翻译情境对翻译策略的影响
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摘要
翻译是两种语言的转换,而语言不仅是思维的载体和交际的工具,同时也是社会文化的反映。因此,翻译并非简单的语言符号的转换,而是两种语言所代表的两种不同文化的转换,是一种跨文化交际的行为。
本文通过分析比较中国古典名著《红楼梦》的两个英译本(杨宪益夫妇的A Dream of Red Mansions和霍克斯与闵福德合作的The Story of the Stone)在处理某些文化内容时所采取的不同翻译策略,归纳出它们各自的主要特点,并引进“翻译情境”这一概念,试图从翻译情境中的一系列主要因素,即翻译目的、意识形态、文本地位以及读者类型等方面进行考察,从而进一步探讨可能影响译者采取不同翻译策略的原因以及翻译情境对译者翻译策略的影响。
翻译策略实际上是译者根据翻译情境所做出的选择,不同的翻译情境会导致不同的选择。认识到翻译情境对于翻译策略的影响有助于翻译批评的发展。评价译本不应仅仅局限于以往“挑错式”的翻译批评,而应将翻译情境作为一个重要因素加以考虑,这样才能对译者使用的策略做出较为客观的评价。
Translation is not only a mere shift of language codes, but a process of intercultural communication.
Hong Lou Meng, known as one of the Chinese literary classics, has been translated into various foreign languages, among which A Dream of Red Mansions by Yang Xianyi and his wife and The Story of the Stone by Hawkes and Minford are the two most complete English versions. Through a comparison of their respective translation strategies in dealing with the cultural contents in the book, this thesis aims at finding out the various objective reasons that may affect the translators’decisions in adopting different strategies and ultimately introducing a new concept“translation situation”and studying the impact the translation situation has on the translators.
The translation strategy, to be more specific,“domestication”or“foreignization”, in a certain sense, is a result of the interactions of the factors of translation situation. It is suggested in this thesis that we should take translation situation into consideration in order to evaluate the translation properly.
本文通过分析比较中国古典名著《红楼梦》的两个英译本(杨宪益夫妇的A Dream of Red Mansions和霍克斯与闵福德合作的The Story of the Stone)在处理某些文化内容时所采取的不同翻译策略,归纳出它们各自的主要特点,并引进“翻译情境”这一概念,试图从翻译情境中的一系列主要因素,即翻译目的、意识形态、文本地位以及读者类型等方面进行考察,从而进一步探讨可能影响译者采取不同翻译策略的原因以及翻译情境对译者翻译策略的影响。
翻译策略实际上是译者根据翻译情境所做出的选择,不同的翻译情境会导致不同的选择。认识到翻译情境对于翻译策略的影响有助于翻译批评的发展。评价译本不应仅仅局限于以往“挑错式”的翻译批评,而应将翻译情境作为一个重要因素加以考虑,这样才能对译者使用的策略做出较为客观的评价。
Translation is not only a mere shift of language codes, but a process of intercultural communication.
Hong Lou Meng, known as one of the Chinese literary classics, has been translated into various foreign languages, among which A Dream of Red Mansions by Yang Xianyi and his wife and The Story of the Stone by Hawkes and Minford are the two most complete English versions. Through a comparison of their respective translation strategies in dealing with the cultural contents in the book, this thesis aims at finding out the various objective reasons that may affect the translators’decisions in adopting different strategies and ultimately introducing a new concept“translation situation”and studying the impact the translation situation has on the translators.
The translation strategy, to be more specific,“domestication”or“foreignization”, in a certain sense, is a result of the interactions of the factors of translation situation. It is suggested in this thesis that we should take translation situation into consideration in order to evaluate the translation properly.
引文
Cooper, James Fenimore (1981): The Last of the Mohicans. New York: Bantam Books.
Galsworthy, John (1968): A Modern Comedy. London: William Heinemann Ltd.
Hawkes, David (1973, 1977, 1980): The Story of the Stone. Penguin Books.
Henderson, K.R., Xianyi Yang, Gladys Yang, Zuoliang Wang & Lin Yu (1980): The Wrong Side of a Turkish Tapestry. Hemisphere.
Lefevere, Andre (ed.) (1992a): Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literature Fame. London & New York: Routledge.
Lefevere, Andre (ed.) (1992b): Translation/ History/ Culture: A Source Book. London & New York: Routledge.
Mackey, William Francis & Jacob Ornstein (1979): Sociolinguistics Studies in Language Contact. Hague, Paris and New York: Mouton Publishers.
Maugham, W. Somerset (1944): The Razor’s Edge. New York: The Armed Services Inc.
Munday, Jeremy (2001): Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. New York and London: Routledge.
Neubert, Allbrecht & Gregory M. Shreve (1992): Translation as Text. The Kent State University Press.
Nida, E.A. (1964): Toward A Science of Translating. E. J. Leiden: Brill.
Nida, E.A. & Taber, C. R. (1969): The Theory and Practice of Translation. E. J. Leiden: Brill.
Nord, C. (2001): Translating as a Purposeful Activity. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Robinson, Douglas (1997): Translation and Empire: Postcolonial Theories Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Schleiermacher, A. (1992): ‘On the Different Methods of Translating.’ Theories of Translation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to Derrida. Schulte, R. & Biguenet, J. Chicago and London: The University Of Chicago Press.
