基于FPGA的多功能测试仪的开发
摘要
测试仪广泛应用于国民经济和国防建设的各个领域，是科研和生产不可或缺的重要装备之一。其工作原理是由信号发生装置向被测对象发送激励信号，同时由信号采集与处理装置通过传感器采集被测对象的响应信号，并送到上位机进行数据分析和处理。本文研究采用灵活的现场可编程逻辑阵列FPGA为核心，协调整个仪器的运转，并采用先进的USB总线技术，将信号发生、信号采集与处理有机地集成为一体的多功能测试仪。
本文的第一章介绍了测试仪及其研究应用现状，根据仪器的成本、便携性和通用性要求不断提高的发展趋势，提出了本课题的研究任务和关键技术；
第二章从硬件和软件两个方面讨论了测试仪的总体设计方案，并且分别详述了电源模块、USB模块、FPGA模块、DSP模块、A／D模块、D／A模块这六个功能模块的硬件设计；
第三章讨论了USB模块相关的软件设计，其中包含USB固件设计、驱动程序设计和客户应用程序设计三个方面的内容，详细论述了各部分软件的架构和主要功能模块的实现。
第四章讨论了主控器FPGA的设计，是本文的核心部分。先从总体上介绍了FPGA的设计方案，然后从MCU模块、信号采集模块、信号发生模块三部分具体描述了其实现方式。软件设计上采用了模块化的设计思想，使得结构清晰，可读性强，易于进一步开发；并且灵活的使用了有限状态机，大大提高了程序的稳定性和运行效率。
第五章介绍了DSP模块的设计，讨论了波形生成的原理及实现，并提出了与FPGA接口的方式。
第六章详细描述了实验的步骤和结果，分别从单通道采样和多通道采样两方面实验，验证了仪器的性能和设计的可行性。
Measuring and test instruments are widely used in the fields of national economy and national defense construction, and it is one of the vital and important equipments in scientific research and manufacturing. Its principle is that the signal generator sends excitation signal to the measured object, and at one time the data acquisition and processing equipment acquires the measured object's response signal via sensors and sends to PC for data processing and analysis. The paper studies the multifunctional measuring and test instrument, which utilizes flexible FPGA as the core of the instrument to harmonize the whole set's operation, uses advanced USB bus technology, and integrates signal generation and data acquisition into one whole.
The first chapter of this thesis introduces the measuring and test instrument and its research and application status. Due to development that request of instrumental cost, portability and universality is steadily going up, we bring forward the project's research tasks and key technologies.
The second chapter discusses the instrument's general design in two ways of hardware and software, and expends the hardware design of six modules, including power supply module, USB module, FPGA module, DSP module, A/D module and D/A module.
The third chapter discusses the software design of USB module, and it contains USB firmware programming, USB drive programming and client application programming. We elaborate on the framework of the parts of software and realization of general function modules.
The forth chapter investigates the design of main controller FPGA, and it is central to this paper. We introduce design scheme of FPGA in the mass, and then concretely describe the implementation of MCU module, data acquisition module and signal generation module. We adopt modularized design ideas in programming, and make software clear, more readable and easier to further develop. We also adopt finite-state machine and greatly increase the stability and efficiency of program.
The fifth chapter introduces the design of DSP module, discusses the principle and realization of signal generation, and describes the interface of DSP and FPGA.
The sixth chapter elaborates on steps and results of experiments. We conduct experiments at two aspects—single-channel data acquisition and multi-channel data acquisition, and validate instrument performance and design feasibility.
本文的第一章介绍了测试仪及其研究应用现状，根据仪器的成本、便携性和通用性要求不断提高的发展趋势，提出了本课题的研究任务和关键技术；
第二章从硬件和软件两个方面讨论了测试仪的总体设计方案，并且分别详述了电源模块、USB模块、FPGA模块、DSP模块、A／D模块、D／A模块这六个功能模块的硬件设计；
第三章讨论了USB模块相关的软件设计，其中包含USB固件设计、驱动程序设计和客户应用程序设计三个方面的内容，详细论述了各部分软件的架构和主要功能模块的实现。
第四章讨论了主控器FPGA的设计，是本文的核心部分。先从总体上介绍了FPGA的设计方案，然后从MCU模块、信号采集模块、信号发生模块三部分具体描述了其实现方式。软件设计上采用了模块化的设计思想，使得结构清晰，可读性强，易于进一步开发；并且灵活的使用了有限状态机，大大提高了程序的稳定性和运行效率。
第五章介绍了DSP模块的设计，讨论了波形生成的原理及实现，并提出了与FPGA接口的方式。
第六章详细描述了实验的步骤和结果，分别从单通道采样和多通道采样两方面实验，验证了仪器的性能和设计的可行性。
Measuring and test instruments are widely used in the fields of national economy and national defense construction, and it is one of the vital and important equipments in scientific research and manufacturing. Its principle is that the signal generator sends excitation signal to the measured object, and at one time the data acquisition and processing equipment acquires the measured object's response signal via sensors and sends to PC for data processing and analysis. The paper studies the multifunctional measuring and test instrument, which utilizes flexible FPGA as the core of the instrument to harmonize the whole set's operation, uses advanced USB bus technology, and integrates signal generation and data acquisition into one whole.
