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弥合伤痛、构建人间天堂:莫里森小说《天堂》中的宗教、族群和国家观念
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  • 英文论文题名:Healing of Hurt and Constructing a Paradise on Earth:The Concept of Religion,Community and Nation in Toni Morrison's Novel paradise
  • 论文作者:王勇智
  • 英文论文作者:Wang Yongzhi
  • 年:2015
  • 作者机构:北京第二外国语学院应用英语学院;
  • 论文关键词:天堂 ; 基督教 ; 族群 ; 国家
  • 英文论文关键词:Paradise ; Christianity ; Community ; National Identity
  • 会议召开时间:2015-07-01
  • 会议录名称:基督教思想评论(总第二十辑)
  • 英文会议录名称:Regent Review of Christian Thoughts
  • 语种:中文
  • 分类号:I712.074
  • 学会代码:ZJWH
  • 学会名称:宗教文化出版社
  • 页数:14
  • 文件大小:670k
  • 原文格式:O
摘要
《天堂》作为莫里森最具影响力和代表作品之一,在"历史三部曲"中占据着独特的位置。本文着眼于小说的宗教、社群与国家观念,揭示基督教的"天堂"观念如何为美国主流价值观中的"天命论"(Manifest Destiny)及"卓异论"(American Exceptionalism)的形成奠定了基础。美国黑人社群虽然在废除奴隶制后获得了人身自由,但是在经历了民权运动和黑人民族主义运动后,政治际遇并没有得到真正的改善,部分原因就在于这些主流的价值观在美国政治话语体系中得到继承和延续。黑人社群在争取平等权利的过程中不幸内化了以排斥和孤立为标识的主流价值观,从而无法疗治历史创伤、在建造为个体成长提供滋养并有效地实现自我更新与自我成长的新型社群方面也表现出无能。《天堂》对美国民权运动与黑人民族主义进行了深刻的反思,通过鲁比与修道院两种族群的刻画,对根植于基督教传统与《圣经》叙事的乌托邦式的"天堂"观念进行了批判,展现了多元灵性实践与信仰的疗救功能,探讨了建造人间乐园实现全面平等和社会公义的种种可能性,并敦促读者参与到这种人间乐园的想象与建构进程中。
Paradise as one of Toni Morrison's most successful works,is of special significance in her historical trilogy.Focusing on the concept of religion,community and nationhood,this article discusses the novel's critique of American mainstream values which are most conspicuously embodied in Manifest Destiny and American Exceptionalism.It is revealed that these mainstream values have been founded on the Christian concept of "paradise",featuring superiority and exclusion and inherited by American political discourse and law systems.These mainstream values are internalized by black communities in their pursuit of equality and justice during the Civil Rights Movement and Black Nationalism Movement.That partially explains why the black community symbolized by the "Town of Ruby" in Paradise fails to come to terms with historical traumas on the one hand and is unable to construct nurturing and growing community on the other.As a response to the failure of American Civil Rights Movement and Black Nationalism Movement,this novel critiques the concept of "paradise" based on Christian traditions and Biblical narratives,discusses the healing function of multiplicity of religious beliefs and spirituality and appeals to the readers for the imagination and construction of new types of community in this world different from Christian transcendental and utopia-like concept of "paradise".
引文
[1]梁颖:“天堂对传统乌托邦的颠覆”,载《世界文学评论》2012年第1期,第197页。
    [2]荆兴梅:“托尼莫里森三部曲的历史编撰元小说特征”,载《外国语文(双月刊)》2012年第l期,第30页。
    [1]荆兴梅,虞建华:“《天堂》的历史编码和政治隐喻”,载《外国文学研究》2013年第5期,第93-100页。该文中第二部分简要分析了《天堂》对“美国例外论”(American Exceptionalism)的批判,并没有将之与基督教的“天堂”观念相关联,也未能指出这种主流价值观为黑人社群所吸收和内化从而部分地导致民权运动失败的结果。
    [2]“蒙爱社群”,译自马丁·路德·金的“Beloved Community”概念,该表述多次出现在金的演说中,如1960年4月15日在北卡罗来纳州发表的演说中,金这样讲道:“There is another element that must be present in our struggle that then makes our resistance and nonviolence truly meaningful.That element is reconciliation.Our ultimate end must be the creation of the beloved community"。
    [3]Lawrence Grossberg,"On Postmodernism and Articulation:An Interview with Stuart Hall",in Stuart Hall;Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies,Eds.David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen,London:Routledge,1996,pp.131-150.
