论南海地区国家航空行为的研判与合法性标准
详细信息 查看官网全文
- 英文论文题名：Standards to Identify and Decide the Legality of State Aviation Behaviors Performed in the South China Sea Region
- 论文作者：李亚凝 ; XIE Hongyue
- 英文论文作者：LI Yaning ; XIE Hongyue ; Law School of the Central University of Finance and Economics
- 年：2016
- 作者机构：中央财经大学法学院;
- 论文关键词：民用航空行为 ; 国家航空行为 ; 国际法 ; 民用航空公约
- 英文论文关键词：Civil aviation behavior ; State aviation behavior ; International law ; Conventions on civil aviation
- 会议召开时间：2016-12-01
- 会议录名称：中国海洋法学评论（2016年卷第2期 总第24期）
- 英文会议录名称：China Oceans Law Review(Volume 2016 Number 2)
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：D993.4
- 学会代码：XMHY
- 学会名称：厦门大学海洋法与中国东南海疆研究中心
- 页数：71
- 文件大小：1838k
- 原文格式：D
摘要
南海地区上空是中国管理和开发其东沙群岛、中沙群岛、西沙群岛、南沙群岛及其附近海域的重要支撑体的一部分,中国对南海上空享有的权利包括维持中国大陆领土与其密不可分的群岛水域之间的主权联系,以及群岛自身发展所必需的既有的以及将来应当具有的一切权利。其他国家的"航行及飞越自由"不能干扰到此种权利的实现。学术界与实务界对航空器与航空行为的混淆使用,以及国家航空行为的概念研究缺失,使得国家航空行为以及国家航空行为国际运行的研判标准不明。本文通过对既有概念与定义的梳理,厘清了"航空器"与"航空行为"的区别,并在此基础上,通过分析国家航空器的目的属性与行为属性,界定了国家航空行为的概念。本文最后还对判定国家航空国行为国际运行的合法性标准进行了整理。
The South China Sea(SCS) airspace is a part of the important base supporting China's management and development of Dongsha, Zhongsha, Xisha and Nansha Islands as well as their adjacent waters. China's entitlement to the SCS airspace should include, all the existing and future rights necessary for the development of these SCS islands, and for the maintenance of the sovereign relations between China's mainland territory and its indispensable archipelagic waters. The freedom of navigation and overflight of other States should be without prejudice to China's exercise of such rights. Currently, the two concepts, "aircraft" and "aviation behaviors", are confused and used interchangeably both in the academic and practitioner circles. In addition, studies on the notion of state aviation behavior are few. Therefore, there is no clear standard to identify state aviation behaviors or state aviation behaviors performed in foreign or international airspace. This paper, by collating and examining the existing concepts and definitions, clarifies the differences between "aircraft" and "aviation behavior." Further, it defines the notion of state aviation behavior after reviewing the purpose and behavioral attributes of state aircraft. Lastly, the author sorts out the standards which can be applied to decide the legality of state aviation behaviors performed in foreign and international airspace.
The South China Sea(SCS) airspace is a part of the important base supporting China's management and development of Dongsha, Zhongsha, Xisha and Nansha Islands as well as their adjacent waters. China's entitlement to the SCS airspace should include, all the existing and future rights necessary for the development of these SCS islands, and for the maintenance of the sovereign relations between China's mainland territory and its indispensable archipelagic waters. The freedom of navigation and overflight of other States should be without prejudice to China's exercise of such rights. Currently, the two concepts, "aircraft" and "aviation behaviors", are confused and used interchangeably both in the academic and practitioner circles. In addition, studies on the notion of state aviation behavior are few. Therefore, there is no clear standard to identify state aviation behaviors or state aviation behaviors performed in foreign or international airspace. This paper, by collating and examining the existing concepts and definitions, clarifies the differences between "aircraft" and "aviation behavior." Further, it defines the notion of state aviation behavior after reviewing the purpose and behavioral attributes of state aircraft. Lastly, the author sorts out the standards which can be applied to decide the legality of state aviation behaviors performed in foreign and international airspace.
引文
1杜德斌、范斐、马亚华:《南海主权争端的战略态势及中国的应对方略》,载于《世界地理研究》2012年第2期,第1页。
2李金明:《南海断续线的法律地位:历史性水域、疆域线、抑或岛屿归属线?》,载于《南洋问题研究》2010年第4期,第22~29页;李金明:《南海断续线:产生背景及其法律地位》,载于《现代国际关系》2012年第9期,第7~14页。国家海洋局海洋发展战略研究所所长高之国认为,中国地图上的“U形线”与其说是传统的海上疆域线,不如说是岛屿归属线。他写道:“仔细研究中国文件可以看出,中国从未对南海整个海域提出过声称,而仅是对断续线内的群岛及其周围海域”。
3金永明:《中国南海断续线的性质及线内水域的法律地位》,载于《中国法学》2012年第6期,第36~48页。
4我国《民用航空法》第五条也采用了同样的表述方法,表述为“本法所称民用航空器,是指除用于执行军事、海关、警察飞行任务外的航空器。”
5 FAA Says Shooting Down Drones Is a Federal Crime,at http://www.engadget.com/2016/04/18/faa-says-shooting-down-drones-is-a-federal-crime/,22 November 2016.
