1908—1922年美国传教士史德文在巴塘的医疗活动及与康藏社会的互动
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- 英文论文题名：On the Medical Activities of American Missionary Shelton and His Interaction with Eastern Tibet
- 论文作者：赵艾东 ; 洪泉湖
- 英文论文作者：Zhao Aidong ; Hong Quanhu ; College of Foreign Languages and Cultures ; Sichuan University ; Yuan Ze University
- 年：2012
- 作者机构：四川大学外国语学院;元智大学社政系;
- 论文关键词：基督会 ; 史德文 ; 巴塘 ; 康区
- 英文论文关键词：The disciples of Christ ; Shelton ; Batang ; Eastern Tibet
- 会议召开时间：2012-08-01
- 会议录名称：藏学学刊（第7辑）
- 英文会议录名称：Journal of Tibetology
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：K29;K837.12
- 学会代码：SCZX
- 学会名称：四川大学中国藏学研究所
- 页数：11
- 文件大小：1659k
- 原文格式：D
摘要
美国基督会传教士史德文不仅将西医引入打箭炉和巴塘,且是1908—1922年间在巴塘行医、开办医院的重要人物。因国内相关文献甚少,尚无有关他在巴塘行医的专题研究。文章据其自传和传记等英文文本,结合国内文献和田野调查,对史德文在巴塘期间的医疗活动及其与康藏社会的互动进行深入考察,这有助于我们进一步认识近代西方人在康区的活动以及中西文化交流。
The American Missionary Albert Shelton introduced western medicine into Tachienlu and Batang of Khams.He was one of the major doctors who practiced western medical care and established a hospital in Batang between 1908 and 1922.No study has thus far been made of his medical practice in Batang,since the relevant historical literature that is available in China is extremely limited.Based on his autobiography,his family members' memoirs and a biography in English,the relevant Chinese historical literature as well as the authors' fieldwork,this paper attempts to explore Shelton's medical activities in Batang and his interaction with Eastern Tibet.This study can help us further to understand the activities of Westerners in Khams and shed light Sino-Western cultural exchange in modern Eastern Tibet.
The American Missionary Albert Shelton introduced western medicine into Tachienlu and Batang of Khams.He was one of the major doctors who practiced western medical care and established a hospital in Batang between 1908 and 1922.No study has thus far been made of his medical practice in Batang,since the relevant historical literature that is available in China is extremely limited.Based on his autobiography,his family members' memoirs and a biography in English,the relevant Chinese historical literature as well as the authors' fieldwork,this paper attempts to explore Shelton's medical activities in Batang and his interaction with Eastern Tibet.This study can help us further to understand the activities of Westerners in Khams and shed light Sino-Western cultural exchange in modern Eastern Tibet.
引文
(1)该基督会由美国牧师亚历山大·坎贝尔(Alexander Campbell)于1827年创立。参见URL:http:////www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/egates/tdoc/TDOC12.HTM。史德文的汉译名也作西尔顿、谢尔顿等,1904-1908年在康定传教和行医。参见赵艾东:《二十世紀初美国传教士史德文在康区打箭炉的医疗活动》,《中国藏学》2008年第3期,第115~120页。
(2)梁斌:《美籍传教士史德文在巴塘的前前后后》,《巴塘志苑》2005年,总第43期,第94页。
(3)梁斌:《美籍传教士史德文在巴塘的前前后后》,《巴塘志苑》2005年,总第43期,第95页。
(1)四川省巴塘县志编纂委员会编:《巴塘县志》,成都:四川民族出版社,1993年.第449~450页;陈达娃:《巴塘县城区医药卫生事业的发展概况》,《巴塘志苑》1984年第4期.第2~3页;欧建蓉:《基督教在巴塘的传入与发展》,《巴塘志苑》2006年卷总第44期,第43~44页;梁斌:《美籍传教士史德文在巴塘的前前后后》,第94~95页;刘吉西等编:《四川基督教》,成都:巴蜀书社,1992年.第435、595~596页;秦和平:《基督宗教在西南民族地区的传播史》,成都:四川民族出版社,2003年,第62页;国庆:《近代外国传教士入侵巴塘面面观》.中央民族学院藏学研究所编《藏学研究》,北京:中央民族学院出版社,1993年版.第77~87页;胡岩:《早期进藏的美国人》,《西藏民族学院学报》(哲社版)2006年第2期,第11~12页;刘君:《康区外国教会览析》,《西藏研究》1991年第1期,第88~92页。赵艾东:《美国传教士史德文在1917—1918年康藏纠纷中的活动与角色》,《西藏研究》2008年第6期,第71~79页。
(2)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,1921;Flora Shelton,Shelton of Tibet,New York:George H.Doran Company,1923;Douglas Wissing.Pioneer in Tibet:The Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2004;Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind,Tempe:Synergy Books,1989.
