行政补偿制度探析
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摘要
行政补偿制度在我国是一项不新鲜却又长期不被重视的制度,我国现行的行政补偿制度已经远远不能满足我国行政管理活动的实际需要,与我国民主、法治的发展进程不相适应。在这种情况下,对行政补偿理论进行深入研究,建立和完善行政补偿制度,已成为我国行政法制建设的一个重要课题。本文通过对行政补偿基本理论的分析,结合我国目前行政补偿制度的现状,提出了一些完善我国行政补偿制度的建议,以期对我国行政补偿的理论研究和实务工作有所裨益。
行政补偿,是指行政主体及其工作人员为实现社会公共利益,合法行使职权的行为给特定的公民、法人或者其他组织的合法权益造成特别损失时,或特定的公民、法人或者其他组织为维护社会公共利益而使自己的合法权益遭受到特别损失时,基于公平合理原则,依法由行政主体对该特定公民、法人或其他组织所受损失予以适当补偿的一项法律制度。从性质上来说,行政补偿是行政主体履行法定义务的一种补偿性行政行为。
对于行政补偿的理论基础历来争议很大,学者们众说纷坛。从起源上来说,行政补偿是作为保障财产权(保障人权)的一种制度产生,行政补偿的目的是使因公益受到特别牺牲的人的损失由社会成员公平负担。因此,只有将人权保障说和特别牺牲说、公共负担说三者结合起来才能共同构成行政补偿制度的理论基础。
行政补偿制度是一项具有独立价值的法律制度,其基本内容包括行政补偿的法律依据、行政补偿的构成要件、范围、标准、方式等方面。在我国,行政补偿制度已基本确立,但仍有诸多问题,主要包括以下五个方面.第一,宪法中行政补偿原则不明确;第二,统一行政补偿法的缺位;第三,行政补偿的范围设定狭窄、补偿标准较低;第四,行政补偿缺乏具体实施程序的规定;第五,行政补偿缺乏救济制度的保障。
为此,我们必须制定以下对策.在宪法中明确行政补偿的基本原则;制定统一的《行政补偿法》,完善行政补偿单行法律法规;扩大行政补偿的范围、提高补偿的标准;健全行政补偿程序并完善行政补偿的法律救济制度。只有这样,行政补偿制度才能真正发挥其作用。
In our nation, the administrative compensation system is not new, but it has not been valued for a long time. The current Administrative Compensation System has not only been far away from meeting the reality of administrative management activity, but also conflicted with the development of the democratic legal system of our country. In this case, it has already been an important subject of administrative legal construction that how to establish and perfect the Administrative Compensation System through deeply researching into the Administrative Compensation System theory. This article propound the way to improve the administrative compensation system in China by analysing the basic theory of administrative compensation and the present situation in china, hoping it will help to the study and practice of administrative compensation system in china.
Administrative compensation means that when administrative subject and the officer's behaviors of exercising official power infringes on special citizen's and organization's legal rights for public interests or special citizen's and organization's legal rights are infringed on for public interests, the administrative subject makes up these losses for the principle of fair and reasonability. Naturally, the administrative compensation is the main statutory obligation to fulfill a compensatory action.
The theoretical foundation of administration compensation has always been contentious, scholars with the word variance. Speaking from the origin, the administration compensation is a system to protect property rights (human rights), and administration compensation is due to make public by the special sacrifices of the losses from unfair burden on the members of society. Therefore, the theory basic of the administration compensation is the combination of the rights protection doctrine, special sacrifice doctrine and public responsibility equality doctrine.
The administration compensation system is a legal system of independent value. The basic content of it includes legal foundation, requisites to constitute, limits, standards and ways of the administration compensation. The administration compensation system has basically set up in our country, but there are still many problems. There are five following respects mainly. Firstly, The Constitution lacks the administration compensate regulation; Secondly, there is not an unified Administrative Compensate Law up to now; Thirdly, the scope of compensation is obviously narrow and the standard of compensation is low; Fourthly, there is no concrete stipulation in the practical procedure. Fifthly, the absence of the relieve system.
According to the problems, we must proposed the following solutions include. to set up administration compensation principle in Constitution; to draft a unified "Law of Administration compensation" and improve the Separate laws of administration compensation; to expand the scope of executive compensation and raise the compensation standard; to develop procedures and relieve system in law of administrative compensation. The administration compensation system can truly play its role through this way.