6 18 USC 32:(a)Whoever willfully-(1)sets fire to,damages,destroys,disables,or wrecks any aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States or any civil aircraft used,operated,or employed in interstate,overseas,or foreign air commerce;...shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years or both.这一表述中显然也是采用了“aircraft”,并没有区分航空行为。
7 1)A类只允许IFR飞行,所有航空器之间配备间隔,提供ATC服务,要求实现地空双向通信,进入空域要进行ATC许可;2)B类允许IFR和VFR飞行,其它同A类;3)C类只要求IFR飞行之间、IFR和VFR飞行之间配备间隔,对IFR飞行之间、IFR和VFR飞行之间提供ATC服务,其它同B;4)D类只要求IFR飞行之间配备间隔,对IFR飞行之间提供ATC服务,对VFR飞行提供飞行情报服务,其它同C;5)E类只需要IFR飞行实现地空双向通信,VFR飞行进入空域不需要ATC许可,其他同D;6)F类空域对IFR飞行提供交通资讯和情报服务,VFR飞行提供飞行情报服务,所有航空器进入空域都不需要ATC许可,其它同E;7)G类空域不需要提供间隔服务,对飞行提供飞行情报服务,只要求IFR飞行实现地空双向通信,进入空域不需要ATC许可,其它同F。
8傅崐成、郑凡:《群岛的整体性与航行自由--关于中国在南海适用群岛制度的思考》,载于《上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2015年第6期,第5~13页。
9例如,《国际航班过境协定》第一条第一节规定,“每一缔约国给予其他缔约国以下列关于定期国际航班的空中自由:(一)不降停而飞越其领土的权利;(二)非运输业务性降停的权利。本节所规定的权利不适用于对定期国际航班禁止使用的军用机场。在战争或军事占领地区及战时通往此项地区的补给路线上,此项权利的行使须经军事主管当局的核准”。另外,《国际航空运输协定》第一条第一节规定,“每一缔约国给予其他缔约国以下述关于定期国际航班的空中自由:(一)不降停而飞越其领土的权利;(二)非运输业务性降停的权利;(三)卸下来自航空器所属国领土的客、货、邮的权利;(四)装载前往航空器所属国领土的客、货、邮的权利;(五)装卸前往或来自任何其他缔约国领土客、货、邮的权利。关于本节(三)、(四)、(五)各项所规定的权利,每一缔约国所承允的,仅限于构成来自或前往该航空器所属国本土的合理的直接航线上的直达航班。本节所规定的权利不适用于对定期国际航班禁止使用的军用机场。在战争或军事占领地区及战时通往此等地区的补给线上,此项权利的行使须经军事主管当局核准”。
10 Tarcisio Gazzimi,The Changing Rules on the Use of Force in International Law,Manchester:Manchester University Press,2005,p.132.
11 James A.Green,Docking the Caroline:Understanding the Relevance of the Formula in Temporary Customary International Law Concerning Self-Defense,Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law,Vol.14,Issue 2,2006,pp.433~435.
12 R.Y.Jennings,The Caroline and Mcleod Cases,American Journal of International Law,Vol.32,Issue 1,1938,pp.91~92.
13周鲠生著:《国际法》,北京:商务印书馆1981年版,第199页。
14许光建主编:《联合国宪章诠释》,太原:山西教育出版社1999年版,第353~360页。
15 Ian Brownlie,International Law and the Use of Force by States,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1963,p.367.
16 Singh M.Narendra,The Right of Self-Defence in Relation to the Use of Nuclear Weapons,Indian Yearbook of International Affairs,1956,Vol.5,pp.25~26.
17 Ian Brownlie,International Law and the Use of Force by States,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1963,pp.366~369.
18《美国空军举行击落被劫民航客机的实战演习》,下载于http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2003-10-05/153963.html,2016年11月24日。
19许桂敏:《俄罗斯反恐立法特点评介》,载于《环球法律评论》2013年第1期,第57页。
20《防“9·11”重演欧洲各国立法允许击落遭劫持飞机》,下载于http://news.tom.com/1003/3295/2005114-1761852.html,2016年11月24日。
21 Sean D.Murphy,Terrorism and the Concept of Armed Attack in Article 51 of the UNCharter,Harvard International Law Journal,Vol.43,No.1,2002,pp.45~46.
22 Christopher Greenwood,International Law and the Pre-emptive Use of Force:Afghanistan,Al-Qaida,and Iraq,San Diego International Law Journal,Vol.4,2003,pp.16~17.
23笔者参与了2015年7月13日至15日国际民航组织在加拿大蒙特利尔召开的第四次特别小组会议,审查了《国际民用航空公约》及其他民航条约中有关冲突区规定的适用问题。特别小组会议共有来自中国、美国、俄罗斯、乌克兰等15个国家的代表参加,最终讨论通过了“特别小组关于审查国际民航条约中有关冲突区规定的适用问题的报告”,并准备向理事会提交。
24国际民航组织的宗旨和目的在于:确保全世界国际民用航空安全地和有秩序地发展;鼓励为和平用途的航空器的设计和操作技术;鼓励发展国际民用航空应用的航路、机场和航行设施;满足世界人民对安全、正常、有效和经济的航空运输的需要;防止因不合理的竞争而造成经济上的浪费;保证缔约各国的权利充分受到尊重,每一缔约国均有经营国际空运企业的公平的机会;避免缔约各国之间的差别待遇;促进国际航行的飞行安全;普遍促进国际民用航空在各方面的发展。
25 Secretariat Study on“Civil/State Aircraft”,C-WP/9835 of 22/09/1993,presented by the Secretary General at the ICAO Council 140th Session.
26 ICAO Global Provisions Regarding Aircraft Operations,ICAO Civil/Military Cooperation Symposium,Paris,France,14-15 April 2015,at http://www.icao.int/RO_EURNAT/Other%20Meetings%20Seminars%20and%20Workshops/ICAO%20Civil-Military%20Cooperation%20Meetings/ICAO%20Civil-military%20Cooperation%20Symposium%202015/ICMCS%20PPT12.pdf,24 November 2016.
27 George Firican,State Aircraft in RVSM Airspace,ICAO Civil/Military Coordination Workshop,Kiev Ukraine,28-31 October 2013,at http://www.icao.int/RO_EURNAT/Other%20Meetings%20Seminars%20and%20Workshops/ICAO%20Civil-Military%20Cooperation%20Meetings/ICAO%20Civil-military%20Cooperation%20Seminar%202013/Kiev%20day%201%20George%20Firican%20State%20Aircraft%20in%20RVSM%20airspace.pdf,24 November 2016.
28 Foreign Air Operator Validation&Surveillance Course,p.7,at http://www.icao.int/safety/implementation/library/a_icao_convention_annexes_related_to_fao_2009_07_r1.pdf,24November 2016.
29 Dmitry Kosolapov,Improve Safety for Flight over the High Seas,ICAO Civil/Military Cooperation Symposium,Paris,France,14-15 April 2015,p.4,at http://www.icao.int/RO_EURNAT/Other%20Meetings%20Seminars%20and%20Workshops/ICAO%20CivilMilitary%20Cooperation%20Meetings/ICAO%20Civil-military%20Cooperation%20Symposium%202015/ICMCS%20PPT07.pdf,24 November 2016.
30 EUROCONTROL,Guidance Material for the Certification and Operation of State Aircraft in European RVSM Airspace,at https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/article/content/documents/official-documents/guidance/2012-cmac-rma-military-guidance.pdf,24November 2016.
31 NATO Policy for Civil/Military Aircraft Operating in Support of NATO or NATO-led Missions and Operations,at http://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2016_08/20160804_1608-NATO-Policy-civil-military-aircraft.pdf,24 November 2016.
