中国电化教育,2006,(3).
[1]陈小红.美国通识课程教育的发展趋势及启示.外国教育研究,2006,(1).
[2]谢之君.文化中的语言与语言中的文化.外语界,1999.(1):35-38.
[3]束定芳.外语教学改革问题与对策[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004.(6).
[1]彼得-贾维斯、李爽.专家培养和职业教育.中国电化教育,2006,(1).
[1]Bruner,J.Towards a Theory of Instruction.Cambridge,Mass;Harward University Press,1996.53.
[2]蔡基刚,武世兴.引进多媒体网络技术,改革传统的教学模式.外语界,2003,(6)2-7.
[1]David little Autonomy and Language Learning:maintaining control 1991.
[2]Hollec,H.Autonomy and Foreign Llanguage Learning Oxford:Pergamon.1981.
[3]David little Autonomy and Language Learning:maintaining control 1991.
[1]程雨民.外语教育中几个公众普遍关心的问题.外语界,2006,(6):48.
[2]尤其达.改进“视、听、说”教学的尝试与反思.外语界,2005,(4):19-21.
[3]汪霞.布洛克的后现代课程观探析.比较教育研究,2003,(2).
[1]Jeremy Harmer.The Practice of English Language Teaching[M].Longman Group UK limited 1991.
[1]胡东芳.教育新思维[M].南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003.(9).
[1]束定芳.外语课堂教学新模式刍议[J].外语界,2006,(4):24.
[1]Dewey,J.1904/1963.John Dewey on Education.(R.archambault ed.).Chicago University Press.
[1]张传燧.教育的主体与主体性教育散论.教师教育研究,2004,(3).
[1]Dewey,J.1904/1963.John Dewey on Education.(R.archambault ed.).Chicago University Press.
[1]宋国学.国外E学习的研究综述.[J].比较教育研究,2006,(2).
[2]宋国学.E学习的理论内涵及实践任何时候价值.[J].比较教育研究,2005,(5).
[3]桂清扬.M-learning主要特点及变革态势.[J].中国远程教育,2006,(2).
[4]大学英语课程教学要求(试行)教育部高等教育司,高等教育出版社,2004.
[5]石鸥.网络教学中教师的形象与职能转变.[J].中国教育学刊,2001,(5).
[6]崔岭.多媒体投影式大学英语教学模式:学生角色探析.[J].外语界,2004,(2).
[7]陈文存.论外语教学中的理念.[J].外语界,2005,(6).
[8]程志,范爱华.信息技术环境下教师专业隐性知识显性化的初探.[J].中国电化教育,2006,(3).
[9]陈小红.美国通识课程教育的发展趋势及启示.[J].外国教育研究,2006,(1).
[10]张传燧.教育的主体与主体性教育散论.[J].教师教育研究,2004,(3).
[11]彼得-贾维斯、李爽.专家培养和职业教育.[J].中国电化教育,2006,(1).
[12]熊和平 课程从“圈养”到“游牧”再到“传记”.[J].比较教育研究,2004,(11)。
[13]顾佩娅.多媒体项目教学法的理论与实践.[J].外语界,2007,(2)。
[14]李文昊.教师的经验性知识表示研究.[J].中国电化教育,2006,(3).
[15]杨慧琴.在职EFT教师职业发展需求分析.[J].外语与外语教学,2005,(8).
[16]贾爱武.美国外语教师教育及专业资格标准政策研究.[J].外语界,2006,(2).
[17]彭伟强.欧洲外语教师教育现状与改革动向.[J].外语界,2006,(2).
[18]戴炜华.外语教学研究漫语.[J].外语界,2006,(2).
[19]袁锐锷.试析NBPTS优秀教师认定的标准与程序.[J].比较教育研究,2004,(12).
[20]张学民.国外教师认知能力发展研究述评.[J].比较教育研究,2004,(5).
[21]杨彩霞.教师学科教学知识:本质、特征与结构.[J].教育科学 2006,(2).
[22]http:www.sfll.bnu.edu.cn/default/本科生 bkjx.htm 北京师范大学外国语言文学学院.
[23]http://www.fl.ecnu.edu.cn/specialty/specialty-y.asp 华东师范大学外语学院.
[24]http:www.wyxy.hunnu.edu.cn/ 湖南师范大学外语学院.
[25]赵雪爱.推动大学英语教学改革,探索大学生外语综合能力教育新出路.[J].外研之声2007,(2).
[26]尤其达.改进“视、听、说”教学的尝试与反思.[J].外语界,2005,(4):19-21.
[27]程雨民.外语教育中几个公众普遍关心的问题.[J].外语界,2006,(6):48.
[28]蔡基刚.武世兴.引进多媒体网络技术,改革传统的教学模式.[J].外语界,2003,(6)2-7。
[29]束定芳.外语课堂教学新模式刍议.[J].外语界,2006,(4):24.
[30]谢之君.文化中的语言与语言中的文化.[J].外语界,1999.(1):35-38.
[31]胡卫平.国外思维培育的理论与实践.[J].比较教育研究,2004,(5).
[32]汪霞.布洛克的后现代课程观探析.[J].比较教育研究,2003,(2).
[33]胡东芳.教育新思维.[M].南宁:广西师范大学出版社,2003.(9).
[34]刘润清.戴曼纯.中国高校外语教学改革现状与发展策略研究.[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2003.(9).
