竞争中立与国有企业改革:最新进展与中国应对
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- 论文作者：应品广
- 年：2014
- 作者机构：上海对外经贸大学WTO学院;
- 会议召开时间：2014-09-21
- 会议录名称：全面深化改革与现代国家治理——上海市社会科学界联合会第十二届学术年会论文集
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：F271;F276.1
- 学会代码：SHSL
- 会议名称：上海市社会科学界联合会第十二届学术年会
- 会议地点：中国上海
- 主办单位：上海市社会科学界联合会
- 学会名称：上海市社会科学界联合会
- 页数：43
- 文件大小：2376k
- 原文格式：O
- 会议级别：地方
摘要
<正>自竞争中立概念及其制度架构于20世纪90年代在澳大利亚最早提出并付诸实施以来,竞争中立已经成为风靡世界的重要词汇。所谓"竞争中立",简单地说,就是国家在市场竞争这一问题上应该对国有企业和私营企业一视同仁。竞争中立所要解决的,是国有企业因为所有制或国家的特殊对待在税收、信贷、监管等各方面享有的不公平的竞争优势。近年来,竞争中立已经成为西方责难我国国有经济享有不公平竞争优势的基本理论立足点,也是西方对我国参与国际
引文
①“国家竞争政策”包括了五大举措:(1)全面适用《1974年贸易行为法》(现《公平竞争与消费者保护法》)中的竞争行为准则;(2)对限制竞争的法律法规进行审查和修订;(3)引入竞争中立机制;(4)要求必需设备所有者向竞争者开放使用权;(5)建立价格监管制度。See The Council of Australian Governments,Competition Principles Agreement,available at:http://www.dpc.nsw.gov.au/_data/assets/pdf_file/0015/11472/Application_of_National_Competition_Policy_to_Local_Govemment_Appendix.pdf。
②OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-owned Enterprises,OECD Corporate Governalice Working Papers,OECD(2005),available at:www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/33/44787009.pdf.
①Australian Government Competition Neutrality Guideline for Managers,Commonwealth of Australia(2004),availale at:http://www.finance.gov.au/publicatious/finance-circulan/2004/docs/CN_Guidelines_26_Feb_2004.rtf,p.18.
①②Australian Government Competition Neutrality Guideline for Managers,Commonwealth of Australia(2004):http://www.finance.gov.au/publications/finance-circulars/2004/docs/CN_Guidelines_26_Feb_2004.rtf,p.23.
①See:Rate of Return Issues,CCNCO Research Paper,Commonwealth of Australia(1998),available at:http://www.pc.gov.au/_data/assets/pdf_file/0014/5414/cnror.pdf.
②设定基准回报率的方式主要有三种:一是加权平均资本成本(WACC),即将企业的资本成本作为商业回报的底线,该方式适用于同时进行资本投资和生产业务的混合型国有企业。二是风险等级分类(risk broad-banding)。当第一种方式不可行,但仍可以评估国企的市场风险等级时,则适用第二种方式。风险等级按照基准资本成本加上风险溢价的方式计算分为高、中、低风险三类。三是统一回报率标准(uniform rate of return),即设定单一的回报率值,一般适用于中小型国企。其计算方式是WACC加上中等风险溢价。
③衡量企业商业回报率的方式也有三种:一是考察经济回报率(economic rate of return),即计算企业国有资产市价的变化值加上企业净现金收入与资产在开放市场中价值的比值。该方法只适用于拥有大量国有资产的大型国有企业,因为小企业很难计算其资本的市值变化。二是贴现现金流量分析(discounted cash.flow analysis),即计算企业进行投资时,市场可接受的最低报酬率。如果一项业务的净现值大于零,则说明企业可以获得比基准回报率高的商业回报。三是考量会计收益率。该方法只依赖于经审计的会计账目,因而比较简单,易于操作,适用于小型国企。
①See Cash Management,Australian Office of Financial Management(2004),available at:http://www.aofm.gov.au/content/cash_management.asp.
②Competitive Neutrality and State-Owned Enterprises:Challenges and Policy Options,OECDCorporate Governance Working Papers,No.1,OECD(2011),available at:www.oecd.org/dsf/corporateaffaira/wp.
①Competitive Neutrality Complaints Strategy,George Town Council(2011),available at:http://www.georgetown.tas.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/No_5_Competitive_Neutrality_Complaints_Policy.pdf.
①Josh Taylor,“NBN Flirting with Competition Breach:Report,”ZDNet,December 9,2011,http://www.zdnet.com/nbn-flirting-with-competition-breach-report-1339327658/.
②Government of Australia,“Commonwealth 1997 Progress Report:Commonwealth Competitive Neutrality Annual Report 1996—97”.
①赵学清、温寒:《欧美竞争中立政策对我国国有企业影响研究》,《河北法学》2013年第1期。
①Commission Directive 80/723/EEC of 25 June 1980 on the Transparency of Financial Relations between Member States and Public Undertakings(OJ L 195,29.7.1980,p.35).
②王李乐:《区域自贸协定竞争问题谈判:现状与发展》,《国际经济合作》2013年第11期。
①黄志瑾:《国际造法过程中的竞争中立规则——兼论中国的对策》,《国际商务研究》2013年第5期。
②Cited in Deborah Elms(2011),“From the P4 Agreement to the Trans-Pacific Partnership:Explaining Expansion Interests in the Asia-Pacific Region”,in Simon J Evenett et al.(eds.),Trade-led Growth:A Sound Strategy for Asia,UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific,and Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade,p.145.
③Kimberly Amadeo,What Is the Trans-Pacific Partnership?Advantages,Disadvantages,Obstacles and Next Steps.http://useconomy.about.com/od/Trade-Agreementa/fl/What-Is-the-Trans-Pacific-Partnership.htm.
①Ian F Fergusson,William H Cooper,Remy Jurenas and Brock R Williams(2013),“The TransPacific Partnership Negotiations and Issues for Congress”,Congressional Research Service Reportfor Gongress,17 June,P.9.
②金中夏:《中国面对TPP的战略选择》,http://www.govinfo.so/news_info.php?id=21293。
③Mireya Solis(2011),“Last train for Asia-Pacific integration?:US objectives in the TPP negotiations”,Waseda University Organisation for Japan-US Studies Working PaperNo.201102,P.14.
④United States Senate Committee on Finance,“Hearing on Trans-Pacific Partnership:Opportunities and Challenges,”April 24,2013,http://www.finance.senate.gov/hearings/watch/?id=03508528-5056-a032-526a-67ec511d1ced.
①“U.S.SOE Proposal Raises Ire of Singapore State-Owned Investment Firm”,Inside U.S.Trade,May 13,2012.
②William Krist(2012),“Negotiations for a Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement”,Wilson Center Program onAmerica andtheGlobal Economy,p.19.
③“VietnamRejectsU.S.Push oin State Firms in Trade Talks”,The Financial Express,October 30,2011.
④“Australia Tables Alternative SOE Proposal at Peru TPP Negotiating Round”,Inside U.S.Trade,June 7.2013.
⑤Derek Scissors,“Why the Trans-Pacific Partnership Must Enhance Competitive Neutrality”,The Heritage Foundation,June 6,2013.
⑥“U.S.,Australia Narrow Differences on SOEs,But Challenges Still Remain”,Inside U.S.Trade,August 8,2013.
①在TPP成员中,目前只有日本和新加坡是GPA的成员。虽然新西兰在2012年8月15日宣布其将寻求加入,但目前为止尚未正式加入。
②Briefing Note:Government Procurement Agreement,http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist e/min11_e/brief_gpa_e.htm.
③Letter available at:http://donnaedwards.house.gov/uploads/Buy%20American%20TPP%20Ltr%20to%20Admin.pdf.
④“U.S.Seeks Delay in Addressing Sub-Central Procurement in TPP Talks”,World Trade Online,May 14.2012.
⑤“In TPP,Canada May Seek Bilateral Deals with U.S.On Procurement,Visas”,Inside U.S.Trade,March 15,2013.
①《TPP将设5年过渡期废除国有企业优待政策》,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/artcle/i/jyjl/j/201308/20130800261403.shtml。
②Alice Pham,The TPP Agreement:Chapter on Competition Policy,CUTS Hanoi,May,2013,http://a2knetwork.org/sites/default/files/tpp_competition_chapter.pdf.
③Briefing by members of the Emergency Committee for American Trade(ECAT).
①Outlines of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement:〈http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/pressoffice/factsheets/2011/november/outlines-trans-pacific-patrtnership-agreement〉.
②比如,该协议规定,新加坡政府必须确保任何政府企业“在购买或出售商品或服务时只能按照商业考虑行动”,并且新加坡应该公布满足协议“所覆盖实体”的组织的订单,主要是在新加坡设立的具有一定规模或具有足够的政府影响的公司。这份清单还应包括该组织的所有制结构、担任董事会成员的政府成员、资产的总收入。See USTR,United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement,May2003,pp.133—140,http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/agreements/fta/singapore/asset_upload_file708_4036.pdf.
①劳工团体特别关注国有企业对美国的投资,及其给国内市场的造成的潜在的不公平竞争。“Brown,Kyl Urge Disicplines on SOE U.S.Investments as Part of TPP Deal”,World Trade Online,August17,2011.
②Deborah A.McCarthy,Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary,Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs,U.S.Department of State,“State Capitalism and Competitive Neutrality”(speech,APCAC 2012 U.S.-Asia Business Summit,March 2,2012),http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/rm/2012/181520.htm;and Coalition of Service Industries;U.S.Chamber of Commerce,State-Owned Enterprises:Correcting a 21st Century Market Distortion.
③“USTR Expectedto ClarifyProvisionin SOE Proposal on‘HarmTest'Soon”,InsideU.S.Trade,March 22,2012.
④For more information,see CRS Report RL30365,Federal Government Corporations:An Overview,by Kevin R.Kosar.
⑤“U.S.Fixes Future-SOE‘Loophole,'Sends TPP Partners Proposed Text',Inside U.S.Trade,October 20.2011.
①https://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/legacy/gr//TPP%20Competition%20Chapter%20-%20Submission%202%20-%20KORUS%20Mark-Up.pdf.
②Susan E.Rice,“America's Future In Asia,”November 30,2013,http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/2013/11/21/remarks-prepared-delivery-national-security-advisor-susan-e-rice.
①“Come On,TTIP”,The Economist,February 16,2013.
②WHITE&CASE,EU outlines preliminary goals inconnection to first TTIP round,17 July 2013,http://www.lexology.corn/library/detail.aspx?g=105edc5d-d900-40ee-8a7f-67c44a93f516.
①Citizen Trade Policy Commission,Summary of EU TTIP position papers,September 19,2013,http://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/CTPCEUTHPpositionpaperssum.pdf.
②Statement of the U.S.Chamber ofCommerce on The Transatlantic Trade&Investment Partnership,to Office of the U.S.Trade Representative,May 10,2013,https://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/legacy/comments/USTR-2013-0019TTIP-U.S.ChamberofCommerceSubmission.pdf.
①5 U.S.C.s 804(2).
①John W.H.Denton(Partner),Mark McCowan(Partner),Andrew Percival(Special Counsel)&Alistair Newton(Senior Associate).COMPETITION PROVISIONS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS—THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE,8 November 2013,http://www.corrs.com.au/thinking/insights/competition-provisions-in-international-trade-agreements-the-cart-before-the-horse/.
①首先在2003年宣布,东盟共同体是由三个主要支柱组成,分别是东盟经济共同体、东盟安全共同体和东盟社会文化共同体。
②Cassey LEE and Yoshifumi FUKUNAGA,ASEAN Regional Cooperationon Competition Policy,ERIA Discussion Paper Series,A.pril 2013,http://www.eria.org/publications/discussion_papers/asean-regional-cooperation-on-competition-policy.html.
③James Wallar,Competition Policy for a Prosperous ASEAN Economic Community,January 6,2014,http://cogitasia.com/competition-policy-for-a-prosperous-asean-cconomic-community/.
①参见王李乐:《区域自贸协定竞争问题谈判:现状与发展》,《国际经济合作》2013年第11期。
①中国的国企改革更准确的说是“国有企业管理体制改革”,而非对国企本身的改革。
①在国家开发投资公司、中粮集团有限公司开展改组国有资本投资公司试点;在中国医药集团总公司、中国建筑材料集团公司开展发展混合所有制经济试点;在新兴际华集团有限公司、中国节能环保公司、中国医药集团总公司、中国建筑材料集团公司开展董事会行使高级管理人员选聘、业绩考核和薪酬管理职权试点;在国资委管理主要负责人的中央企业中,选择2—3家开展派驻纪检组试点。
①《国资委启动“四项改革”试点工作》,http://news.xinhuanet.com/2014-07/08/c_1111518300.htm。
②耿雁冰:《重提混合所有制:国企改革再出发》,http://jingji.21cbh.com/2013/11-14/3ONjUxXzkyODY3OA.html。
③《国资委启动混合所有制等四项改革试点》,http://www.chinairn.com/news/20140709/162023878.shtml。
①《民营银行试点名单揭晓首批10名额》,http://bank.cngold.org/huati/myyhsd2451308.html。
①民营银行分为筹建期和正式营业两个阶段。其中,筹建期为6个月,如果如期完不成筹建,有一次3个月的延期机会。这也意味着,我国首家民营银行最快有可能在2014年年底诞生,2015年全国“两会”之前刚刚获批的三家有可能全部正式开业。
②吉雪娇:《民营银行首发阵容出炉四川4家民企力争破冰》,http://cd.qq.com/a/20140730/013239.htm。
①参见卫祥云:《国企改革新思路:如何把正确的事做对》,电子工业出版社2013年版。
②或者更准确的说法是,划分国有企业的竞争性业务和非竞争性业务,对于竞争性业务逐步放开,对于非竞争性业务收归国有,实施特殊监管。
③对此,上海的做法值得借鉴。比如《意见二》明确,要利用国内外多层次资本市场,推动具备条件的企业集团实现整体上市,成为公众公司,发挥国有控股上市公司资源整合优势,推进竞争类国有企业主营业务资产、功能类和公共服务类国有企业竞争性业务资产上市,提高证券化水平。
①薛颖:《国企反垄断:不妨试试“竞争中立”》,http://finance.ifeng.com/opinion/mssd/20130517/8046687.shtml。
①Government of Australia,“Commonwealth 1997 Progress Report:Commonwealth Competitive Neutrality Annual Report 1996—97,”1998,http://ncp.ncc.gov.au/docs/AST1V2-003.pdf.
②唐宜红、姚曦:《竞争中立:国际市场新规则》,《国际贸易》2013年第3期。
③王婷:《竞争中立:国际贸易与投资规则的新焦点》,《国际经济合作》2012年第9期。
②OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-owned Enterprises,OECD Corporate Governalice Working Papers,OECD(2005),available at:www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/33/44787009.pdf.
①Australian Government Competition Neutrality Guideline for Managers,Commonwealth of Australia(2004),availale at:http://www.finance.gov.au/publicatious/finance-circulan/2004/docs/CN_Guidelines_26_Feb_2004.rtf,p.18.
①②Australian Government Competition Neutrality Guideline for Managers,Commonwealth of Australia(2004):http://www.finance.gov.au/publications/finance-circulars/2004/docs/CN_Guidelines_26_Feb_2004.rtf,p.23.
①See:Rate of Return Issues,CCNCO Research Paper,Commonwealth of Australia(1998),available at:http://www.pc.gov.au/_data/assets/pdf_file/0014/5414/cnror.pdf.
②设定基准回报率的方式主要有三种:一是加权平均资本成本(WACC),即将企业的资本成本作为商业回报的底线,该方式适用于同时进行资本投资和生产业务的混合型国有企业。二是风险等级分类(risk broad-banding)。当第一种方式不可行,但仍可以评估国企的市场风险等级时,则适用第二种方式。风险等级按照基准资本成本加上风险溢价的方式计算分为高、中、低风险三类。三是统一回报率标准(uniform rate of return),即设定单一的回报率值,一般适用于中小型国企。其计算方式是WACC加上中等风险溢价。
③衡量企业商业回报率的方式也有三种:一是考察经济回报率(economic rate of return),即计算企业国有资产市价的变化值加上企业净现金收入与资产在开放市场中价值的比值。该方法只适用于拥有大量国有资产的大型国有企业,因为小企业很难计算其资本的市值变化。二是贴现现金流量分析(discounted cash.flow analysis),即计算企业进行投资时,市场可接受的最低报酬率。如果一项业务的净现值大于零,则说明企业可以获得比基准回报率高的商业回报。三是考量会计收益率。该方法只依赖于经审计的会计账目,因而比较简单,易于操作,适用于小型国企。
①See Cash Management,Australian Office of Financial Management(2004),available at:http://www.aofm.gov.au/content/cash_management.asp.
②Competitive Neutrality and State-Owned Enterprises:Challenges and Policy Options,OECDCorporate Governance Working Papers,No.1,OECD(2011),available at:www.oecd.org/dsf/corporateaffaira/wp.
①Competitive Neutrality Complaints Strategy,George Town Council(2011),available at:http://www.georgetown.tas.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/No_5_Competitive_Neutrality_Complaints_Policy.pdf.
①Josh Taylor,“NBN Flirting with Competition Breach:Report,”ZDNet,December 9,2011,http://www.zdnet.com/nbn-flirting-with-competition-breach-report-1339327658/.
②Government of Australia,“Commonwealth 1997 Progress Report:Commonwealth Competitive Neutrality Annual Report 1996—97”.
①赵学清、温寒:《欧美竞争中立政策对我国国有企业影响研究》,《河北法学》2013年第1期。
①Commission Directive 80/723/EEC of 25 June 1980 on the Transparency of Financial Relations between Member States and Public Undertakings(OJ L 195,29.7.1980,p.35).
②王李乐:《区域自贸协定竞争问题谈判:现状与发展》,《国际经济合作》2013年第11期。
①黄志瑾:《国际造法过程中的竞争中立规则——兼论中国的对策》,《国际商务研究》2013年第5期。
②Cited in Deborah Elms(2011),“From the P4 Agreement to the Trans-Pacific Partnership:Explaining Expansion Interests in the Asia-Pacific Region”,in Simon J Evenett et al.(eds.),Trade-led Growth:A Sound Strategy for Asia,UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific,and Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade,p.145.
③Kimberly Amadeo,What Is the Trans-Pacific Partnership?Advantages,Disadvantages,Obstacles and Next Steps.http://useconomy.about.com/od/Trade-Agreementa/fl/What-Is-the-Trans-Pacific-Partnership.htm.
①Ian F Fergusson,William H Cooper,Remy Jurenas and Brock R Williams(2013),“The TransPacific Partnership Negotiations and Issues for Congress”,Congressional Research Service Reportfor Gongress,17 June,P.9.
②金中夏:《中国面对TPP的战略选择》,http://www.govinfo.so/news_info.php?id=21293。
③Mireya Solis(2011),“Last train for Asia-Pacific integration?:US objectives in the TPP negotiations”,Waseda University Organisation for Japan-US Studies Working PaperNo.201102,P.14.
④United States Senate Committee on Finance,“Hearing on Trans-Pacific Partnership:Opportunities and Challenges,”April 24,2013,http://www.finance.senate.gov/hearings/watch/?id=03508528-5056-a032-526a-67ec511d1ced.
①“U.S.SOE Proposal Raises Ire of Singapore State-Owned Investment Firm”,Inside U.S.Trade,May 13,2012.
②William Krist(2012),“Negotiations for a Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement”,Wilson Center Program onAmerica andtheGlobal Economy,p.19.
③“VietnamRejectsU.S.Push oin State Firms in Trade Talks”,The Financial Express,October 30,2011.