32 U.S.Air Force:State Aircraft Issues,ICAO’s 1st RVSM Seminar for CAR/SAM Region,ICAO’s 2nd RVSM Seminar for CAR/SAM Region,at http://www.icao.int/RO_SAM/Documents/2003/RVSMII/P-Storm-State%20Aircraft-E.pdf#search=State%20Aircraft%20%20%20us%20AIr%20force,17 December 2016.
33黄力华:《国家航空器法律问题研究》,载于《现代法学》2000年第6期,第146~149页;李文莉:《国家航空器在国际法上的地位--从“南海撞机事件”谈起》,载于《安徽职业警官学院学报》2003年第3期,第26~27页。
34中国民用航空总局令第86号《中国民用航空空中交通管理规则》1999年7月5日发布,2000年1月5日实施。
35中国民用航空总局令第136号《民用航空飞行签派员执照管理规则》2004年12月16日发布,2005年1月15日实施。
36中国民用航空总局明传电报《中国民用航空总局关于奥运会(残奥会)期间外国飞机临时飞行计划申请、审批的通知》2008年2月发布,2008年7月1日实施。
37中国民用航空局令第224号《民用航空器驾驶员和地面教员合格审定规则》2014年7月10日发布,2014年9月1日实施。
38《波音创造民航飞机改军用历史》,载于《北京日报》2007年5月22日。例如,波音737-100式飞机的设计目的是一种只有65到80个座位的小容量短途载客用机,因此波音737-100式飞机的航空器性质是民用航空器。但是从波音公司的产品发展来看,波音大型喷气客机形成了707、737、747、757、767、777系列,787也在研制试生产中。波音公司也应军需,将它们同时改装为军用飞机,如707-320B被改装为空军预警机,于1972年首飞;2006年11月,韩国向波音订购了4架E-737预警机,使韩国能监视整个朝鲜半岛及周边国家部分空域;747在1977年被改装后,就用作航天飞机的载机至今;767增加KC-767加油机,可以直接为远程重型战略轰炸机B-52H空中加油;1993年日本又成为767预警机的发起用户,并已装备了4架。
39例如,1981年6月7日以色列空军实施“巴比伦计划”,出动14架飞机偷袭了伊拉克首都巴格达东南约20公里处的核反应堆,以色列对突击飞机全部采用约旦空军涂装,沙特雷达曾发现并令其通报身份,以色列飞行员即以流利的阿拉伯语回答道:“是约旦空军,例行训练。”对方信以为真。当约旦雷达发现时,由于机群编队密集,在雷达屏幕上显示的图像只是一个模糊的亮点,很像一架大型运输机,以飞行员即用国际通用美语回答是“民航机”,再次蒙混过关。
40国籍标志选定规则:国籍标志须从国际电联分配给登记国的无线电呼叫信号中的国籍代号系列中选择,须将国籍标志通知国际民航组织。
41国际民航组织理事会于1969年1月23日通过了附件七第3次修改,并于同年5月23日生效,引进了“共用标志”、“共用标志登记当局”、“国际经营机构”等词。按《国际民用航空公约》第77条规定,预期不以国家形式登记航空器的,可以采用共用标志。共用标志须从国际电联分配给国际民航组织的无线电呼叫信号的代号系列中选定。由国际民航组织给共用标志登记当局指定共用标志。例如,1983年国际民航组织理事会会议决定,阿拉伯航空货运公司(约旦和伊拉克联营)联合登记的航空器具有共用标志4YB,由约旦保存并登记,约旦和伊拉克共同承担国际民航组织规定的责任。
42一般规定,登记标志须是字母、数字或者两者的组合,列在国籍标志之后,第一位是字母的,则国籍标志与登记标志之间应有一短划。临时登记标志主要针对尚未取得国籍登记证的航空器。我国《民用航空器国籍登记规定》规定,当用于试验和表演飞行,为支付出口的调机飞行(在国外交付时)以及民航总局认为必要的情况下,可申请临时登记标志。具有临时登记标志的航空器不得从事客货运输及其他经营活动。
43《习近平在和平共处五项原则发表60周年纪念大会上的讲话》,下载于http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2014-06/29/content_2709613.htm,2016年11月24日。
1 Du Debin,Fan Fei and Ma Yahua,Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea and China’s Strategies,World Regional Studies,Vol.21,No.2,2012,p.1.(in Chinese)
2 Li Jinming,The Legal Status of the U-shaped Line in the South China Sea:Historic Waters,Maritime Boundary or a Line of Islands Ownership?,Southeast Asian Affairs,No.4,2010,pp.22~29(in Chinese);Li Jinming,Background and Legal Status of the U-shaped Line in the South China Sea,Contemporary International Relations,No.9,2012,pp.7~14(in Chinese).Gao Zhiguo,the Director of China Institute for Marine Affairs,SOA,argues that the U-shaped line on the Chinese map is merely a line that delineates ownership of islands rather than a maritime boundary in the conventional sense.He wrote in an article,“[a]careful study of Chinese documents reveals that China never has claimed the entire water column of the South China Sea,but only the islands and their surrounding waters within the line.”
3 Jin Yongming,The Nature of China’s U-shaped Line in the South China Sea and the Legal Status of Waters Enclosed by the Line,China Legal Science,No.6,2012,pp.36~48.(in Chinese)
4 Article 5 of the Civil Aviation Law of the People’s Republic of China also adopts the same expression,namely,“Civil aircraft mentioned in this law refer to aircraft other than those used for flying mission of military,customs and police operations.”
6 18 USC 32:(a)Whoever willfully-(1)sets fire to,damages,destroys,disables,or wrecks any aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States or any civil aircraft used,operated,or employed in interstate,overseas,or foreign air commerce;…shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years or both.Obviously,this provision used the word“aircraft”,without distinguishing aviation behaviors.
7 1)Class A:IFR flights only are permitted,all flights are separated from each other and provided with air traffic control(ATC)service;continuous two-way radio communication is mandatory,and all flights are required to follow ATC clearances.2)Class B:IFR and VFR flights are permitted;other requirements are identical with those of Class A.3)Class C:IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights;VFR flights are separated from IFRflights;all these flights are provided with ATC service,and other requirements are identical with those of Class B.4)Class D:IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and are provided with ATC service;VFR flights receive traffic information in respect of all other flights;and other requirements are identical with those of Class C.5)Class E:continuous two-way radio communication is mandatory for IFR flights;VFR flights are not required to follow ATC clearances;and other requirements are identical with those of Class D.6)Class F:IFR flights receive air traffic advisory and information service and VFR flights receive flight information service;all flights are not required to follow ATC clearances;and other requirements are identical with those of Class E.7)Class G:flights are not required to separated from each other,and all flights are provided with flight information service;continuous two-way radio communication is mandatory for IFR flights;flights are not required to follow ATC clearances;and other requirements are identical with those of Class F.