[36]钟启泉 现代课程论.[M]上海:上海教育出版社,2003.
[37]刘润清.论大学英语教学.[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999.(6).
[38]束定芳.外语教学改革问题与对策.[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004.(6)。
[39]The ACTFL Program standards for the preparation of Foreign Language Teachers [M].Yonkers,2002.or www.actfl.org.
[40]Gary Barkhuizen.Foreign Language reaching and Learning.Theories and Research Methods[Handbook]Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2006.8
[41]Dickinson L.Autonomy and Motivation.a literature review[J].System,1995.
[42]Warschauer M,Turbee L & Roberts B.Computer Learning networks and student empowerment[J].System,1996,24/1:1-14.
[43]Kuang-wu lee Johnny English teacher's Barriers to the Use of Computer-assisted Language learning www.eslteacher.com
[44]Bruner,J.Towards a Theory of Instruction[M].Cambridge,Mass;Harward University Press,1996.53.
[45]Alexander,S.Higher Education Markets and Providers[A],in Fry,K.(Ed.),The Business of E-learning,Bring your Organization in the knowledge Economy,University of Technology,Sydney,2000,102-134.
[46]Marion Williams & Robert L.Burden Psychology For Language Teachers[M].Press of the University of Cambridge.2000 The Internet TESL Journal.
[47]Henry,P.e-learning technology,Content and service[M],Education +Training,2001.
[48]Chris White,The role of Teacher.[J]Journal of Education for teaching 2004.4.
[49]Dongsong Zhang Interactive Multimedia-based E-learning.A Study of Effectiveness[J]The American Journal of distance Education 2005.
[50]The Virtual Varieties,[J]http://www:EFL teacher Forum com.
[51]Thomas Jefferson.A Letter to Littleton and WallerTazewell 1805.1.5.
[52]Carol Twigg.The Need For A National Learning Infrastructure,1994,Volume.(Educom Review,ISSN:1045-9146).
[53]www.masieweb.com
[54]Roffe,I.e-Learning:Engagement,Enhancement and Execution,Quality Assurance in Education,2002,10(1):40-50.
[55]Henry.E-learning Technology,Content and Service 《Education and Training》 2001 /43/04 P 249.
[56]David Evans & Peter Strutt.Market Leader.
[57]Brown Simmons.The Development and Application of E-learning and Digital Entertainment System.University of California in Irvine.USA 1994.
[58]Pajare.Teacher's Beliefs and Educational Research.Cleaning up a messy construct,Review of Educational Research 1992/62/04p 307-331.
[59]Richardson V.The Role of Attitude and Beliefs in Learning to Teach,New York:Macmillan 1996.
[60]Hollec,H.Autonomy and Foreign Llanguage Learning[M]Oxford:Pergamon.1981.
[61]www.piaget.org.
[62]Shulman,L.S.(1986).Those who understand:knowledge growth in teaching.Educational Research,vd.15.No.2.4.14.
[63]Shulman,L.S(1987).Knowledge and teaching:Foundations of the new reform.Harward Education Review,57(1),1-22
[64]Cochran,K.F.,James A.De Ruiter,& Richard A.King(1993).Pedagogical Content Knowing:An Integrative Model For Teacher Preparation.Journal of Teacher Education.44(4),263-272.
[65]Jan H.Van dried,Nico Verloop & Wobbbe de Vos(1995).Developing science teachers' PCK.Journal of Research in Science teaching,Vd.35.No.6
[66]Freeman SA.What constitutes a well-trained modern language teacher?[J].MLJ,1941,(25):293-305.
[67]The ACTFL Program standards for the preparation of Foreign Language Teachers [M].Yonkers,2002.or www.actfl.org.
[68]Profile of Foreign Language teaching in Europe[EB/ OL]http:www.Eurydice.org/documents/profile FLT? 2005.4-25.
[69]Kolodner,J.L,& M.Theory and practice of case-based learning Aids[A].D.Jonassen & S.M.Land(Eds.).Theoretical foundations of learning Environment[M].Mahwah,NJ:Erlbaum,2000.218-219.
[70]Gary Barkhuizen.Foreign Language Teaching and Learning:Theories and Research Methods[Handbook]Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2006.8.
[71]Paul Davies & Eric Pearse.Success In English Teaching[M]Shanghai Language education Press.2002.11.
[72]Jack C.Richards & David Nunam.Second Language Teacher Education[M]Foreign Language Tesching and Research Press 2000.10.
[73]Lev.Vgotsky Zone of Proximal Development[M]1978.
[74]Bransford,Brown,& Cocking,Scaffolding as a Teaching Strategy[J]2000.
[75]Dewey,J.1904/1963.John Dewey on Education.(R.archambault ed.)[M].Chicago University Press.
[76]Starr,Linda.(42000 April).Teaching the American Revolution:Scaffolding to success.Education World:Curriculum Page.Retrieved October 17,2002 from Http://www.educationworld.com/a-curr/curr218.shtml.
[77]Bruner,J.Towards a Theory of Instruction[M].Cambridge,Mass;Harvard University Press,1996.53.
[78]Osborn,A.F.(1963).Applied Imagination.Charles Scribner's Sons.New York.
[79]Jeremy Harmer The Practice of Bnglish Language Teaching[M]Longman Group UK limited 1991.
[80]David little Autonomy and Language Learning:maintaining control[M]1991.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |