外来生物加拿大一枝黄花的化感作用及其化学防除研究
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摘要
本文以外来入侵杂草加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)为研究对象,初步研究了加拿大一枝黄花种子和地下茎的萌发及其化学防除,为有效控制加拿大一枝黄花在我国扩散蔓延提供理论依据;采用培养皿滤纸法和土培法,研究了加拿大一枝黄花不同浓度水提取液对小麦(Triticum aestivum)、大豆(Glycine max)、玉米(Zea mays)和棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)4种作物以及光头稗(Echinochloa colonum)、千金子(Leptochloachinensis)、荠菜(Capsella bursa-pastoris)、菵草(Beckmannia syzigachne)、硬草(Sclerochloa kengiana)、大狗尾草(Setaria faberii)、看麦娘(Alopecurus aequalis)、升马唐(Digitaria ciliaris)、日本看麦娘(Alopecurus japonicus)、鳢肠(Eclipta prostrate)、反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)、大巢菜(Vicia sativa)、狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、猪殃殃(Galiumaparine var.tenerum)和早熟禾(Poa annua)15种杂草的种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用,从而揭示其对农业生产及生态系统的为害,补充、健全加拿大一枝黄花对我国主要农作物及作物田主要杂草的化感作用资料,并在此基础上初步建立加拿大一枝黄花的化感作用谱;并提取、分离和鉴定了加拿大一枝黄花中的化感物质,从而阐明加拿大一枝黄花的入侵及恶性化机理。
对加拿大一枝黄花种子和地下茎的萌发情况及其化学防除的研究表明:加拿大一枝黄花种子成熟后萌发率达55%,干储两个月后萌发率会显著提高,可达80%;地下茎在室外自然条件下埋土连续三个月均有较高的活力,萌发率在47.6%-80%之间,室内放置一个月后萌发率为50%,5℃条件下放置一个月仍具有一定活力,其萌发率为16.7%,室外和-25℃放置一个月不能萌发;氯氟吡氧乙酸单剂、氯氟吡氧乙酸与乳氟禾草灵混配剂以及草甘膦·增效剂均对加拿大一枝黄花表现较好的防除效果,其中,草甘膦加8%增效剂c时的增效作用最大,等效线法筛选出氯氟吡氧乙酸与乳氟禾草灵的最佳配比是1:1.05。
采用培养皿滤纸法和土培法,研究加拿大一枝黄花不同浓度水提取液对4种作物及作物田主要的15种杂草化感作用的结果显示:对大豆、光头稗、硬草和鳢肠的种子萌发没有显著性影响,对大巢菜的种子萌发起促进作用,在高浓度0.1 g·mL~(-1)时完全抑制菵草的种子萌发;对于幼苗生长,根长受到的抑制作用较芽长强,而植株生长试验中,加拿大一枝黄花水提取液对植物鲜重的抑制作用最大,除大巢菜外,对其它供试杂草地上部鲜重的抑制作用都明显大于作物。
通过GC-MS从加拿大一枝黄花的石油醚萃取物中鉴定了18种物质,包括萜、酮、醇、酯、酸、醛、甾体成分7大类,其中,主要物质为叶绿醇、十六烷酸和7,25-二烯-(3β,5α)-豆甾醇。通过硅胶柱层析、高效液相色谱、液质联用仪、气质联用仪及核磁共振仪等在加拿大一枝黄花的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离鉴定了两个化感物质:一个是十六烷酸,另一个为黄酮类化合物山奈酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷。
In this paper,the Canada Goldenrod(Solidago canadensis L.),a kind of alien invasive weed in China,was chosen as a research object.The germination and chemical control of the seed and rhizome of Solidago canadensis was studied.This study may provide theoretical foundation for validation control the Solidago canadensis spread in our country. By petri dish and pot experiments,allelopathy of different concentration of aqueous extracts from Solidago canadensis on the seed germination and seedling growth of crops and weeds including Triticum aestivum,Glycine max,Zea mays,Gossypium hirsutum and Echinochloa colonum,Leptochloa chinensis,Capsella bursa-pastoris,Beckmannia syzigachne,Sclerochloa kengiana,Setaria faberii,Alopecurus aequalis,Digitaria ciliaris, Alopecurus japonicus,Eclipta prostrata,Amaranthus retroflexus,Vicia sativa,Setaria viridis,Galium aparine var.tenerum and Poa annua were studied,which may reveal the effects of Solidago canadensis to agriculture production and ecosystem,and supplement and complete the allelopathic data of Solidago canadensis to the main crops and weeds in our country,and establish the allelopathic spectrum of Solidago canadensis based on the above research.The allelochemicals of Solidago canadensis were extracted,isolated and identified,which may explain the invasion and vicious mechanism of Solidago canadensis.