8 Kuen-chen Fu and Zheng Fan,Unity of Archipelago and Freedom of Navigation:Some Suggestions on Applying Archipelagic Regime in the South China Sea,Journal of SJTU(Philosophy and Social Sciences),Vol.23,No.6,2015,pp.5~13.(in Chinese)
9 Article 1(1)of the International Air Services Transit Agreement provides that:“Each contracting State grants to the other contracting States the following freedoms of the air in respect of scheduled international air services:1.The privilege to fly across its territory without landing;2.The privilege to land for non-traffic purposes.The privileges of this section shall not be applicable with respect to airports utilized for military purposes to the exclusion of any scheduled international air services.In areas of active hostilities or of military occupation,and in time of war along the supply routes leading to such areas,the exercise of such privileges shall be subject to the approval of the competent military authorities.”Additionally,Article 1(1)of the International Air Transport Agreement stipulates that:“Each contracting State grants to the other contracting States the following freedoms of the air in respect of scheduled international air services:1.The privilege to fly across its territory without landing;2.The privilege to land for non-traffic purposes;3.The privilege to put down passengers,mail and cargo taken on in the territory of the State whose nationality the aircraft possesses;4.The privilege to take on passengers,mail and cargo destined for the territory of the State whose nationality the aircraft possesses;5.The privilege to take on passengers,mail and cargo destined for the territory of any other contracting State and the privilege to put down passengers,mail and cargo coming from any such territory.With respect to the privileges specified under paragraphs 3,4 and 5 of this section,the undertaking of each contracting State relates only to through services on a route constituting a reasonably direct line out from and back to the homeland of the State whose nationality the aircraft possesses.The privileges of this section shall not be applicable with respect to airports utilized for military purposes to the exclusion of any scheduled international air services.In areas of active hostilities or of military occupation,and in time of war along the supply routes leading to such areas,the exercise of such privileges shall be subject to the approval of the competent military authorities.”
13 Zhou Gengsheng,International Law,Beijing:The Commercial Press,p.199.(in Chinese)
14 Xu Guangjian ed.,Commentary on the Charter of United Nations,Taiyuan:Shanxi Education Press,1999,pp.353~360.(in Chinese)
18 U.S.Air Force Conducted Live-Fire Drills with Respect to Hijacked Airliners,at http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2003-10-05/153963.html,24 November 2016.(in Chinese)
19 Xu Guimin,A Review on the Features of Russian Legislation against Terrorism,Global Law Review,Vol.35,No.1,2013,p.57.(in Chinese)
20 European States Pass Laws Authorizing Shooting Down of Hijacked Aircraft in Order to Avoid the Replaying of 9/11 Tragedy,at http://news.tom.com/1003/3295/2005114-1761852.html,24 November 2016.(in Chinese)
23 The author attended the fourth meeting of the special group held by the ICAO from 13 to 15July 2015,in Montreal,Canada.The meeting reviewed the application of the Convention on International Civil Aviation and other civil aviation treaties relating to conflict zones.Delegates from 15 States,including China,the United States,Russia and Ukraine,attended the meeting.After discussion,the meeting ultimately adopted the Report on the Outcome of the Meeting of the Special Group to Review the Application of ICAO Treaties Relating to Conflict Zones,which would be forwarded to the ICAO Council.
24 The aims and objectives of ICAO include:to ensure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the world;to encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes;to encourage the development of airways,airports and air navigation facilities for international civil aviation;to meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe,regular,efficient and economical air transport;to prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable competition;to ensure that the rights of Contracting States are fully respected and that every Contracting State has a fair opportunity to operate international airlines;to avoid discrimination between Contracting States;to promote safety of flight in international air navigation;and to promote generally the development of all aspects of international civil aeronautics.
33 Huang Lihua,Legal Problems about the State Aircrafts,Modern Law Science,No.6,2000,pp.146~149(in Chinese);Li Wenli,Position of State Aircraft in International Law,Journal of Anhui Vocational College of Police Officers,No.3,2003,pp.26~27.(in Chinese)
34 Rules on Air Traffic Control of China’s Civil Aviation(CAAC Order No.86)was promulgated on 5 July 1999 and came into force on 5 January 2000.
35 Civil Aviation Flight Dispatcher License Management Rules(CAAC Order No.136)was promulgated on 16 December 2004 and came into force on 15 January 2005.
36 A Guide to Flight Plan Application and Its Approval for Foreign Aircraft Interim Flight Operations during Olympic/Paralympic Games,a telegraph issued by CAAC,was promulgated in February 2008 and came into force on 1 July 2008.
37 Rules of Certification of Civil Aviation Aircraft Pilot and Ground Instructor(CAAC Order No.224)was promulgated on 10 July 2014 and came into force on 1 September 2014.
38 Boeing Makes the History of Converting Civil Aircraft into Military Aircraft,Beijing Daily,22 May 2007(in Chinese).For example,Boeing 737-100 was originally developed as a short-range airliner with a capacity of 65~80 passengers.That is to say,Boeing 737-100was civil aircraft in nature.However,the development history of Boeing products tells,Boeing has developed large jet airliners including series 707,737,747,757,767 and 777,and series 787 is also developed and under trial production.In order to meet military needs,Boeing also converted its airliners into military aircraft.For instance,Boeing 707-320Bwas later converted into an early warning aircraft,which made its maiden flight in 1972;in November 2006,South Korea ordered four Boeing E-737 early warning aircraft,enabling South Korea to surveil the whole Korean Peninsula and some airspace of its neighboring States;in 1977,Boeing 747 was modified to ferry space shuttles,which has been used as shuttle carrier aircraft until now;Boeing KC-767 is an aerial refuelling tanker developed from Boeing 767,which can refuel a Boeing B-52H(a along-range,heavy strategic bomber)up in the air;in 1993,Japan became the primary user of Boeing 767 early warning aircraft,and four such aircraft have been put into service by now.
39 For example,Israeli air force carried out the“Operation Babylon”on 7 June 1981.It deployed 14 airplanes,launching a surprise strike against a nuclear reactor about 20 km southeast of the Iraqi capital Baghdad.Israel painted its attack squadron resembling the aircraft of Jordanian air force.When Saudi radar detected the Israeli aircraft and the controllers required the Israeli pilots to report their identities,the Israeli pilots replied in fluent Arabic:“We are Jordanian air force conducting routine trainings.”The controllers believed it to be true.When Jordan radar detected these aircraft,due to the density of the squadron,the image displayed on the radar screen was just a blurring dot,like a large transport aircraft.When enquired,the pilots answered in American English:“It is a civil plane”.The Israeli aircraft muddled through again.