行政补偿,是指行政主体及其工作人员为实现社会公共利益,合法行使职权的行为给特定的公民、法人或者其他组织的合法权益造成特别损失时,或特定的公民、法人或者其他组织为维护社会公共利益而使自己的合法权益遭受到特别损失时,基于公平合理原则,依法由行政主体对该特定公民、法人或其他组织所受损失予以适当补偿的一项法律制度。从性质上来说,行政补偿是行政主体履行法定义务的一种补偿性行政行为。
对于行政补偿的理论基础历来争议很大,学者们众说纷坛。从起源上来说,行政补偿是作为保障财产权(保障人权)的一种制度产生,行政补偿的目的是使因公益受到特别牺牲的人的损失由社会成员公平负担。因此,只有将人权保障说和特别牺牲说、公共负担说三者结合起来才能共同构成行政补偿制度的理论基础。
行政补偿制度是一项具有独立价值的法律制度,其基本内容包括行政补偿的法律依据、行政补偿的构成要件、范围、标准、方式等方面。在我国,行政补偿制度已基本确立,但仍有诸多问题,主要包括以下五个方面.第一,宪法中行政补偿原则不明确;第二,统一行政补偿法的缺位;第三,行政补偿的范围设定狭窄、补偿标准较低;第四,行政补偿缺乏具体实施程序的规定;第五,行政补偿缺乏救济制度的保障。
为此,我们必须制定以下对策.在宪法中明确行政补偿的基本原则;制定统一的《行政补偿法》,完善行政补偿单行法律法规;扩大行政补偿的范围、提高补偿的标准;健全行政补偿程序并完善行政补偿的法律救济制度。只有这样,行政补偿制度才能真正发挥其作用。
In our nation, the administrative compensation system is not new, but it has not been valued for a long time. The current Administrative Compensation System has not only been far away from meeting the reality of administrative management activity, but also conflicted with the development of the democratic legal system of our country. In this case, it has already been an important subject of administrative legal construction that how to establish and perfect the Administrative Compensation System through deeply researching into the Administrative Compensation System theory. This article propound the way to improve the administrative compensation system in China by analysing the basic theory of administrative compensation and the present situation in china, hoping it will help to the study and practice of administrative compensation system in china.
Administrative compensation means that when administrative subject and the officer's behaviors of exercising official power infringes on special citizen's and organization's legal rights for public interests or special citizen's and organization's legal rights are infringed on for public interests, the administrative subject makes up these losses for the principle of fair and reasonability. Naturally, the administrative compensation is the main statutory obligation to fulfill a compensatory action.
The theoretical foundation of administration compensation has always been contentious, scholars with the word variance. Speaking from the origin, the administration compensation is a system to protect property rights (human rights), and administration compensation is due to make public by the special sacrifices of the losses from unfair burden on the members of society. Therefore, the theory basic of the administration compensation is the combination of the rights protection doctrine, special sacrifice doctrine and public responsibility equality doctrine.
The administration compensation system is a legal system of independent value. The basic content of it includes legal foundation, requisites to constitute, limits, standards and ways of the administration compensation. The administration compensation system has basically set up in our country, but there are still many problems. There are five following respects mainly. Firstly, The Constitution lacks the administration compensate regulation; Secondly, there is not an unified Administrative Compensate Law up to now; Thirdly, the scope of compensation is obviously narrow and the standard of compensation is low; Fourthly, there is no concrete stipulation in the practical procedure. Fifthly, the absence of the relieve system.
According to the problems, we must proposed the following solutions include. to set up administration compensation principle in Constitution; to draft a unified "Law of Administration compensation" and improve the Separate laws of administration compensation; to expand the scope of executive compensation and raise the compensation standard; to develop procedures and relieve system in law of administrative compensation. The administration compensation system can truly play its role through this way.