The first chapter of this thesis introduces the measuring and test instrument and its research and application status. Due to development that request of instrumental cost, portability and universality is steadily going up, we bring forward the project's research tasks and key technologies.
The second chapter discusses the instrument's general design in two ways of hardware and software, and expends the hardware design of six modules, including power supply module, USB module, FPGA module, DSP module, A/D module and D/A module.
The third chapter discusses the software design of USB module, and it contains USB firmware programming, USB drive programming and client application programming. We elaborate on the framework of the parts of software and realization of general function modules.
The forth chapter investigates the design of main controller FPGA, and it is central to this paper. We introduce design scheme of FPGA in the mass, and then concretely describe the implementation of MCU module, data acquisition module and signal generation module. We adopt modularized design ideas in programming, and make software clear, more readable and easier to further develop. We also adopt finite-state machine and greatly increase the stability and efficiency of program.
The fifth chapter introduces the design of DSP module, discusses the principle and realization of signal generation, and describes the interface of DSP and FPGA.
The sixth chapter elaborates on steps and results of experiments. We conduct experiments at two aspects—single-channel data acquisition and multi-channel data acquisition, and validate instrument performance and design feasibility.
引文
[1] 肖忠祥．数据采集原理．西北工业大学出版社，2001．2
[2] 华容等．信号分析与处理．高等教育出版社，2004．7
[3] 刘丁，毛德柱，王云飞．USB在数据采集系统中的应用．电子技术应用，2000(26)4期：37-39
[4] 马明建，周长城．数据采集与处理技术．西安：西安交通大学出版社，1998．9
[5] DT9840 Series Simultaneous Real-Time DSP Data Acquisition. Data Translation.
[6] 王成儒，李英伟．USB2.0原理与工程开发．北京：国防工业出版社，2004．1
[7] 总线技术在仪器控制与连接方面的远景．www.itwen.com
[8] 曹军军，陈小勤，吴超，何正友．基于USB2.0的数据采集卡的设计与实现．仪器仪表用户，2006(1)：37-38
[9] 萧世文编著．USB2.0硬件设计．北京：清华大学出版社，2002
[10] 夏宇闻．Verilog数字系统设计教程．北京：北京航空航天出版社，2003．7
[11] 王诚，吴继华，范丽珍，薛宁，薛小刚等．Altera FPGA／CPLD设计(基础篇)．北京：人民邮电出版社，2005．7
[12] Texas Instruments Incorporated, TPS2014, TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches, 1997
[13] Texas Instruments Incorporated, TPS767D301 Dual-output Low-dropout Voltage Regulators, 2000
[14] Linear Technoolgy Corporation, LT1763 Series 500mA, Low Noise, LDO Micropower Regulators, 1999
[15] Artesyn Technologies Corporation, AFC5-F Series Dual Output,2002
[16] CY7C68013 EZ-USB FX2 USB Microcontroller High-speed USB Peripheral Controller. Cypress Semiconductor Corporation,2002
[17] EZ-USB FX2 PCB Design Recommendations. Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 2002
[18] Cyclone Device Handbook, Volume 1. Altera Corporation,2003
[19] Altera Corporation, Serial Configuration Devices (EPCS 1, EPCS4, EPCS 16&EPCS64)Data Sheet,July 2004
[20] TMS320VC5509A Fixed-Point Digital Signal Processor Data Manual. Texas Instruments,2002
[21] Microchip Corporation, Data sheet:25AA320/25LC320/25C320 32K SPI Bus Serial EEPROM,2004
[22] Analog Devices, Inc., Data sheet: Four-Channel, Simultaneous Sampling, Fast, 14-Bit ADC AD7865,2000
[23] Analog Devices, Data sheet:2.5V/3.0V High Precision Reference AD780,2000
[24] Burr-Brown Corporation, Data sheet:Speedplus 14-Bit, 165MSPS Digital-to-analog Converter DAC904,May 2000
[25] National Semiconductor Corporation, LF353 Wide Bandwidth Dual JFET Iput Operational Amplifier,2003
[26] 许永和．EZ—USB FX系列单片机USB外围设备设计与应用。北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2002．11
[27] C51系列微控制器的开发工具uVision2入门教程．Keil Software Corporation．2001
[28] 徐爱钧，彭秀华．Keil Cx51 V7.0单片机高级语言编程与μVision2应用实践(附光盘)．水利电力出版社，2004．6
[29] Programming the Cypress EZ-USB Board. Keil Software,2001
[30] 徐爱军，彭秀华编著．单片机高级语言C51 windows环境编程与应用．电子工业出版社，2002
[31] EZ-USB FX2 Slave FIFO Primer. Cypress Semiconductor Corporation,2003
[32] Implementing an 8-Bit Asynchronous Peripheral Interface Utiliaing the EZ-USB FX GPIF/Slave FIFOs, Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, February 5, 2002
[33] 陈刚，王典洪．于WDM的通用串行总线驱动程序的开发．机电工程技术，2006(35)3期：54-56
[34] EZ Loader Custom USB Firmware Loader Driver．Cypress Semiconductor Corporation．2003
[35] 王萍，赵刚．Windows下的USB设备驱动程序开发．计算机时代，2005(10)：22-23
[36] Chris Cant著、孙义、马莉波、国雪飞等译．Windows WDM设备驱动程序开发指南．北京：机械工业出版社，2003
[37] Cypress USB 2.0 Mass Storage Device Driver for Windows. Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 2002
[38] Cypress CyUsb.sys Programmer's Reference. Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 2003
[39] 刘小石，郑淮，马林伟，杨帆．精通Visual C++6.0．北京：清华大学出版社，2000．1
[40] 易忠亮，周建辉．C++实例教程．北京：电子工业出版社，1997．9
[41] 用FPGA实现低成本高性能数据采集和控制卡，电子元器件应用，2006(2)：22-26
[42] Quartus Ⅱ Version 5.1 Handbook. Altera Corporation,2005
[43] 杜建国．Verilog HDL硬件描述语言．北京：国防工业出版社，2004．1
[44] Configuration Handbook, Volume 1. Altera Corporation,2004
[45] Serial Digital Interface Reference Design for Cyclone & Stratix Devices. Altera Corporation,2004
[46] Design Debugging Usingthe SignalTap Ⅱ Embedded Logic Analyzer. Altera Corporation,2005
[47] 汪安民，程昱．DSP应用开发实用子程序．北京：人民邮电出版社，2005．9
[48] 汪安民．TMS320C54XX DSP实用技术．北京：清华大学出版社，2002
[49] 褚超、杜栓义，TMS320VC5509数传平台中串行引导的研究与实现，今日电子，2003(11)
[50] 陈客松等．一种虚拟仪器概念的任意波形发生器的研制．仪表技术，2000．6：11-13
[51] 刘益成，罗兵，李佩昌．以DSP为核心的超高精度信号发生器．信号处理，1997(4)：325-329
[52] 徐胜、管庆，TMS320C5000的Bootloader技术，电子产品世界，2003．3／上半月
[53] 王新、王归新、张昌盛、康勇，数字信号处理器与串行EEPROM的接口设计，电子工程师，2004(30)1期
[54] 楚然，廖佳．基于DSP+CPLD的高精度信号发生器．电子工程师，2004(30)5期
[2] 华容等．信号分析与处理．高等教育出版社，2004．7
[3] 刘丁，毛德柱，王云飞．USB在数据采集系统中的应用．电子技术应用，2000(26)4期：37-39
[4] 马明建，周长城．数据采集与处理技术．西安：西安交通大学出版社，1998．9
[5] DT9840 Series Simultaneous Real-Time DSP Data Acquisition. Data Translation.
[6] 王成儒，李英伟．USB2.0原理与工程开发．北京：国防工业出版社，2004．1
[7] 总线技术在仪器控制与连接方面的远景．www.itwen.com
[8] 曹军军，陈小勤，吴超，何正友．基于USB2.0的数据采集卡的设计与实现．仪器仪表用户，2006(1)：37-38
[9] 萧世文编著．USB2.0硬件设计．北京：清华大学出版社，2002
[10] 夏宇闻．Verilog数字系统设计教程．北京：北京航空航天出版社，2003．7
[11] 王诚，吴继华，范丽珍，薛宁，薛小刚等．Altera FPGA／CPLD设计(基础篇)．北京：人民邮电出版社，2005．7
[12] Texas Instruments Incorporated, TPS2014, TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches, 1997
[13] Texas Instruments Incorporated, TPS767D301 Dual-output Low-dropout Voltage Regulators, 2000
[14] Linear Technoolgy Corporation, LT1763 Series 500mA, Low Noise, LDO Micropower Regulators, 1999
[15] Artesyn Technologies Corporation, AFC5-F Series Dual Output,2002
[16] CY7C68013 EZ-USB FX2 USB Microcontroller High-speed USB Peripheral Controller. Cypress Semiconductor Corporation,2002
[17] EZ-USB FX2 PCB Design Recommendations. Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 2002
[18] Cyclone Device Handbook, Volume 1. Altera Corporation,2003
[19] Altera Corporation, Serial Configuration Devices (EPCS 1, EPCS4, EPCS 16&EPCS64)Data Sheet,July 2004
[20] TMS320VC5509A Fixed-Point Digital Signal Processor Data Manual. Texas Instruments,2002
[21] Microchip Corporation, Data sheet:25AA320/25LC320/25C320 32K SPI Bus Serial EEPROM,2004
[22] Analog Devices, Inc., Data sheet: Four-Channel, Simultaneous Sampling, Fast, 14-Bit ADC AD7865,2000
[23] Analog Devices, Data sheet:2.5V/3.0V High Precision Reference AD780,2000
[24] Burr-Brown Corporation, Data sheet:Speedplus 14-Bit, 165MSPS Digital-to-analog Converter DAC904,May 2000
[25] National Semiconductor Corporation, LF353 Wide Bandwidth Dual JFET Iput Operational Amplifier,2003
[26] 许永和．EZ—USB FX系列单片机USB外围设备设计与应用。北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2002．11
[27] C51系列微控制器的开发工具uVision2入门教程．Keil Software Corporation．2001
[28] 徐爱钧，彭秀华．Keil Cx51 V7.0单片机高级语言编程与μVision2应用实践(附光盘)．水利电力出版社，2004．6
[29] Programming the Cypress EZ-USB Board. Keil Software,2001
[30] 徐爱军，彭秀华编著．单片机高级语言C51 windows环境编程与应用．电子工业出版社，2002
[31] EZ-USB FX2 Slave FIFO Primer. Cypress Semiconductor Corporation,2003
[32] Implementing an 8-Bit Asynchronous Peripheral Interface Utiliaing the EZ-USB FX GPIF/Slave FIFOs, Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, February 5, 2002
[33] 陈刚，王典洪．于WDM的通用串行总线驱动程序的开发．机电工程技术，2006(35)3期：54-56
[34] EZ Loader Custom USB Firmware Loader Driver．Cypress Semiconductor Corporation．2003
[35] 王萍，赵刚．Windows下的USB设备驱动程序开发．计算机时代，2005(10)：22-23
[36] Chris Cant著、孙义、马莉波、国雪飞等译．Windows WDM设备驱动程序开发指南．北京：机械工业出版社，2003
[37] Cypress USB 2.0 Mass Storage Device Driver for Windows. Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 2002
[38] Cypress CyUsb.sys Programmer's Reference. Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 2003
[39] 刘小石，郑淮，马林伟，杨帆．精通Visual C++6.0．北京：清华大学出版社，2000．1
[40] 易忠亮，周建辉．C++实例教程．北京：电子工业出版社，1997．9
[41] 用FPGA实现低成本高性能数据采集和控制卡，电子元器件应用，2006(2)：22-26
[42] Quartus Ⅱ Version 5.1 Handbook. Altera Corporation,2005
[43] 杜建国．Verilog HDL硬件描述语言．北京：国防工业出版社，2004．1
[44] Configuration Handbook, Volume 1. Altera Corporation,2004
[45] Serial Digital Interface Reference Design for Cyclone & Stratix Devices. Altera Corporation,2004
[46] Design Debugging Usingthe SignalTap Ⅱ Embedded Logic Analyzer. Altera Corporation,2005
[47] 汪安民，程昱．DSP应用开发实用子程序．北京：人民邮电出版社，2005．9
[48] 汪安民．TMS320C54XX DSP实用技术．北京：清华大学出版社，2002
[49] 褚超、杜栓义，TMS320VC5509数传平台中串行引导的研究与实现，今日电子，2003(11)
[50] 陈客松等．一种虚拟仪器概念的任意波形发生器的研制．仪表技术，2000．6：11-13
[51] 刘益成，罗兵，李佩昌．以DSP为核心的超高精度信号发生器．信号处理，1997(4)：325-329
[52] 徐胜、管庆，TMS320C5000的Bootloader技术，电子产品世界，2003．3／上半月
[53] 王新、王归新、张昌盛、康勇，数字信号处理器与串行EEPROM的接口设计，电子工程师，2004(30)1期
[54] 楚然，廖佳．基于DSP+CPLD的高精度信号发生器．电子工程师，2004(30)5期
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