40 Selection rule of nationality mark:the nationality mark shall be selected from the series of nationality symbols included in the radio call signs allocated to the State of Registry by the International Telecommunication Union.The nationality mark shall be notified to the International Civil Aviation Organization.
41 The third amendment to Annex 7 was adopted by the ICAO on 23 January 1969,and entered into force on 23 May of the same year.The amendment introduced expressions such as“Common Mark”,“Common Mark Registering Authority”and“International Operating Agency”.In accordance with Article 77 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation,aircraft not registered on a national basis can apply for common marks.The common mark shall be selected from the series of symbols included in the radio call signs allocated to the ICOA by the International Telecommunication Union.Assignment of the common mark to a common mark registering authority will be made by the International Civil Aviation Organization.For example,the ICAO Council decision of 1983 required:the aircraft jointly registered by the Arab Air Cargo(cooperative between Iraq&Jordan)must bear the common mark“4YB”;joint register shall be maintained by Jordan;and Jordan&Iraq shall be jointly&severally bound to assume the obligations&responsibilities which ICAOattaches.
42 Generally,“registration mark”shall be letters,numbers,or a combination of letters and numbers.The nationality mark shall precede the registration mark.When the first character of the registration mark is a letter,it shall be preceded by a hyphen.According to the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Nationality Registration of Civil Aircraft,with respect to a civil aircraft having not obtained a civil aircraft nationality registration certificate,a provisional registration mark may be applied,when the aircraft is used in test flights,performance flights,orientation flights for export delivery(to be delivered in a foreign State),or in other circumstances considered necessary by the CAAC.Aircraft with provisional registration marks should not engage in passenger and cargo transportation,as well as other business operations.
43 Carry Forward the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence to Build a Better World through Win-win Cooperation,Address by H.E.Mr.Xi Jinping,President of the People’s Republic of China,at Meeting Marking the 60th Anniversary of the Initiation of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence,at http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1170143.shtml,24 November 2016.
2李金明:《南海断续线的法律地位:历史性水域、疆域线、抑或岛屿归属线?》,载于《南洋问题研究》2010年第4期,第22~29页;李金明:《南海断续线:产生背景及其法律地位》,载于《现代国际关系》2012年第9期,第7~14页。国家海洋局海洋发展战略研究所所长高之国认为,中国地图上的“U形线”与其说是传统的海上疆域线,不如说是岛屿归属线。他写道:“仔细研究中国文件可以看出,中国从未对南海整个海域提出过声称,而仅是对断续线内的群岛及其周围海域”。
3金永明:《中国南海断续线的性质及线内水域的法律地位》,载于《中国法学》2012年第6期,第36~48页。
4我国《民用航空法》第五条也采用了同样的表述方法,表述为“本法所称民用航空器,是指除用于执行军事、海关、警察飞行任务外的航空器。”
5 FAA Says Shooting Down Drones Is a Federal Crime,at http://www.engadget.com/2016/04/18/faa-says-shooting-down-drones-is-a-federal-crime/,22 November 2016.
6 18 USC 32:(a)Whoever willfully-(1)sets fire to,damages,destroys,disables,or wrecks any aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States or any civil aircraft used,operated,or employed in interstate,overseas,or foreign air commerce;...shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years or both.这一表述中显然也是采用了“aircraft”,并没有区分航空行为。
7 1)A类只允许IFR飞行,所有航空器之间配备间隔,提供ATC服务,要求实现地空双向通信,进入空域要进行ATC许可;2)B类允许IFR和VFR飞行,其它同A类;3)C类只要求IFR飞行之间、IFR和VFR飞行之间配备间隔,对IFR飞行之间、IFR和VFR飞行之间提供ATC服务,其它同B;4)D类只要求IFR飞行之间配备间隔,对IFR飞行之间提供ATC服务,对VFR飞行提供飞行情报服务,其它同C;5)E类只需要IFR飞行实现地空双向通信,VFR飞行进入空域不需要ATC许可,其他同D;6)F类空域对IFR飞行提供交通资讯和情报服务,VFR飞行提供飞行情报服务,所有航空器进入空域都不需要ATC许可,其它同E;7)G类空域不需要提供间隔服务,对飞行提供飞行情报服务,只要求IFR飞行实现地空双向通信,进入空域不需要ATC许可,其它同F。
8傅崐成、郑凡:《群岛的整体性与航行自由--关于中国在南海适用群岛制度的思考》,载于《上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2015年第6期,第5~13页。
9例如,《国际航班过境协定》第一条第一节规定,“每一缔约国给予其他缔约国以下列关于定期国际航班的空中自由:(一)不降停而飞越其领土的权利;(二)非运输业务性降停的权利。本节所规定的权利不适用于对定期国际航班禁止使用的军用机场。在战争或军事占领地区及战时通往此项地区的补给路线上,此项权利的行使须经军事主管当局的核准”。另外,《国际航空运输协定》第一条第一节规定,“每一缔约国给予其他缔约国以下述关于定期国际航班的空中自由:(一)不降停而飞越其领土的权利;(二)非运输业务性降停的权利;(三)卸下来自航空器所属国领土的客、货、邮的权利;(四)装载前往航空器所属国领土的客、货、邮的权利;(五)装卸前往或来自任何其他缔约国领土客、货、邮的权利。关于本节(三)、(四)、(五)各项所规定的权利,每一缔约国所承允的,仅限于构成来自或前往该航空器所属国本土的合理的直接航线上的直达航班。本节所规定的权利不适用于对定期国际航班禁止使用的军用机场。在战争或军事占领地区及战时通往此等地区的补给线上,此项权利的行使须经军事主管当局核准”。
10 Tarcisio Gazzimi,The Changing Rules on the Use of Force in International Law,Manchester:Manchester University Press,2005,p.132.
11 James A.Green,Docking the Caroline:Understanding the Relevance of the Formula in Temporary Customary International Law Concerning Self-Defense,Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law,Vol.14,Issue 2,2006,pp.433~435.
12 R.Y.Jennings,The Caroline and Mcleod Cases,American Journal of International Law,Vol.32,Issue 1,1938,pp.91~92.
13周鲠生著:《国际法》,北京:商务印书馆1981年版,第199页。
14许光建主编:《联合国宪章诠释》,太原:山西教育出版社1999年版,第353~360页。
15 Ian Brownlie,International Law and the Use of Force by States,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1963,p.367.