④“Australia Tables Alternative SOE Proposal at Peru TPP Negotiating Round”,Inside U.S.Trade,June 7.2013.
⑤Derek Scissors,“Why the Trans-Pacific Partnership Must Enhance Competitive Neutrality”,The Heritage Foundation,June 6,2013.
⑥“U.S.,Australia Narrow Differences on SOEs,But Challenges Still Remain”,Inside U.S.Trade,August 8,2013.
①在TPP成员中,目前只有日本和新加坡是GPA的成员。虽然新西兰在2012年8月15日宣布其将寻求加入,但目前为止尚未正式加入。
②Briefing Note:Government Procurement Agreement,http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist e/min11_e/brief_gpa_e.htm.
③Letter available at:http://donnaedwards.house.gov/uploads/Buy%20American%20TPP%20Ltr%20to%20Admin.pdf.
④“U.S.Seeks Delay in Addressing Sub-Central Procurement in TPP Talks”,World Trade Online,May 14.2012.
⑤“In TPP,Canada May Seek Bilateral Deals with U.S.On Procurement,Visas”,Inside U.S.Trade,March 15,2013.
①《TPP将设5年过渡期废除国有企业优待政策》,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/artcle/i/jyjl/j/201308/20130800261403.shtml。
②Alice Pham,The TPP Agreement:Chapter on Competition Policy,CUTS Hanoi,May,2013,http://a2knetwork.org/sites/default/files/tpp_competition_chapter.pdf.
③Briefing by members of the Emergency Committee for American Trade(ECAT).
①Outlines of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement:〈http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/pressoffice/factsheets/2011/november/outlines-trans-pacific-patrtnership-agreement〉.
②比如,该协议规定,新加坡政府必须确保任何政府企业“在购买或出售商品或服务时只能按照商业考虑行动”,并且新加坡应该公布满足协议“所覆盖实体”的组织的订单,主要是在新加坡设立的具有一定规模或具有足够的政府影响的公司。这份清单还应包括该组织的所有制结构、担任董事会成员的政府成员、资产的总收入。See USTR,United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement,May2003,pp.133—140,http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/agreements/fta/singapore/asset_upload_file708_4036.pdf.
①劳工团体特别关注国有企业对美国的投资,及其给国内市场的造成的潜在的不公平竞争。“Brown,Kyl Urge Disicplines on SOE U.S.Investments as Part of TPP Deal”,World Trade Online,August17,2011.
②Deborah A.McCarthy,Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary,Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs,U.S.Department of State,“State Capitalism and Competitive Neutrality”(speech,APCAC 2012 U.S.-Asia Business Summit,March 2,2012),http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/rm/2012/181520.htm;and Coalition of Service Industries;U.S.Chamber of Commerce,State-Owned Enterprises:Correcting a 21st Century Market Distortion.
③“USTR Expectedto ClarifyProvisionin SOE Proposal on‘HarmTest'Soon”,InsideU.S.Trade,March 22,2012.
④For more information,see CRS Report RL30365,Federal Government Corporations:An Overview,by Kevin R.Kosar.
⑤“U.S.Fixes Future-SOE‘Loophole,'Sends TPP Partners Proposed Text',Inside U.S.Trade,October 20.2011.
①https://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/legacy/gr//TPP%20Competition%20Chapter%20-%20Submission%202%20-%20KORUS%20Mark-Up.pdf.
②Susan E.Rice,“America's Future In Asia,”November 30,2013,http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/2013/11/21/remarks-prepared-delivery-national-security-advisor-susan-e-rice.
①“Come On,TTIP”,The Economist,February 16,2013.
②WHITE&CASE,EU outlines preliminary goals inconnection to first TTIP round,17 July 2013,http://www.lexology.corn/library/detail.aspx?g=105edc5d-d900-40ee-8a7f-67c44a93f516.
①Citizen Trade Policy Commission,Summary of EU TTIP position papers,September 19,2013,http://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/CTPCEUTHPpositionpaperssum.pdf.
②Statement of the U.S.Chamber ofCommerce on The Transatlantic Trade&Investment Partnership,to Office of the U.S.Trade Representative,May 10,2013,https://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/legacy/comments/USTR-2013-0019TTIP-U.S.ChamberofCommerceSubmission.pdf.
①5 U.S.C.s 804(2).
①John W.H.Denton(Partner),Mark McCowan(Partner),Andrew Percival(Special Counsel)&Alistair Newton(Senior Associate).COMPETITION PROVISIONS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS—THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE,8 November 2013,http://www.corrs.com.au/thinking/insights/competition-provisions-in-international-trade-agreements-the-cart-before-the-horse/.
①首先在2003年宣布,东盟共同体是由三个主要支柱组成,分别是东盟经济共同体、东盟安全共同体和东盟社会文化共同体。
②Cassey LEE and Yoshifumi FUKUNAGA,ASEAN Regional Cooperationon Competition Policy,ERIA Discussion Paper Series,A.pril 2013,http://www.eria.org/publications/discussion_papers/asean-regional-cooperation-on-competition-policy.html.
③James Wallar,Competition Policy for a Prosperous ASEAN Economic Community,January 6,2014,http://cogitasia.com/competition-policy-for-a-prosperous-asean-cconomic-community/.
①参见王李乐:《区域自贸协定竞争问题谈判:现状与发展》,《国际经济合作》2013年第11期。
①中国的国企改革更准确的说是“国有企业管理体制改革”,而非对国企本身的改革。
①在国家开发投资公司、中粮集团有限公司开展改组国有资本投资公司试点;在中国医药集团总公司、中国建筑材料集团公司开展发展混合所有制经济试点;在新兴际华集团有限公司、中国节能环保公司、中国医药集团总公司、中国建筑材料集团公司开展董事会行使高级管理人员选聘、业绩考核和薪酬管理职权试点;在国资委管理主要负责人的中央企业中,选择2—3家开展派驻纪检组试点。
①《国资委启动“四项改革”试点工作》,http://news.xinhuanet.com/2014-07/08/c_1111518300.htm。
②耿雁冰:《重提混合所有制:国企改革再出发》,http://jingji.21cbh.com/2013/11-14/3ONjUxXzkyODY3OA.html。
③《国资委启动混合所有制等四项改革试点》,http://www.chinairn.com/news/20140709/162023878.shtml。
①《民营银行试点名单揭晓首批10名额》,http://bank.cngold.org/huati/myyhsd2451308.html。
①民营银行分为筹建期和正式营业两个阶段。其中,筹建期为6个月,如果如期完不成筹建,有一次3个月的延期机会。这也意味着,我国首家民营银行最快有可能在2014年年底诞生,2015年全国“两会”之前刚刚获批的三家有可能全部正式开业。
②吉雪娇:《民营银行首发阵容出炉四川4家民企力争破冰》,http://cd.qq.com/a/20140730/013239.htm。
①参见卫祥云:《国企改革新思路:如何把正确的事做对》,电子工业出版社2013年版。
②或者更准确的说法是,划分国有企业的竞争性业务和非竞争性业务,对于竞争性业务逐步放开,对于非竞争性业务收归国有,实施特殊监管。
③对此,上海的做法值得借鉴。比如《意见二》明确,要利用国内外多层次资本市场,推动具备条件的企业集团实现整体上市,成为公众公司,发挥国有控股上市公司资源整合优势,推进竞争类国有企业主营业务资产、功能类和公共服务类国有企业竞争性业务资产上市,提高证券化水平。
①薛颖:《国企反垄断:不妨试试“竞争中立”》,http://finance.ifeng.com/opinion/mssd/20130517/8046687.shtml。
①Government of Australia,“Commonwealth 1997 Progress Report:Commonwealth Competitive Neutrality Annual Report 1996—97,”1998,http://ncp.ncc.gov.au/docs/AST1V2-003.pdf.
②唐宜红、姚曦:《竞争中立:国际市场新规则》,《国际贸易》2013年第3期。
③王婷:《竞争中立:国际贸易与投资规则的新焦点》,《国际经济合作》2012年第9期。
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