退伍军人社会适应状况及其影响因素的研究
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摘要
退伍军人,作为社会上比较特殊的群体,有着从部队复员到地方的过程和经历,生活环境和工作内容都会有很大的变化。随着社会竞争日益激烈,每个人的心理状态和社会适应能力大不相同,个体的社会适应方式及适应周期也有很大的差别,势必会出现部分人社会适应不良的现象,甚至还会有人走上犯罪的极端道路,严重危害社会的安定。因此,阐明退伍军人社会适应能力的特点和规律,探讨影响退伍军人社会适应能力的原因及其相关因素,可以为退伍军人心理评估提供理论依据。同时以此作为理论基础和科学指导,在退伍之前动员部队和社会为退伍军人进行有针对性的教育和疏导。这些对于帮助退伍军人更快、更好地融入社会,推动社会整体发展,维护军地稳定都有着重要的意义。
研究目的:了解退伍军人的生活环境、人格类型、心理健康水平和社会适应方式及适应周期;分析和探讨影响退伍军人社会适应能力的主要因素;尝试采用心理干预的方法,在部队士兵服役期间以此为理论依据进行相关教育和心理疏导。
研究内容:分三个阶段:(1)以退伍军人服刑人员为研究对象,找出退伍军人社会适应不良的心理因素特点;(2)通过电话访谈并结合第一阶段的研究结果编制出“退伍军人的社会适应状况及其影响因素”的调查问卷,并找出影响其社会适应能力的因素;(3)依据前两个阶段的研究结果制定出具体的心理干预的方法,在部队士兵服役期间对其进行相关教育和心理疏导。
研究对象:第一阶段实验组为175名退伍军人服刑人员,另外设立四个对照组:175名普通服刑人员,175名一年兵,175名二年兵和175名入伍仅一个月的新兵。第二阶段研究对象为1048名退伍军人。所有被试均为男性。
研究工具:密西根酒精依赖调查表(MAST),父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、信赖他人量表(FPS),卡特尔十六种个性因素测验(16PF),新编退伍军人社会适应状况及其影响因素调查问卷。
研究结果:(1)退伍军人服刑人员和普通服刑人员在父因子Ⅱ(惩罚、严厉)、父因子Ⅳ(偏爱被试)、父因子Ⅴ(拒绝、否认)、母因子Ⅱ(过干涉、过保护)、母因子Ⅲ(拒绝、否认)、母因子Ⅳ(惩罚、严厉)和母因子Ⅴ(偏爱被试)七个方面与其它三组有显著差异,而退伍军人服刑人员和普通服刑人员之间并无显著差异;(2)普通服刑人员的16pf的c因子(稳定性)分数均显著低于其它四组退伍军人服刑人员、刚入伍新兵、一年兵和二年兵的;(3)退伍军人服刑人员在16pf的c因子(稳定性)分数低于刚入伍新兵和一年兵,但与二年兵的差异无统计学意义;(4)退伍军人服刑人员和普通服刑人员的酒精依赖量表分数显著高于刚入伍新兵、一年兵和二年兵;(5)普通服刑人员的信任他人量表分数均显著高于刚入伍新兵、一年兵和二年兵(分数越高,越不信任他人),但与退伍军人服刑人员无显著差异;(6)退伍军人服刑人员的信任他人量表分数均显著高于刚入伍新兵、一年兵(分数越高,越不信任他人),但与二年兵无显著差异;(7)非农村户口的退伍军人社会适应状况优于农村户口的;(8)退伍军人的受教育程度与其社会适应状况呈正相关;(9)有主动意愿参军的退伍军人社会适应状况优于被动参军的;(10)退伍军人的社会适应状况与其父母教养方式的父因子Ⅱ、父因子Ⅳ、父因子Ⅴ、母因子Ⅱ、母因子Ⅲ、母因子Ⅳ、母因子Ⅴ呈显著正相关;(11)退伍军人的社会适应状况与其稳定性呈正相关。
研究意义:本研究找出了退伍军人服刑人员的心理因素特点,退伍军人社会适应状况的外在因素和心理因素,并对退伍军人的社会适应状况进行了分类,具体研究结果可用在以下几个方面:(1)新兵的选拔;(2)现役战士的心理健康教育;(3)军人退伍前后的教育管理。
Veterans, as a special colony of the society, experienced the great changes in the habitation and work content when they retired from army. As the society competition is becoming increasingly hot, a small part of them who have poorer adaptability can’t acclimatize themselves to the society quickly and well. What was worse, some may commit a crime and thus do harm to the society. So finding the trait and the law of veterans’social adjustment, and exploring the affected factors of veterans’adaptability could provide theory basis for the mental evaluation of veterans.