16 Singh M.Narendra,The Right of Self-Defence in Relation to the Use of Nuclear Weapons,Indian Yearbook of International Affairs,1956,Vol.5,pp.25~26.
17 Ian Brownlie,International Law and the Use of Force by States,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1963,pp.366~369.
18《美国空军举行击落被劫民航客机的实战演习》,下载于http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2003-10-05/153963.html,2016年11月24日。
19许桂敏:《俄罗斯反恐立法特点评介》,载于《环球法律评论》2013年第1期,第57页。
20《防“9·11”重演欧洲各国立法允许击落遭劫持飞机》,下载于http://news.tom.com/1003/3295/2005114-1761852.html,2016年11月24日。
21 Sean D.Murphy,Terrorism and the Concept of Armed Attack in Article 51 of the UNCharter,Harvard International Law Journal,Vol.43,No.1,2002,pp.45~46.
22 Christopher Greenwood,International Law and the Pre-emptive Use of Force:Afghanistan,Al-Qaida,and Iraq,San Diego International Law Journal,Vol.4,2003,pp.16~17.
23笔者参与了2015年7月13日至15日国际民航组织在加拿大蒙特利尔召开的第四次特别小组会议,审查了《国际民用航空公约》及其他民航条约中有关冲突区规定的适用问题。特别小组会议共有来自中国、美国、俄罗斯、乌克兰等15个国家的代表参加,最终讨论通过了“特别小组关于审查国际民航条约中有关冲突区规定的适用问题的报告”,并准备向理事会提交。
24国际民航组织的宗旨和目的在于:确保全世界国际民用航空安全地和有秩序地发展;鼓励为和平用途的航空器的设计和操作技术;鼓励发展国际民用航空应用的航路、机场和航行设施;满足世界人民对安全、正常、有效和经济的航空运输的需要;防止因不合理的竞争而造成经济上的浪费;保证缔约各国的权利充分受到尊重,每一缔约国均有经营国际空运企业的公平的机会;避免缔约各国之间的差别待遇;促进国际航行的飞行安全;普遍促进国际民用航空在各方面的发展。
25 Secretariat Study on“Civil/State Aircraft”,C-WP/9835 of 22/09/1993,presented by the Secretary General at the ICAO Council 140th Session.
26 ICAO Global Provisions Regarding Aircraft Operations,ICAO Civil/Military Cooperation Symposium,Paris,France,14-15 April 2015,at http://www.icao.int/RO_EURNAT/Other%20Meetings%20Seminars%20and%20Workshops/ICAO%20Civil-Military%20Cooperation%20Meetings/ICAO%20Civil-military%20Cooperation%20Symposium%202015/ICMCS%20PPT12.pdf,24 November 2016.
27 George Firican,State Aircraft in RVSM Airspace,ICAO Civil/Military Coordination Workshop,Kiev Ukraine,28-31 October 2013,at http://www.icao.int/RO_EURNAT/Other%20Meetings%20Seminars%20and%20Workshops/ICAO%20Civil-Military%20Cooperation%20Meetings/ICAO%20Civil-military%20Cooperation%20Seminar%202013/Kiev%20day%201%20George%20Firican%20State%20Aircraft%20in%20RVSM%20airspace.pdf,24 November 2016.
28 Foreign Air Operator Validation&Surveillance Course,p.7,at http://www.icao.int/safety/implementation/library/a_icao_convention_annexes_related_to_fao_2009_07_r1.pdf,24November 2016.
29 Dmitry Kosolapov,Improve Safety for Flight over the High Seas,ICAO Civil/Military Cooperation Symposium,Paris,France,14-15 April 2015,p.4,at http://www.icao.int/RO_EURNAT/Other%20Meetings%20Seminars%20and%20Workshops/ICAO%20CivilMilitary%20Cooperation%20Meetings/ICAO%20Civil-military%20Cooperation%20Symposium%202015/ICMCS%20PPT07.pdf,24 November 2016.
30 EUROCONTROL,Guidance Material for the Certification and Operation of State Aircraft in European RVSM Airspace,at https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/article/content/documents/official-documents/guidance/2012-cmac-rma-military-guidance.pdf,24November 2016.
31 NATO Policy for Civil/Military Aircraft Operating in Support of NATO or NATO-led Missions and Operations,at http://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2016_08/20160804_1608-NATO-Policy-civil-military-aircraft.pdf,24 November 2016.
32 U.S.Air Force:State Aircraft Issues,ICAO’s 1st RVSM Seminar for CAR/SAM Region,ICAO’s 2nd RVSM Seminar for CAR/SAM Region,at http://www.icao.int/RO_SAM/Documents/2003/RVSMII/P-Storm-State%20Aircraft-E.pdf#search=State%20Aircraft%20%20%20us%20AIr%20force,17 December 2016.