The results of germination and chemical control of the seed and rhizome of Solidago canadensis revealed that the seed germination rate reached to 55%,while it increased obviously after store in the room for two months and reached to 80%.The germination rate of rhizome of Solidago canadensis was between 47.6%and 80%when it was buried for three months at the natural condition.When the rhizome was put in room and at 5℃for a month respectively,the germination rates of the rhizome were 50%and 16.7%.When the rhizome was placed in outdoor and at -25℃for a month respectively,both of them couldn't germination.It was found that fluroxypyr,mixture of fluroxypyr and lactofen,glyphosate·synergist had good preventive effects on Solidago canadensis.The synergy of glyphosate add 8%synergist c was best.The method of linking identical-effects-line to filter the optimal proportion of fluroxypyr and lactofen was 1:1.05.
By petri dish and pot experiments,the results of allelopathy of different concentration of aqueous extracts from Solidago canadensis to four crops and fifteen weeds showed that the seed germination of Glycine max,Echinochloa colonum,Sclerochloa kengiana and Eclipta prostrata were not significantly affected by the aqueous extracts,while that of Vicia sativa was promoted.And the seed germination of Beckmannia syzigachne was completely inhibited at 0.1 g·mL~(-1).For seedling growth,the restrained influences of root length were stronger than those of shoot length,while the inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts from Solidago canadensis on fresh weight were strongest and the effects of fresh weight of the aerial part on weeds were stronger than those of crops except Vicia sativa in the test of plant growth.
Eighteen compounds as seven main types of terpene,ketone,alcohol,ester,acid, aldehyde and steroid were identified from petroleum ether extraction of Solidago canadensis by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer(GC-MS).The main substances of these compounds were Phytol,Hexadecanoic acid and Stigmasta-7,25-dien-3-ol,(3β,5α)-. Two allelochemicals were isolated and identified from ethyl acetate extraction of Solidago canadensis by used silica gel column chromatography,High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC),Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometer(Le-MS),GC-MS and ~1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(~1H-NMR),and they were Hexadecanoic acid and Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-Glucopranoside which belonged to flavonoid.
对加拿大一枝黄花种子和地下茎的萌发情况及其化学防除的研究表明:加拿大一枝黄花种子成熟后萌发率达55%,干储两个月后萌发率会显著提高,可达80%;地下茎在室外自然条件下埋土连续三个月均有较高的活力,萌发率在47.6%-80%之间,室内放置一个月后萌发率为50%,5℃条件下放置一个月仍具有一定活力,其萌发率为16.7%,室外和-25℃放置一个月不能萌发;氯氟吡氧乙酸单剂、氯氟吡氧乙酸与乳氟禾草灵混配剂以及草甘膦·增效剂均对加拿大一枝黄花表现较好的防除效果,其中,草甘膦加8%增效剂c时的增效作用最大,等效线法筛选出氯氟吡氧乙酸与乳氟禾草灵的最佳配比是1:1.05。
采用培养皿滤纸法和土培法,研究加拿大一枝黄花不同浓度水提取液对4种作物及作物田主要的15种杂草化感作用的结果显示:对大豆、光头稗、硬草和鳢肠的种子萌发没有显著性影响,对大巢菜的种子萌发起促进作用,在高浓度0.1 g·mL~(-1)时完全抑制菵草的种子萌发;对于幼苗生长,根长受到的抑制作用较芽长强,而植株生长试验中,加拿大一枝黄花水提取液对植物鲜重的抑制作用最大,除大巢菜外,对其它供试杂草地上部鲜重的抑制作用都明显大于作物。
通过GC-MS从加拿大一枝黄花的石油醚萃取物中鉴定了18种物质,包括萜、酮、醇、酯、酸、醛、甾体成分7大类,其中,主要物质为叶绿醇、十六烷酸和7,25-二烯-(3β,5α)-豆甾醇。通过硅胶柱层析、高效液相色谱、液质联用仪、气质联用仪及核磁共振仪等在加拿大一枝黄花的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离鉴定了两个化感物质:一个是十六烷酸,另一个为黄酮类化合物山奈酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷。