Objective: To find out the habitation, personality type, mental health state, and social adjustment mode and period of Chinese veterans; To analyze and discuss the main affected factors of veterans’social adjustment; To attempt to use psychological intervention which was based on the conclusions of the study to give soldiers mentality leading and education.
Design: The whole study was processed in three periods: (1) To find out the psychological trait of veterans’poor social adaptability by evaluating the psychological factors of the incarcerated veterans. (2) To develop a social adjustment scale for veterans by using telephone interview and the results of the first period of the study. (3) To make out psychological intervention which was based on the conclusions of the study to give soldiers mentality leading and education.
Participants: The first period of the study has one experiment group which was composed of 175 male incarcerated veterans,four control groups which respectively were composed of 175 male normal imprisoned culprits, 175 male soldiers in service for 1mth, 175 male soldiers in service for 1yr, and 175 male soldiers in service for 2yrs. 1048 male veterans participated in the second period of the study.
Instruments: Chinese version of MAST, EMBU, FPS and 16PF were used to measure the psychological traits of incarcerated veterans, normal imprisoned culprits, and soldiers in service for 1mth, 1yr and 2yrs. The social adjustment and its affected factors questionnaire for veterans were used to evaluate the social adjustment of veterans.
Results: (1) Both incarcerated veterans and normal imprisoned culprits scored significantly higher on Father factorⅡ,Ⅳ,Ⅴand Mother factorⅢ,Ⅳ,Ⅴof EMBU than the soldiers in three groups, while no significant differences were found between themselves. (2) Normal imprisoned culprits scored significantly lower on emotional stability of 16PF than the other four groups. (3) Incarcerated veterans had evident lower scores on emotional stability of 16PF than 1mth soldiers and 1yr soldiers, but had no difference with 2yrs soldiers. (4) Mean scores on MAST were found significantly different between prisoners (including incarcerated veterans and normal imprisoned culprits) and soldiers (including 1mth, 1yr and 2yrs soldiers), while no significant difference was found between incarcerated veterans and normal imprisoned culprits. (5) Normal imprisoned culprits scored significantly higher on factors of FPS than soldiers in three groups, but had no difference with incarcerated veterans. (6) Incarcerated veterans had evidently higher scores on factors of FPS than 1mth soldiers and 1yr soldiers, but had no difference with 2yrs soldiers. (7) Veterans from cities adapted the society significantly better than veterans from countries. (8) Veterans’education level had positive correlation with their social adjustment state. (9) Veterans who joined up actively adapted the society significantly better than veterans who joined up passively. (10) The social adjustment state of veterans had positive correlation with their scores on Father factorⅡ,Ⅳ,Ⅴand Mother factorⅢ,Ⅳ,Ⅴof EMBU. (11) The social adjustment state of veterans had positive correlation with their scores on emotional stability of 16PF.
Significances: The present study found out the psychological factors of incarcerated veterans, identified the outside and inside factors which might affect veterans’social adjustment state, and classified veterans’social adjustment state. The results can be used in the following three aspects: (1) evaluate trainees’psychological character; (2) the maintenance of soldiers’mental health; (3) the education and management of soldiers before and after retiring from army.