33黄力华:《国家航空器法律问题研究》,载于《现代法学》2000年第6期,第146~149页;李文莉:《国家航空器在国际法上的地位--从“南海撞机事件”谈起》,载于《安徽职业警官学院学报》2003年第3期,第26~27页。
34中国民用航空总局令第86号《中国民用航空空中交通管理规则》1999年7月5日发布,2000年1月5日实施。
35中国民用航空总局令第136号《民用航空飞行签派员执照管理规则》2004年12月16日发布,2005年1月15日实施。
36中国民用航空总局明传电报《中国民用航空总局关于奥运会(残奥会)期间外国飞机临时飞行计划申请、审批的通知》2008年2月发布,2008年7月1日实施。
37中国民用航空局令第224号《民用航空器驾驶员和地面教员合格审定规则》2014年7月10日发布,2014年9月1日实施。
38《波音创造民航飞机改军用历史》,载于《北京日报》2007年5月22日。例如,波音737-100式飞机的设计目的是一种只有65到80个座位的小容量短途载客用机,因此波音737-100式飞机的航空器性质是民用航空器。但是从波音公司的产品发展来看,波音大型喷气客机形成了707、737、747、757、767、777系列,787也在研制试生产中。波音公司也应军需,将它们同时改装为军用飞机,如707-320B被改装为空军预警机,于1972年首飞;2006年11月,韩国向波音订购了4架E-737预警机,使韩国能监视整个朝鲜半岛及周边国家部分空域;747在1977年被改装后,就用作航天飞机的载机至今;767增加KC-767加油机,可以直接为远程重型战略轰炸机B-52H空中加油;1993年日本又成为767预警机的发起用户,并已装备了4架。
39例如,1981年6月7日以色列空军实施“巴比伦计划”,出动14架飞机偷袭了伊拉克首都巴格达东南约20公里处的核反应堆,以色列对突击飞机全部采用约旦空军涂装,沙特雷达曾发现并令其通报身份,以色列飞行员即以流利的阿拉伯语回答道:“是约旦空军,例行训练。”对方信以为真。当约旦雷达发现时,由于机群编队密集,在雷达屏幕上显示的图像只是一个模糊的亮点,很像一架大型运输机,以飞行员即用国际通用美语回答是“民航机”,再次蒙混过关。
40国籍标志选定规则:国籍标志须从国际电联分配给登记国的无线电呼叫信号中的国籍代号系列中选择,须将国籍标志通知国际民航组织。
41国际民航组织理事会于1969年1月23日通过了附件七第3次修改,并于同年5月23日生效,引进了“共用标志”、“共用标志登记当局”、“国际经营机构”等词。按《国际民用航空公约》第77条规定,预期不以国家形式登记航空器的,可以采用共用标志。共用标志须从国际电联分配给国际民航组织的无线电呼叫信号的代号系列中选定。由国际民航组织给共用标志登记当局指定共用标志。例如,1983年国际民航组织理事会会议决定,阿拉伯航空货运公司(约旦和伊拉克联营)联合登记的航空器具有共用标志4YB,由约旦保存并登记,约旦和伊拉克共同承担国际民航组织规定的责任。
42一般规定,登记标志须是字母、数字或者两者的组合,列在国籍标志之后,第一位是字母的,则国籍标志与登记标志之间应有一短划。临时登记标志主要针对尚未取得国籍登记证的航空器。我国《民用航空器国籍登记规定》规定,当用于试验和表演飞行,为支付出口的调机飞行(在国外交付时)以及民航总局认为必要的情况下,可申请临时登记标志。具有临时登记标志的航空器不得从事客货运输及其他经营活动。
43《习近平在和平共处五项原则发表60周年纪念大会上的讲话》,下载于http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2014-06/29/content_2709613.htm,2016年11月24日。
1 Du Debin,Fan Fei and Ma Yahua,Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea and China’s Strategies,World Regional Studies,Vol.21,No.2,2012,p.1.(in Chinese)
2 Li Jinming,The Legal Status of the U-shaped Line in the South China Sea:Historic Waters,Maritime Boundary or a Line of Islands Ownership?,Southeast Asian Affairs,No.4,2010,pp.22~29(in Chinese);Li Jinming,Background and Legal Status of the U-shaped Line in the South China Sea,Contemporary International Relations,No.9,2012,pp.7~14(in Chinese).Gao Zhiguo,the Director of China Institute for Marine Affairs,SOA,argues that the U-shaped line on the Chinese map is merely a line that delineates ownership of islands rather than a maritime boundary in the conventional sense.He wrote in an article,“[a]careful study of Chinese documents reveals that China never has claimed the entire water column of the South China Sea,but only the islands and their surrounding waters within the line.”
3 Jin Yongming,The Nature of China’s U-shaped Line in the South China Sea and the Legal Status of Waters Enclosed by the Line,China Legal Science,No.6,2012,pp.36~48.(in Chinese)
4 Article 5 of the Civil Aviation Law of the People’s Republic of China also adopts the same expression,namely,“Civil aircraft mentioned in this law refer to aircraft other than those used for flying mission of military,customs and police operations.”
6 18 USC 32:(a)Whoever willfully-(1)sets fire to,damages,destroys,disables,or wrecks any aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States or any civil aircraft used,operated,or employed in interstate,overseas,or foreign air commerce;…shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years or both.Obviously,this provision used the word“aircraft”,without distinguishing aviation behaviors.
7 1)Class A:IFR flights only are permitted,all flights are separated from each other and provided with air traffic control(ATC)service;continuous two-way radio communication is mandatory,and all flights are required to follow ATC clearances.2)Class B:IFR and VFR flights are permitted;other requirements are identical with those of Class A.3)Class C:IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights;VFR flights are separated from IFRflights;all these flights are provided with ATC service,and other requirements are identical with those of Class B.4)Class D:IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and are provided with ATC service;VFR flights receive traffic information in respect of all other flights;and other requirements are identical with those of Class C.5)Class E:continuous two-way radio communication is mandatory for IFR flights;VFR flights are not required to follow ATC clearances;and other requirements are identical with those of Class D.6)Class F:IFR flights receive air traffic advisory and information service and VFR flights receive flight information service;all flights are not required to follow ATC clearances;and other requirements are identical with those of Class E.7)Class G:flights are not required to separated from each other,and all flights are provided with flight information service;continuous two-way radio communication is mandatory for IFR flights;flights are not required to follow ATC clearances;and other requirements are identical with those of Class F.
8 Kuen-chen Fu and Zheng Fan,Unity of Archipelago and Freedom of Navigation:Some Suggestions on Applying Archipelagic Regime in the South China Sea,Journal of SJTU(Philosophy and Social Sciences),Vol.23,No.6,2015,pp.5~13.(in Chinese)
9 Article 1(1)of the International Air Services Transit Agreement provides that:“Each contracting State grants to the other contracting States the following freedoms of the air in respect of scheduled international air services:1.The privilege to fly across its territory without landing;2.The privilege to land for non-traffic purposes.The privileges of this section shall not be applicable with respect to airports utilized for military purposes to the exclusion of any scheduled international air services.In areas of active hostilities or of military occupation,and in time of war along the supply routes leading to such areas,the exercise of such privileges shall be subject to the approval of the competent military authorities.”Additionally,Article 1(1)of the International Air Transport Agreement stipulates that:“Each contracting State grants to the other contracting States the following freedoms of the air in respect of scheduled international air services:1.The privilege to fly across its territory without landing;2.The privilege to land for non-traffic purposes;3.The privilege to put down passengers,mail and cargo taken on in the territory of the State whose nationality the aircraft possesses;4.The privilege to take on passengers,mail and cargo destined for the territory of the State whose nationality the aircraft possesses;5.The privilege to take on passengers,mail and cargo destined for the territory of any other contracting State and the privilege to put down passengers,mail and cargo coming from any such territory.With respect to the privileges specified under paragraphs 3,4 and 5 of this section,the undertaking of each contracting State relates only to through services on a route constituting a reasonably direct line out from and back to the homeland of the State whose nationality the aircraft possesses.The privileges of this section shall not be applicable with respect to airports utilized for military purposes to the exclusion of any scheduled international air services.In areas of active hostilities or of military occupation,and in time of war along the supply routes leading to such areas,the exercise of such privileges shall be subject to the approval of the competent military authorities.”