(3)赵艾东于2010年8月在巴塘进行了田野调查。
(4)1904年驻藏帮办大臣凤全在巴塘强行垦地并欺压藏民。次年巴塘丁林寺喇嘛首先暴动,继而群众蜂拥而起,杀死凤全及其随行卫队共65人。详见国庆:《赵尔丰及其巴塘经营》,《西藏研究》1989年第4期,第102页。
(5)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:the Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,pp.90—91.
(6)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:the Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,pp.88—89;Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.47.
(7)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.46.
(1)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet;A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,pp.46—47.
(2)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:the Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,pp.88;99-100.后来格桑旺堆在巴塘长期担任史德文的藏语老师,并与史夫人合作将《圣经》等经书和巴塘华西教会学校所使用的一些教材翻译为藏文,且在1918年康藏纠纷期间协助英国外交官台克满等人起草了昌都协议书。参见Flora Shelton,Shelton of Tibet,pp.188-189.
(3)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:the Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,p.99,Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.50.
(1)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields?p.56.
(2)Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind,p.57.
(3)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet;the Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,p.147;Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind,p.57.
(4)Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind,p.33.
(5)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,pp.70—71.
(6)2010年8月笔者在对康宁寺前任堪布阿柏活佛的访谈中了解到:居喇嘛出生于竹巴笼,曾结婚,其转世灵童生于1924年。其父亲茨曲是巴塘县德云次巫乡人。母亲为竹巴笼山里苏冉家的子女。
(1)阿柏活佛现年70多岁,称谓拉宗格西,姓名罗桑降村,巴塘人,曾去印度,康宁寺前任堪布,现卸职在家赋闲。此为笔者于2010年8月12日在阿柏活佛寓所进行的访谈。
(2)参见Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind,pp.43,51.
(3)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.60.
(4)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:the Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,pp.101—102.
(5)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.88.
(6)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.84.
(1)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experietice in Mission Fields,p.134.
(2)Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind,p.78.
(3)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.91.
(4)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.94.
(5)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.104.
(6)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.104.
(7)Marian L,Duncan,"A Flame of the Fire",Lexington Theological Quarterly,Vol.XLII,No.2—4,2007,p.143.
(8)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet;A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.109.
(9)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet,p.119.
(10)Marian L.Duncan,A Flame of the Fire,p.150.
(11)Flora Shelton,Shelton of Tibet,p.142.
(1)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.73.
(2)Flora Shelton,Shelton of Tibet,pp.142-156.
(3)赵心愚等著:《康区藏族社会历史调查资料辑要》,成都:四川民族出版社,2004年,(前言)第12页。
(4)古纯仁著,李思纯译:《理塘与巴塘〈续〉》.《康藏研究月刊》1948年第20期,第1页。
(5)Flora Shelton,Shelton of Tibet,pp.149—153.
(1)Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind,p.49.
(2)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet;The Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,p.173.
(3)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.125.
(4)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:The Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,p.173.
(5)陈达娃:《巴塘县城区医药卫生事业的发展概况》,《巴塘志苑》1984年第4期,第3页。
(1)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,pp.97-98.
(2)四川省巴塘县志编纂委员会编:《巴塘县志》,成都:四川民族出版社,1993年,第420页。
(3)Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind,p.59.
(4)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,pp.99—100.
(5)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:The Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,p.147.
(6)Marian L.Duncan,A Flame of the Fire,p.163.
(7)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:The Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,p.148.
(8)Flora Shelton,Shelton of Tibet,p.188.
(9)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:The Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,p.173.
(1)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet;A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields.pp.71-72.
(2)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields.pp.67—68.
(3)Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind.pp.37-38.
(2)梁斌:《美籍传教士史德文在巴塘的前前后后》,《巴塘志苑》2005年,总第43期,第94页。
(3)梁斌:《美籍传教士史德文在巴塘的前前后后》,《巴塘志苑》2005年,总第43期,第95页。
(1)四川省巴塘县志编纂委员会编:《巴塘县志》,成都:四川民族出版社,1993年.第449~450页;陈达娃:《巴塘县城区医药卫生事业的发展概况》,《巴塘志苑》1984年第4期.第2~3页;欧建蓉:《基督教在巴塘的传入与发展》,《巴塘志苑》2006年卷总第44期,第43~44页;梁斌:《美籍传教士史德文在巴塘的前前后后》,第94~95页;刘吉西等编:《四川基督教》,成都:巴蜀书社,1992年.第435、595~596页;秦和平:《基督宗教在西南民族地区的传播史》,成都:四川民族出版社,2003年,第62页;国庆:《近代外国传教士入侵巴塘面面观》.中央民族学院藏学研究所编《藏学研究》,北京:中央民族学院出版社,1993年版.第77~87页;胡岩:《早期进藏的美国人》,《西藏民族学院学报》(哲社版)2006年第2期,第11~12页;刘君:《康区外国教会览析》,《西藏研究》1991年第1期,第88~92页。赵艾东:《美国传教士史德文在1917—1918年康藏纠纷中的活动与角色》,《西藏研究》2008年第6期,第71~79页。
(2)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,1921;Flora Shelton,Shelton of Tibet,New York:George H.Doran Company,1923;Douglas Wissing.Pioneer in Tibet:The Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2004;Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind,Tempe:Synergy Books,1989.