    [1]Lawrence Grossberg,"On Postmodernism and Articulation:An Interview with Stuart Hall",in Stuart Hall:Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies,Eds.David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen,London:Routledge,1996,p.143.
    [2]Toni Morrison,Paradise.New York;Penguin,1997,p.9.
    [3]Ibid.,p.74.
    [1]Toni Morrison,Paradise.New York:Penguin,1997,p.244.
    [2]Ibid.,p.244.
    [3]Ibid.,p.263.
    [4]Ibid.,p.18.
    [1]Toni Morrison,Paradise.New York:Penguin,1997,p.264.
    [2]Nancy Peterson,Against Amnesia:Contemporary Women Writers and the Crises of Historical Memory,Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,2001,p.1.
    [1]James Marcus,"This Side of Paradise."Interview with Toni Morrison.1998.Amazon.27Sept.2005 http://www.amazon.eom/exec/obidos/ta/feature/-/7651/104-8595730-1497527.
    [2]Toni Morrison,Paradise,New York:Penguin,1997,p.210.
    [3]Ibid.,p.117.
    [1]莫里森对后民权时代美国社会的批判在继《天堂》之后发表的小说《爱》(Love,2003)中得以延续。该小说通过对女性角色同时又是民权运动和黑人民族主义运动的活跃分子克里斯汀的塑造展现了这些运动的复杂特点:它们一方面为非裔美国人争取权益提供精神动力,另一方面却通过内化种族主义和内部压迫如强奸妇女等建立起一种新的不公,表明民权运动与黑人民族主义运动重复美国主流社会的以分化和暴力为特点的价值观从而无法真正改变不公正的社会现实。在谈论这些运动失败的原因时,克里斯汀说道:“就好像我们一开始被卖掉了,好不容易获得自由,又把自己出售给了出价最高的那群人”(Love,New York:Knopf,2003,p.185)。小说暗示非洲黑人社群通过吸收内化主流美国社会的价值观实施着内部压迫。
    [2]Carolyn Denard,"Blacks,Modernism,and the American South:An Interview with Toni Morrison",in Studies in the Literary Imagination,Vol.31,No.2(Summer,1998)p.11.
    [3]Peter Widdowson,"The American Dream Refashioned:History,Politics and Gender in Toni Morrison's Paradise",in Journal of American Studies,Vol.35,No.2(Summer,2001),pp.316-317.
    [1]也可译为“昭昭天命论”,起初由约翰L.欧沙利文(John L.O'Sullivan)杜撰,发表在《美国杂志和民主评论》(1845年7-8月刊),用于预言“实现昭昭天命,遍布上帝赋予的整个美洲大陆”,这一说法很快被美国国会中的扩张主义者所运用,为美国领土扩张提供依据。天命论在美国先后将德克萨斯、俄勒冈、新墨西哥和加利福尼亚并入美国版图的过程中频繁使用,为其侵略掠夺行为提供舆论依据。(参见http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/362216/Manifest-Destiny。)
    [2]王健:“朱落的‘天堂'——莫里森《天堂》的主题研究”,载《文学界(理论版)》2010年第5期,第4-5页。
    [3]Katrine Dalsgard,"The One All-Black Town Worth the Pain:(African)American Exceptionalism,Historical Narration,and the Critique of Nationhood in Toni Morrison's Paradise",in African American Review,Vol.35,2001,p.234.
    [1]Katrine Dalsgard,"The One All-Black Town Worth the Pain:(African)American Exceptionalism,Historical Narration,and the Critique of Nationhood in Toni Morrison's Paradise",in African American Review,Vol.35,2001,p.236.
    [2]Ibid.,pp.236-237.
    [3]Ibid.,p.306.
    [1]Katrine Dalsgard,"The One All-Black Town Worth the Pain:(African)American Exceptionalism,Historical Narration,and the Critique of Nationhood in Toni Morrison's Paradise",in African American Review,Vol.35,2001,p.81.
    [2]Delores S.Williams,Sisters in the Wilderness:The Challenge of Womanist God-Talk,Maryknoll,NY:Orbis,1993,pp.148-149.
    [1]Toni Morrison,"Rootedness:The Ancestor as Foundation",Black Women Writers(1950-1980):A Critical Evaluation,Ed.Man Evans,New York:Anchor Press,1984,p.341.
    [2]Ibid.,p.341.
    [3]James Marcus,"This Side of Paradise."Interview with Toni Morrison.1998.Amazon.27Sept.2005    [1]Toni Morrison,Paradise,New York:Penguin,1997,p.306.

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