引文
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[2]John E.Chapman.Compensatory Justice.New York University Press,1991,45-85,143-178
[3]John R.Martin.Establishment of the Accident Compensation Commission 1973.Administrative Challenges.Victoria U.Wellington L.Rev,2003,249-268
[4]Alice Stewart.Japan's 1987 Amendment to the 1973 Pollution-Related Health Damage Compensation Law.Tort Reform and Administrative Compensation in Comparative Perspective.Harvard International Law Journal,1985,Volume 29,Number 2.475-498
[5]胡建淼.比较行政法--20国行政法评述.北京:法律出版社,1998,225-388
[6]盐野宏著,杨建顺译,姜明安审校.行政法.北京:法律出版社,1999,497-498
[7]杨建顺.日本行政法通论.北京:中国法制出版社,1998,590-616
[8]田中二郎.新版行政法上卷.弘文堂,1976,211,转引自杨建顺.日本行政法通论.北京:中国法制出版社,1998,590
[9]胡建淼.十国行政法--比较研究.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1993,50-51、293
[10]王名扬.英国行政法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1987,156-229
[11]翁岳生.行政法.北京:中国法制出版社,2002,1669-1738
[12]张载宇.行政法要论.台湾:汉林出版社,1977,506
[13]林胜鹞.行政法总论.台湾:三民书局,1999,751
[14]姜明安.行政法学与行政诉讼法.北京:北京大学出版社,高等教育出版社,1999,469
[15]姜明安.行政补偿制度研究.法学杂志,2001(5):14
[16]胡建淼著.行政法学.法律出版社2003年版,第501-503页。
[17]王连昌.行政法学.四川:四川人民出版社,1993,442
[18]杨海坤.中国行政法基本理论.南京:南京大学出版社,1992,610-611
[19]韩国章.行政法学.吉林:吉林大学出版社,1994,295
[20]张正钊.行政法与行政诉讼法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004,267-331
[21]胡锦光.行政法专题研究.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1998,385-386,394
[22]王太高.行政补偿初论.学海,2002(4):58-63
[23]陈艳.论我国行政补偿制度的完善.湖南省政法管理干部学院学报,2002(12):14
[24]李傲,夏军.试论我国行政补偿制度.法学评论,1997(1):85
[25]刘嗣元.我国行政补偿制度初探.行政与法,1995(3):17
[26]姜明安.行政案例精析.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1991,380
[27]罗豪才.行政法.北京:北京大学出版社,1996,318
[28]崔卓兰,施彦.国家补偿理论与法律制度.社会科学战线,1996(4):140-144
[29]方世荣.行政法与行政诉讼法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002,139
[30]祁小敏.行政补偿性质刍议.山西高等学校社会科学学报.2003(5):98
[31]叶必丰.行政法与行政诉讼法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003,264
[32]Administrative Law and Process.E.Gellhon[M].B.B.boyer,west,1988
[33]林纪东.行政法.台湾:三民书局,1988,408
[34]张家详.行政法.台湾:三民书局,1993,819
[35]Administrative Law[M].Oxford.H.W R.Wade.1988
[36]胡建淼.行政法教程.北京:法律出版社,1997,339-343
[37]Bernard H.Siegan,Property and Freedom[M].Published by the Social Philosophy.and Policy Center and by Transaction Publishers,1997
[38]南博方著,杨建顺,周作彩等译.日本行政法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1988,107-109
[39]Administrative Law,Oxford.P.P.Craig.1983
[40]城仲模.行政法之基础理论.台湾:三民书局,1970,566
[41]马怀德.国家赔偿法的理论与实务.北京:中国法制出版社,1994,40-42
[42]张千帆.西方宪政体系(下册).北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001,127-128
[43]甘文.行政与法律的一般原理.北京:中国法制出版社,2002,50
[44]李建良.行政法上损失补偿制度之基本体系.东吴大学法律学报,1999(2):34
[45]杨海坤.行政法与行政诉讼法.北京:法律出版社,1992,149-150
[46]王名扬.法国行政法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998,365-728
[47]毛雷尔著,高家伟译.行政法学总论.北京:法律出版社,2000,662-760
[48]祁小敏.试论我国行政补偿范围.理论探索,2003(3):76
[49]熊文钊.现代行政法原理.北京:法律出版社,2000,35
[50]唐忠民,郑传坤.公益征收征用补偿标准探讨.www.qstu.com,2006-11-2
[51]路易斯·亨金等编,郑戈等译.宪政与权利.北京:三联书店,1996,155
[52]杨海坤,黄学贤.中国行政程序法典化--从比较法的角度研究.北京:法律出版社,1999,20
[53]王太高.行政补偿制度研究.北京:北京大学出版社,2004,177-209
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