研究目的:了解退伍军人的生活环境、人格类型、心理健康水平和社会适应方式及适应周期;分析和探讨影响退伍军人社会适应能力的主要因素;尝试采用心理干预的方法,在部队士兵服役期间以此为理论依据进行相关教育和心理疏导。
研究内容:分三个阶段:(1)以退伍军人服刑人员为研究对象,找出退伍军人社会适应不良的心理因素特点;(2)通过电话访谈并结合第一阶段的研究结果编制出“退伍军人的社会适应状况及其影响因素”的调查问卷,并找出影响其社会适应能力的因素;(3)依据前两个阶段的研究结果制定出具体的心理干预的方法,在部队士兵服役期间对其进行相关教育和心理疏导。
研究对象:第一阶段实验组为175名退伍军人服刑人员,另外设立四个对照组:175名普通服刑人员,175名一年兵,175名二年兵和175名入伍仅一个月的新兵。第二阶段研究对象为1048名退伍军人。所有被试均为男性。
研究工具:密西根酒精依赖调查表(MAST),父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、信赖他人量表(FPS),卡特尔十六种个性因素测验(16PF),新编退伍军人社会适应状况及其影响因素调查问卷。
研究结果:(1)退伍军人服刑人员和普通服刑人员在父因子Ⅱ(惩罚、严厉)、父因子Ⅳ(偏爱被试)、父因子Ⅴ(拒绝、否认)、母因子Ⅱ(过干涉、过保护)、母因子Ⅲ(拒绝、否认)、母因子Ⅳ(惩罚、严厉)和母因子Ⅴ(偏爱被试)七个方面与其它三组有显著差异,而退伍军人服刑人员和普通服刑人员之间并无显著差异;(2)普通服刑人员的16pf的c因子(稳定性)分数均显著低于其它四组退伍军人服刑人员、刚入伍新兵、一年兵和二年兵的;(3)退伍军人服刑人员在16pf的c因子(稳定性)分数低于刚入伍新兵和一年兵,但与二年兵的差异无统计学意义;(4)退伍军人服刑人员和普通服刑人员的酒精依赖量表分数显著高于刚入伍新兵、一年兵和二年兵;(5)普通服刑人员的信任他人量表分数均显著高于刚入伍新兵、一年兵和二年兵(分数越高,越不信任他人),但与退伍军人服刑人员无显著差异;(6)退伍军人服刑人员的信任他人量表分数均显著高于刚入伍新兵、一年兵(分数越高,越不信任他人),但与二年兵无显著差异;(7)非农村户口的退伍军人社会适应状况优于农村户口的;(8)退伍军人的受教育程度与其社会适应状况呈正相关;(9)有主动意愿参军的退伍军人社会适应状况优于被动参军的;(10)退伍军人的社会适应状况与其父母教养方式的父因子Ⅱ、父因子Ⅳ、父因子Ⅴ、母因子Ⅱ、母因子Ⅲ、母因子Ⅳ、母因子Ⅴ呈显著正相关;(11)退伍军人的社会适应状况与其稳定性呈正相关。
研究意义:本研究找出了退伍军人服刑人员的心理因素特点,退伍军人社会适应状况的外在因素和心理因素,并对退伍军人的社会适应状况进行了分类,具体研究结果可用在以下几个方面:(1)新兵的选拔;(2)现役战士的心理健康教育;(3)军人退伍前后的教育管理。
Veterans, as a special colony of the society, experienced the great changes in the habitation and work content when they retired from army. As the society competition is becoming increasingly hot, a small part of them who have poorer adaptability can’t acclimatize themselves to the society quickly and well. What was worse, some may commit a crime and thus do harm to the society. So finding the trait and the law of veterans’social adjustment, and exploring the affected factors of veterans’adaptability could provide theory basis for the mental evaluation of veterans.
Objective: To find out the habitation, personality type, mental health state, and social adjustment mode and period of Chinese veterans; To analyze and discuss the main affected factors of veterans’social adjustment; To attempt to use psychological intervention which was based on the conclusions of the study to give soldiers mentality leading and education.
Design: The whole study was processed in three periods: (1) To find out the psychological trait of veterans’poor social adaptability by evaluating the psychological factors of the incarcerated veterans. (2) To develop a social adjustment scale for veterans by using telephone interview and the results of the first period of the study. (3) To make out psychological intervention which was based on the conclusions of the study to give soldiers mentality leading and education.
Participants: The first period of the study has one experiment group which was composed of 175 male incarcerated veterans,four control groups which respectively were composed of 175 male normal imprisoned culprits, 175 male soldiers in service for 1mth, 175 male soldiers in service for 1yr, and 175 male soldiers in service for 2yrs. 1048 male veterans participated in the second period of the study.
Instruments: Chinese version of MAST, EMBU, FPS and 16PF were used to measure the psychological traits of incarcerated veterans, normal imprisoned culprits, and soldiers in service for 1mth, 1yr and 2yrs. The social adjustment and its affected factors questionnaire for veterans were used to evaluate the social adjustment of veterans.
Results: (1) Both incarcerated veterans and normal imprisoned culprits scored significantly higher on Father factorⅡ,Ⅳ,Ⅴand Mother factorⅢ,Ⅳ,Ⅴof EMBU than the soldiers in three groups, while no significant differences were found between themselves. (2) Normal imprisoned culprits scored significantly lower on emotional stability of 16PF than the other four groups. (3) Incarcerated veterans had evident lower scores on emotional stability of 16PF than 1mth soldiers and 1yr soldiers, but had no difference with 2yrs soldiers. (4) Mean scores on MAST were found significantly different between prisoners (including incarcerated veterans and normal imprisoned culprits) and soldiers (including 1mth, 1yr and 2yrs soldiers), while no significant difference was found between incarcerated veterans and normal imprisoned culprits. (5) Normal imprisoned culprits scored significantly higher on factors of FPS than soldiers in three groups, but had no difference with incarcerated veterans. (6) Incarcerated veterans had evidently higher scores on factors of FPS than 1mth soldiers and 1yr soldiers, but had no difference with 2yrs soldiers. (7) Veterans from cities adapted the society significantly better than veterans from countries. (8) Veterans’education level had positive correlation with their social adjustment state. (9) Veterans who joined up actively adapted the society significantly better than veterans who joined up passively. (10) The social adjustment state of veterans had positive correlation with their scores on Father factorⅡ,Ⅳ,Ⅴand Mother factorⅢ,Ⅳ,Ⅴof EMBU. (11) The social adjustment state of veterans had positive correlation with their scores on emotional stability of 16PF.
Significances: The present study found out the psychological factors of incarcerated veterans, identified the outside and inside factors which might affect veterans’social adjustment state, and classified veterans’social adjustment state. The results can be used in the following three aspects: (1) evaluate trainees’psychological character; (2) the maintenance of soldiers’mental health; (3) the education and management of soldiers before and after retiring from army.
引文
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65 房明,杨旭,纪术茂. 男性青少年犯的人格类型研究. 中国心理卫生杂志,2002,16(2): 103~105
66 Morton T L, Farris K L, Brenowitz L H. MMPI-A scores and high points of male juvenile delinquents: scales 4, 5, 6 as markers of juvenile delinquency. Psychological Assessment, 2002, 14( 3): 311~319
67 张伟, 杨昌芳, 霍克钧, 刘协乐. 卖淫青少年妇女 MMPI 测试结果聚类分析. 中国心理卫生杂志, 1993, 7(3): 135~137
68 李一斌. 44 例在押女犯 MMPI 测定分析. 临床精神医学杂志, 1998, 8(3): 156~157
69 刘兆玺, 陈修哲, 吕晓敏等. 在监女犯 MMPI 测试对照分析. 山东精神医学. 2000, 13(3): 5~7
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71 周建松, 王小平, 徐莉萍等. 青年男性暴力行为与相关因素的对照研究. 中华精神科杂志. 2006, 39(3): 165~168
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94 Ball SA . Reconcep tualizing personality disorder categories usingpersonality trait dimensions: Introduction to special section. Journal of Personality, 2001, 69: 147~153.
95 Widiger T. Five factormodel of personality disorder: Integrating science and p ractice. Journal of Research in Personality, 2005, 39: 67~83
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61 罗大华. 中国法制科学研究十年. 北京市: 中国政法大学出版社, 1994. 45~49
62 罗大华, 何为民. 犯罪心理学. 杭州市: 浙江教育出版社, 2003. 3~5, 77~89
63 张作记. 行为医学量表手册. 北京市: 中华医学电子音响出版社, 2005, 11~12
64 Weaver G M, Wootton R R. The use of the MMPI special scales in the assessment of delinquenct of delinquent personality. Adolescence, 1992, 27: 107
65 房明,杨旭,纪术茂. 男性青少年犯的人格类型研究. 中国心理卫生杂志,2002,16(2): 103~105
66 Morton T L, Farris K L, Brenowitz L H. MMPI-A scores and high points of male juvenile delinquents: scales 4, 5, 6 as markers of juvenile delinquency. Psychological Assessment, 2002, 14( 3): 311~319
67 张伟, 杨昌芳, 霍克钧, 刘协乐. 卖淫青少年妇女 MMPI 测试结果聚类分析. 中国心理卫生杂志, 1993, 7(3): 135~137
68 李一斌. 44 例在押女犯 MMPI 测定分析. 临床精神医学杂志, 1998, 8(3): 156~157
69 刘兆玺, 陈修哲, 吕晓敏等. 在监女犯 MMPI 测试对照分析. 山东精神医学. 2000, 13(3): 5~7
70 蒋小娟, 周振和, 陆建国等. 重大刑事嫌疑犯明尼苏达多相人格测验测试结果对照分析. 中国健康心理学杂志. 2006, 14(2): 190~192
71 周建松, 王小平, 徐莉萍等. 青年男性暴力行为与相关因素的对照研究. 中华精神科杂志. 2006, 39(3): 165~168
72 苏月桐, 博以容, 邱建国等. 犯罪少年行为习惯及人格特征的调查. 中国临床心理学杂志, 1998, 6(2):121~122
73 金瑜. 心理测量. 上海市: 华东师范大学出版社, 2004. 110~121
74 单茂洪. 正确使用 SCL-90、16PF 量表测查心理健康水平[J]. 中国心理卫生杂志,1998, 12(2):81~83
75 张春妹, 邹泓. 人格与青少年犯罪的关系研究. 心理科学进展, 2006, 14(2): 241~248
76 何胜兴. 121 例男性戒毒劳教人员的人格因素分析. 中国厂矿医学,2002,15(3):259
77 孙宏伟, 李新仁, 朱军, 高祥春. 546 例劳教人员的人格特征研究. 中国行为医学科学,1999,8(1):39~41
78 胡赤怡, 杨彤, 吴哨兵. 违法犯罪人员人格特征及心理健康状况调查. 健康心理学杂志,2000,8(5):531~533
79 蒋俊梅. 青年罪犯的人格特征研究. 心理科学,2005,28(1):217~219
80 Gough H G, Bradley P. Delinquent and criminal behavior as assessed by the revised California Psychological Inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1992, 48(3): 298~306
81 焦志安, 高春霓, 曾涛, 张志华. 卖淫女青年 CPI 测查结果分析. 中国临床心理学杂志, 1999, 7(3): 181~182
82 Heaven P C L, Virgen M. Personality, perceptions of family and peer influences, and males’ self-reported delinquency. Personality and Individual Differences, 2001, 30: 321~331
83 Heaven P C L. Personality and self-reported delinquency: a longitudinal analysis. Journal of Child Psychological Psychiatry. 1996, 37(6): 747~751
84 Blackburn R 著,吴宗宪,刘邦惠译. 犯罪行为心理学——理论、研究和实践. 中国轻工业出版社,北京,2000. 102~111
85 Heanven P C L, Newbury K, Wilson V. The Eysenck psychoticism dimension and delinquent behaviors among non-criminals: changes across the lifespan? Personality and Individual Differences, 2004, 36: 1817~1825
86 邓云箐, 窦刚, 张锋. 少年犯人格的基本特征及其相关因素的研究. 中国临床心理杂志. 2000, 8(3): 160～161
87 杨坚, 杨德森, 龚耀先. 违法犯罪青少年个性特征对照研究. 中国神经精神疾病杂志, 1987, 13(5): 257～259
88 孙春霞, 李从培, 方明昭等. 艾森克个性问卷对男性犯罪少年个性特征对照研究. 中华精神科杂志, 1996, 29(4): 233～235
89 张慧, 樊旭辉. 狱中犯人心理状况及个性调查分析. 中国临床心理学杂志, 1998, 6(3): 183～184
90 Heaven P C L. Personality and self-reported delinquency analysis of the “big five” personality dimensions. Personality and individual. Differences, 1996, 20(1): 47~54
91 Laak J T, Goede M D, Aleva L, et al. Incarcerated adolescet girls: personality, social competence, and delinquency. Adolescence, 2003, 38: 251~265
92 Noller P, Law H, Comrey A L, et al. Eysenck personality factors compared: more evidence for the five robust factors? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1987, 53( 4): 775~782.
93 Donnellan M B, Ge X, Wenk E. Personality characteristics of juvenile offenders: Differences in the CPI by age at first arrest and frequency of offending. Personality and Individual Differences, 2002, 33: 727~740
94 Ball SA . Reconcep tualizing personality disorder categories usingpersonality trait dimensions: Introduction to special section. Journal of Personality, 2001, 69: 147~153.
95 Widiger T. Five factormodel of personality disorder: Integrating science and p ractice. Journal of Research in Personality, 2005, 39: 67~83
96 汪向东主编. 心理卫生评定量表手册. 北京市:中国心理卫生杂志,1993,7(增刊):311~316,122~129,150~151
97 杨士隆.犯罪心理学(M).北京:教育科学出版社,2002.252~254
98 张丽华.父母教养方式与儿童社会化发展研究综述.辽宁师大学报,1997(3):19~22
99 Moore D R.Juvenile Delinquencyln:Thomas H.Ollendick(eds):Handbook Of Child Psychology. New York:Plenum Press,1983, 357~384
100 利伯特.发展心理学(M).北京:人民教育出版社,1984
101 卢家楣. 现代青年心理探索 . 上海:同济大学出版社,1989, 355
102 雷雳,张雷. 青少年心理发展. 北京:北京大学出版社,2003, 209
103 王永顺, 杜玉. 沈阳市城市居民社会适应状况调查. 社区健康教育, 2002, 18(8): 523~525
104 李亚红, 胡文东. 多级语义量词对心理测量适合度的调查分析. 心理科学, 2005, 28(1): 175~177
105 郭志刚. 社会统计分析方法——SPSS 软件应用. 北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999.92~93
106 张丽华.父母教养方式与儿童社会化发展研究综述.辽宁师大学报,1997(3):19~22
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