In this paper,the Canada Goldenrod(Solidago canadensis L.),a kind of alien invasive weed in China,was chosen as a research object.The germination and chemical control of the seed and rhizome of Solidago canadensis was studied.This study may provide theoretical foundation for validation control the Solidago canadensis spread in our country. By petri dish and pot experiments,allelopathy of different concentration of aqueous extracts from Solidago canadensis on the seed germination and seedling growth of crops and weeds including Triticum aestivum,Glycine max,Zea mays,Gossypium hirsutum and Echinochloa colonum,Leptochloa chinensis,Capsella bursa-pastoris,Beckmannia syzigachne,Sclerochloa kengiana,Setaria faberii,Alopecurus aequalis,Digitaria ciliaris, Alopecurus japonicus,Eclipta prostrata,Amaranthus retroflexus,Vicia sativa,Setaria viridis,Galium aparine var.tenerum and Poa annua were studied,which may reveal the effects of Solidago canadensis to agriculture production and ecosystem,and supplement and complete the allelopathic data of Solidago canadensis to the main crops and weeds in our country,and establish the allelopathic spectrum of Solidago canadensis based on the above research.The allelochemicals of Solidago canadensis were extracted,isolated and identified,which may explain the invasion and vicious mechanism of Solidago canadensis.
The results of germination and chemical control of the seed and rhizome of Solidago canadensis revealed that the seed germination rate reached to 55%,while it increased obviously after store in the room for two months and reached to 80%.The germination rate of rhizome of Solidago canadensis was between 47.6%and 80%when it was buried for three months at the natural condition.When the rhizome was put in room and at 5℃for a month respectively,the germination rates of the rhizome were 50%and 16.7%.When the rhizome was placed in outdoor and at -25℃for a month respectively,both of them couldn't germination.It was found that fluroxypyr,mixture of fluroxypyr and lactofen,glyphosate·synergist had good preventive effects on Solidago canadensis.The synergy of glyphosate add 8%synergist c was best.The method of linking identical-effects-line to filter the optimal proportion of fluroxypyr and lactofen was 1:1.05.
By petri dish and pot experiments,the results of allelopathy of different concentration of aqueous extracts from Solidago canadensis to four crops and fifteen weeds showed that the seed germination of Glycine max,Echinochloa colonum,Sclerochloa kengiana and Eclipta prostrata were not significantly affected by the aqueous extracts,while that of Vicia sativa was promoted.And the seed germination of Beckmannia syzigachne was completely inhibited at 0.1 g·mL~(-1).For seedling growth,the restrained influences of root length were stronger than those of shoot length,while the inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts from Solidago canadensis on fresh weight were strongest and the effects of fresh weight of the aerial part on weeds were stronger than those of crops except Vicia sativa in the test of plant growth.
Eighteen compounds as seven main types of terpene,ketone,alcohol,ester,acid, aldehyde and steroid were identified from petroleum ether extraction of Solidago canadensis by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer(GC-MS).The main substances of these compounds were Phytol,Hexadecanoic acid and Stigmasta-7,25-dien-3-ol,(3β,5α)-. Two allelochemicals were isolated and identified from ethyl acetate extraction of Solidago canadensis by used silica gel column chromatography,High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC),Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometer(Le-MS),GC-MS and ~1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(~1H-NMR),and they were Hexadecanoic acid and Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-Glucopranoside which belonged to flavonoid.
引文
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