(3)赵艾东于2010年8月在巴塘进行了田野调查。
(4)1904年驻藏帮办大臣凤全在巴塘强行垦地并欺压藏民。次年巴塘丁林寺喇嘛首先暴动,继而群众蜂拥而起,杀死凤全及其随行卫队共65人。详见国庆:《赵尔丰及其巴塘经营》,《西藏研究》1989年第4期,第102页。
(5)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:the Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,pp.90—91.
(6)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:the Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,pp.88—89;Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.47.
(7)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.46.
(1)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet;A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,pp.46—47.
(2)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:the Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,pp.88;99-100.后来格桑旺堆在巴塘长期担任史德文的藏语老师,并与史夫人合作将《圣经》等经书和巴塘华西教会学校所使用的一些教材翻译为藏文,且在1918年康藏纠纷期间协助英国外交官台克满等人起草了昌都协议书。参见Flora Shelton,Shelton of Tibet,pp.188-189.
(3)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:the Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,p.99,Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.50.
(1)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields?p.56.
(2)Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind,p.57.
(3)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet;the Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,p.147;Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind,p.57.
(4)Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind,p.33.
(5)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,pp.70—71.
(6)2010年8月笔者在对康宁寺前任堪布阿柏活佛的访谈中了解到:居喇嘛出生于竹巴笼,曾结婚,其转世灵童生于1924年。其父亲茨曲是巴塘县德云次巫乡人。母亲为竹巴笼山里苏冉家的子女。
(1)阿柏活佛现年70多岁,称谓拉宗格西,姓名罗桑降村,巴塘人,曾去印度,康宁寺前任堪布,现卸职在家赋闲。此为笔者于2010年8月12日在阿柏活佛寓所进行的访谈。
(2)参见Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind,pp.43,51.
(3)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.60.
(4)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:the Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,pp.101—102.
(5)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.88.
(6)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.84.
(1)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experietice in Mission Fields,p.134.
(2)Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind,p.78.
(3)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.91.
(4)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.94.
(5)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.104.
(6)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.104.
(7)Marian L,Duncan,"A Flame of the Fire",Lexington Theological Quarterly,Vol.XLII,No.2—4,2007,p.143.
(8)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet;A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.109.
(9)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet,p.119.
(10)Marian L.Duncan,A Flame of the Fire,p.150.
(11)Flora Shelton,Shelton of Tibet,p.142.
(1)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.73.
(2)Flora Shelton,Shelton of Tibet,pp.142-156.
(3)赵心愚等著:《康区藏族社会历史调查资料辑要》,成都:四川民族出版社,2004年,(前言)第12页。
(4)古纯仁著,李思纯译:《理塘与巴塘〈续〉》.《康藏研究月刊》1948年第20期,第1页。
(5)Flora Shelton,Shelton of Tibet,pp.149—153.
(1)Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind,p.49.
(2)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet;The Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,p.173.
(3)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,p.125.
(4)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:The Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,p.173.
(5)陈达娃:《巴塘县城区医药卫生事业的发展概况》,《巴塘志苑》1984年第4期,第3页。
(1)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,pp.97-98.
(2)四川省巴塘县志编纂委员会编:《巴塘县志》,成都:四川民族出版社,1993年,第420页。
(3)Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind,p.59.
(4)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields,pp.99—100.
(5)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:The Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,p.147.
(6)Marian L.Duncan,A Flame of the Fire,p.163.
(7)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:The Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,p.148.
(8)Flora Shelton,Shelton of Tibet,p.188.
(9)Douglas Wissing,Pioneer in Tibet:The Life and Perils of Dr.Albert Shelton,p.173.
(1)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet;A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields.pp.71-72.
(2)Albert Shelton,Pioneering in Tibet:A Personal Record of Life and Experience in Mission Fields.pp.67—68.
(3)Dorris Still,Beyond the Devils in the Wind.pp.37-38.
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