Seymour, Richard K. & C.C. Liu (ed.) (1994): Translating and Interpreting: bridging East and West. Selected Conference Papers. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press.
Venuti, Lawrence (2004): The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Venuti, Lawrence (2000): The Translation Studies Reader. New York and London: Routledge.
Vermeer, H. (1987) ‘What does it mean to translate?’ Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 1987. No.2.
Waard, J. & Nida, E. (1986): From One Language to Another: Functional Equivalence in Bible Translating. Nashville Tennessee: Thomas Nelson Inc.
Yang, Xianyi & Gladys Yang (1978): A Dream of Red Mansions. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
包惠南(2001):《文化语境与语言翻译》,北京:中国对外翻译公司。
曹雪芹、高鹗(1979):《红楼梦》, 北京:人民文学出版社。
陈冠商、陈平建(1985):《白猿》,长沙:湖南人民出版社。
冯庆华(1997):《实用翻译教程》,上海:上海外语教育出版社。
郭建中主编(2000):《文化与翻译》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
金福(1959):《最后一个莫希干人》,北京:中国青年出版社。
李绍年(1995):《红楼梦翻译概说》,《语言与翻译》,1995 年第 2 期。
李贻荫(1992):《霍克斯英译<楚辞>浅析》,《中国翻译》,1992 年第 1 期。
任生名(1993):《杨宪益的文学翻译思想散记》,《中国翻译》,1993 年第 4 期。
宋兆霖(1987):《最后的莫希干人》,上海:上海译文出版社。
汪倜然(1986):《白猿》,上海:上海译文出版社。
谢天振(1999):《译介学》,上海:上海外语教育出版社。
张南峰(1995):《走出死胡同,建立翻译学》,《中国翻译》,1995 年第 4 期。
周煦良(1982):《刀锋》,上海:上海译文出版社。
邹霆(2001):《永远的求索》,上海:华东师范大学出版社。
Galsworthy, John (1968): A Modern Comedy. London: William Heinemann Ltd.
Hawkes, David (1973, 1977, 1980): The Story of the Stone. Penguin Books.
Henderson, K.R., Xianyi Yang, Gladys Yang, Zuoliang Wang & Lin Yu (1980): The Wrong Side of a Turkish Tapestry. Hemisphere.
Lefevere, Andre (ed.) (1992a): Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literature Fame. London & New York: Routledge.
Lefevere, Andre (ed.) (1992b): Translation/ History/ Culture: A Source Book. London & New York: Routledge.
Mackey, William Francis & Jacob Ornstein (1979): Sociolinguistics Studies in Language Contact. Hague, Paris and New York: Mouton Publishers.
Maugham, W. Somerset (1944): The Razor’s Edge. New York: The Armed Services Inc.
Munday, Jeremy (2001): Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. New York and London: Routledge.
Neubert, Allbrecht & Gregory M. Shreve (1992): Translation as Text. The Kent State University Press.
Nida, E.A. (1964): Toward A Science of Translating. E. J. Leiden: Brill.
Nida, E.A. & Taber, C. R. (1969): The Theory and Practice of Translation. E. J. Leiden: Brill.
Nord, C. (2001): Translating as a Purposeful Activity. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Robinson, Douglas (1997): Translation and Empire: Postcolonial Theories Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Schleiermacher, A. (1992): ‘On the Different Methods of Translating.’ Theories of Translation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to Derrida. Schulte, R. & Biguenet, J. Chicago and London: The University Of Chicago Press.
Seymour, Richard K. & C.C. Liu (ed.) (1994): Translating and Interpreting: bridging East and West. Selected Conference Papers. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press.
Venuti, Lawrence (2004): The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Venuti, Lawrence (2000): The Translation Studies Reader. New York and London: Routledge.
Vermeer, H. (1987) ‘What does it mean to translate?’ Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 1987. No.2.
Waard, J. & Nida, E. (1986): From One Language to Another: Functional Equivalence in Bible Translating. Nashville Tennessee: Thomas Nelson Inc.
Yang, Xianyi & Gladys Yang (1978): A Dream of Red Mansions. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
包惠南(2001):《文化语境与语言翻译》,北京:中国对外翻译公司。
曹雪芹、高鹗(1979):《红楼梦》, 北京:人民文学出版社。
陈冠商、陈平建(1985):《白猿》,长沙:湖南人民出版社。
冯庆华(1997):《实用翻译教程》,上海:上海外语教育出版社。
郭建中主编(2000):《文化与翻译》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
金福(1959):《最后一个莫希干人》,北京:中国青年出版社。
李绍年(1995):《红楼梦翻译概说》,《语言与翻译》,1995 年第 2 期。
李贻荫(1992):《霍克斯英译<楚辞>浅析》,《中国翻译》,1992 年第 1 期。
任生名(1993):《杨宪益的文学翻译思想散记》,《中国翻译》,1993 年第 4 期。
宋兆霖(1987):《最后的莫希干人》,上海:上海译文出版社。
汪倜然(1986):《白猿》,上海:上海译文出版社。
谢天振(1999):《译介学》,上海:上海外语教育出版社。
张南峰(1995):《走出死胡同,建立翻译学》,《中国翻译》,1995 年第 4 期。
周煦良(1982):《刀锋》,上海:上海译文出版社。
邹霆(2001):《永远的求索》,上海:华东师范大学出版社。
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