13 Zhou Gengsheng,International Law,Beijing:The Commercial Press,p.199.(in Chinese)
14 Xu Guangjian ed.,Commentary on the Charter of United Nations,Taiyuan:Shanxi Education Press,1999,pp.353~360.(in Chinese)
18 U.S.Air Force Conducted Live-Fire Drills with Respect to Hijacked Airliners,at http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2003-10-05/153963.html,24 November 2016.(in Chinese)
19 Xu Guimin,A Review on the Features of Russian Legislation against Terrorism,Global Law Review,Vol.35,No.1,2013,p.57.(in Chinese)
20 European States Pass Laws Authorizing Shooting Down of Hijacked Aircraft in Order to Avoid the Replaying of 9/11 Tragedy,at http://news.tom.com/1003/3295/2005114-1761852.html,24 November 2016.(in Chinese)
23 The author attended the fourth meeting of the special group held by the ICAO from 13 to 15July 2015,in Montreal,Canada.The meeting reviewed the application of the Convention on International Civil Aviation and other civil aviation treaties relating to conflict zones.Delegates from 15 States,including China,the United States,Russia and Ukraine,attended the meeting.After discussion,the meeting ultimately adopted the Report on the Outcome of the Meeting of the Special Group to Review the Application of ICAO Treaties Relating to Conflict Zones,which would be forwarded to the ICAO Council.
24 The aims and objectives of ICAO include:to ensure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the world;to encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes;to encourage the development of airways,airports and air navigation facilities for international civil aviation;to meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe,regular,efficient and economical air transport;to prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable competition;to ensure that the rights of Contracting States are fully respected and that every Contracting State has a fair opportunity to operate international airlines;to avoid discrimination between Contracting States;to promote safety of flight in international air navigation;and to promote generally the development of all aspects of international civil aeronautics.
33 Huang Lihua,Legal Problems about the State Aircrafts,Modern Law Science,No.6,2000,pp.146~149(in Chinese);Li Wenli,Position of State Aircraft in International Law,Journal of Anhui Vocational College of Police Officers,No.3,2003,pp.26~27.(in Chinese)
34 Rules on Air Traffic Control of China’s Civil Aviation(CAAC Order No.86)was promulgated on 5 July 1999 and came into force on 5 January 2000.
35 Civil Aviation Flight Dispatcher License Management Rules(CAAC Order No.136)was promulgated on 16 December 2004 and came into force on 15 January 2005.
36 A Guide to Flight Plan Application and Its Approval for Foreign Aircraft Interim Flight Operations during Olympic/Paralympic Games,a telegraph issued by CAAC,was promulgated in February 2008 and came into force on 1 July 2008.
37 Rules of Certification of Civil Aviation Aircraft Pilot and Ground Instructor(CAAC Order No.224)was promulgated on 10 July 2014 and came into force on 1 September 2014.
38 Boeing Makes the History of Converting Civil Aircraft into Military Aircraft,Beijing Daily,22 May 2007(in Chinese).For example,Boeing 737-100 was originally developed as a short-range airliner with a capacity of 65~80 passengers.That is to say,Boeing 737-100was civil aircraft in nature.However,the development history of Boeing products tells,Boeing has developed large jet airliners including series 707,737,747,757,767 and 777,and series 787 is also developed and under trial production.In order to meet military needs,Boeing also converted its airliners into military aircraft.For instance,Boeing 707-320Bwas later converted into an early warning aircraft,which made its maiden flight in 1972;in November 2006,South Korea ordered four Boeing E-737 early warning aircraft,enabling South Korea to surveil the whole Korean Peninsula and some airspace of its neighboring States;in 1977,Boeing 747 was modified to ferry space shuttles,which has been used as shuttle carrier aircraft until now;Boeing KC-767 is an aerial refuelling tanker developed from Boeing 767,which can refuel a Boeing B-52H(a along-range,heavy strategic bomber)up in the air;in 1993,Japan became the primary user of Boeing 767 early warning aircraft,and four such aircraft have been put into service by now.
39 For example,Israeli air force carried out the“Operation Babylon”on 7 June 1981.It deployed 14 airplanes,launching a surprise strike against a nuclear reactor about 20 km southeast of the Iraqi capital Baghdad.Israel painted its attack squadron resembling the aircraft of Jordanian air force.When Saudi radar detected the Israeli aircraft and the controllers required the Israeli pilots to report their identities,the Israeli pilots replied in fluent Arabic:“We are Jordanian air force conducting routine trainings.”The controllers believed it to be true.When Jordan radar detected these aircraft,due to the density of the squadron,the image displayed on the radar screen was just a blurring dot,like a large transport aircraft.When enquired,the pilots answered in American English:“It is a civil plane”.The Israeli aircraft muddled through again.
40 Selection rule of nationality mark:the nationality mark shall be selected from the series of nationality symbols included in the radio call signs allocated to the State of Registry by the International Telecommunication Union.The nationality mark shall be notified to the International Civil Aviation Organization.
41 The third amendment to Annex 7 was adopted by the ICAO on 23 January 1969,and entered into force on 23 May of the same year.The amendment introduced expressions such as“Common Mark”,“Common Mark Registering Authority”and“International Operating Agency”.In accordance with Article 77 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation,aircraft not registered on a national basis can apply for common marks.The common mark shall be selected from the series of symbols included in the radio call signs allocated to the ICOA by the International Telecommunication Union.Assignment of the common mark to a common mark registering authority will be made by the International Civil Aviation Organization.For example,the ICAO Council decision of 1983 required:the aircraft jointly registered by the Arab Air Cargo(cooperative between Iraq&Jordan)must bear the common mark“4YB”;joint register shall be maintained by Jordan;and Jordan&Iraq shall be jointly&severally bound to assume the obligations&responsibilities which ICAOattaches.
42 Generally,“registration mark”shall be letters,numbers,or a combination of letters and numbers.The nationality mark shall precede the registration mark.When the first character of the registration mark is a letter,it shall be preceded by a hyphen.According to the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Nationality Registration of Civil Aircraft,with respect to a civil aircraft having not obtained a civil aircraft nationality registration certificate,a provisional registration mark may be applied,when the aircraft is used in test flights,performance flights,orientation flights for export delivery(to be delivered in a foreign State),or in other circumstances considered necessary by the CAAC.Aircraft with provisional registration marks should not engage in passenger and cargo transportation,as well as other business operations.
43 Carry Forward the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence to Build a Better World through Win-win Cooperation,Address by H.E.Mr.Xi Jinping,President of the People’s Republic of China,at Meeting Marking the 60th Anniversary of the Initiation of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence,at http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1170143.shtml,24 November 2016.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |