大兴安岭驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus)的春季生境选择
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- 英文论文题名：Studies on the SpringHabitat Selection of Reindeer(Rangifer tarandus)in Great Xing'anling of China
- 论文作者：葛小芳 ; 孟凡露 ; 王朋 ; 孟秀祥
- 英文论文作者：Ge Xiaofang ; Meng Fanlu ; Wang Peng ; Meng Xiuxiang ; School of Environment and Natural Resources ; Renmin University of China ; College of Life and Environmental Sciences ; Minzu University of China
- 年：2016
- 作者机构：中国人民大学环境学院;中央民族大学生命与环境科学学院;
- 论文关键词：大兴安岭 ; 驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus) ; 春季 ; 生境选择 ; 主成分分析
- 英文论文关键词：the Great Xing'anling area ; reindeer ; spring ; habitat selection ; principal component analysis
- 会议召开时间：2016-06-01
- 会议录名称：“十二五” 鹿科学研究进展
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：S825
- 学会代码：ZXMY
- 学会名称：中国畜牧业协会
- 页数：13
- 文件大小：607k
- 原文格式：O
摘要
为确定分布于我国大兴安岭西北麓的濒危驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus)的春季生境选择特征,于2012和2013年的3~4月间,采用样线样方结合的生境调查方法,对内蒙根河驯鹿的春季偏好生境和对照生境进行了取样,并对样方的海拔和乔木郁闭度等23个生境变量进行了计测与分析。结果表明:与非利用样方(n=132)相比,驯鹿春季偏好生境(n=79)的海拔(957.27m±1.68m)、乔木郁闭度(32.84%±2.72%)、乔木密度(21.72±1.52)、地表植被盖度(85.06%±1.03%)、树桩数(6.81±0.45)和倒木数(5.73±0.54)均显著较大(Mann-Whitney U test,P<0.05),而灌木盖度(57.95%±2.79%)、枯草盖度(33.11%±2.79%)、乔木高度(9.58m±0.27m)和灌木均高(59.85 cm±2.69cm)显著较小(Mann-Whitney U test,P<0.05),而且驯鹿春季趋向于选择西坡和南坡(77.21%)的坡度较缓(93.67%)、位于坡中下位(67.09%)的生境,并偏好选择针叶林(68.35%)中的隐蔽度好(82.28%)、避风状况良好(64.56%)、湿润(60.76%)、距水源较近(≤1 000 m,94.94%)及距人为干扰较远(≥1 000 m,87.34%)的生境(Chi-Square test,P<0.05)。此外,驯鹿偏好生境的变量主成分分析结果表明,"坡位"、"乔木特征"(乔木胸径和乔木高度)、"食物多度"(灌木盖度、倒木数及树桩数)、"雪被特征"(雪深、雪盖度和郁闭度)、"干扰强度"(距人为干扰距离)、"植被类型"(坡向和植被类型)是影响驯鹿春季生境选择的重要因素,综合体现了驯鹿在春季对保温、食物和安全性的需求。
The reindeer(Rangifer tarandus) has been a wildlife resource used extensively by local people across its range for thousands of years.In China,the reindeer only occurs in the northeastern part of the Great Xing' anling area in Inner Mongolia.The Owenki people in this area have long exploited the reindeer for its hide,meat,velvet antler and milk,showing its economic importance.However,the reindeer has fallen into the critically endangered status,with only 800 or so left in its native range.There have been some publications addressing biological and ecological characteristics of the Chinese reindeer,but most of them have been anthropological and ethnological studies that are anecdotal.Therefore,no study on the habitat selection of reindeer has been conducted so far.To implement an in situ conservation program for increasing its population,it is critical to study the habitat selection of the reindeer in China.The purpose of this paper is to present quantitative surveying results of the reindeer's spring habitat selection in China,and to explore the key factors influencing its habitat utilization,thereby,implications for conservation measures to be implemented are discussed.In March and April of 2012 and 2013,habitat selection of the reindeer was surveyed in the Genhe area of northeastern China using line- transect surveys.A total of 23 habitat factors were measured and compared for 211 sample plots,in which 79 plots were designated as used- plots,and 132 as non- used plots.The results indicated that reindeer in Genhe area preferred to select spring habitats with higher altitude(957.27 ± 1.68m),arbor canopy(32.84%±2.72%),arbor density(21.72 ± 1.52 per 400m),ground- plant cover(85.06%±1.03%),stump quantity(6.81 ± 0.45) and fallen- wood quantity(5.73 ± 0.54),but with lower shrub canopy(57.95%±2.79%),withered-grass cover(33.11%±2.79%),arbor height(9.58 ±0.27m) and shrub height(59.85 ±2.69 cm),compared to the non-used habitat plots,.Moreover,the reindeer also selected habitats with intermediate to low slope positions(67.09%) in south and west slopes(77.21%) which were located mainly in conifer forests(68.35%),and provided relatively good concealment(82.28%),more protection from wind(64.56%),relative proximity to water sources(<1 000 m,94.94%),and longer distance from human disturbance(<1 000 m,87.34%).The principal component analysis showed that " slope position", " tree characteristics"(tree height and arbor DBH), "food abundance"(shrub cover,fallen-wood number and stump number), "snow characteristics"(snow depth,snow cover and tree canopy), "disturbance intensity"(distance from human influence) and "vegetation type"(slope aspect and vegetation type) were most important in influencing the spring habitat selection of the reindeer.In summary,the resuits indicated the reindeer's habitat selection in the spring was a multidimensional process,through which the reindeer could adapt to local ecological conditions of temperature,food abundance,shelter,water supply and ground cover.Furthermore,the reindeer in China has not yet been domesticated,and it is necessary to introduce conservation methods for its protection since it is endangered.
The reindeer(Rangifer tarandus) has been a wildlife resource used extensively by local people across its range for thousands of years.In China,the reindeer only occurs in the northeastern part of the Great Xing' anling area in Inner Mongolia.The Owenki people in this area have long exploited the reindeer for its hide,meat,velvet antler and milk,showing its economic importance.However,the reindeer has fallen into the critically endangered status,with only 800 or so left in its native range.There have been some publications addressing biological and ecological characteristics of the Chinese reindeer,but most of them have been anthropological and ethnological studies that are anecdotal.Therefore,no study on the habitat selection of reindeer has been conducted so far.To implement an in situ conservation program for increasing its population,it is critical to study the habitat selection of the reindeer in China.The purpose of this paper is to present quantitative surveying results of the reindeer's spring habitat selection in China,and to explore the key factors influencing its habitat utilization,thereby,implications for conservation measures to be implemented are discussed.In March and April of 2012 and 2013,habitat selection of the reindeer was surveyed in the Genhe area of northeastern China using line- transect surveys.A total of 23 habitat factors were measured and compared for 211 sample plots,in which 79 plots were designated as used- plots,and 132 as non- used plots.The results indicated that reindeer in Genhe area preferred to select spring habitats with higher altitude(957.27 ± 1.68m),arbor canopy(32.84%±2.72%),arbor density(21.72 ± 1.52 per 400m),ground- plant cover(85.06%±1.03%),stump quantity(6.81 ± 0.45) and fallen- wood quantity(5.73 ± 0.54),but with lower shrub canopy(57.95%±2.79%),withered-grass cover(33.11%±2.79%),arbor height(9.58 ±0.27m) and shrub height(59.85 ±2.69 cm),compared to the non-used habitat plots,.Moreover,the reindeer also selected habitats with intermediate to low slope positions(67.09%) in south and west slopes(77.21%) which were located mainly in conifer forests(68.35%),and provided relatively good concealment(82.28%),more protection from wind(64.56%),relative proximity to water sources(<1 000 m,94.94%),and longer distance from human disturbance(<1 000 m,87.34%).The principal component analysis showed that " slope position", " tree characteristics"(tree height and arbor DBH), "food abundance"(shrub cover,fallen-wood number and stump number), "snow characteristics"(snow depth,snow cover and tree canopy), "disturbance intensity"(distance from human influence) and "vegetation type"(slope aspect and vegetation type) were most important in influencing the spring habitat selection of the reindeer.In summary,the resuits indicated the reindeer's habitat selection in the spring was a multidimensional process,through which the reindeer could adapt to local ecological conditions of temperature,food abundance,shelter,water supply and ground cover.Furthermore,the reindeer in China has not yet been domesticated,and it is necessary to introduce conservation methods for its protection since it is endangered.
引文
[1]Meng X X,Pan S X,Luan X F,Feng J C.Spring habitat selection by Alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus)in Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve,western China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(20):5 509-5 517.
[2]Buckley N J.Spatial-concentration effects and the importance of local enhancement in the evolution of colonial breeding in seabirds[J].American Naturalist,1997,149(6):1 091—1 112.
[3]Jiang Z C.Principles ofanimal behavior and species protection method[J].Beijing:Science Press,2004:254-279.
[4]R?ed K H,Ferguson M A D,Crete M,Bergerud T A.Genetic variation in transferrin as a predictor for differentiation and evolution of caribou from eastern Canada[J].Rangifer,1991,11(2):65-74.
[5]Sandstrom P,Pahlen T G,Edenius L,T?mmervik H,Hagner O,Hemberg L,Olsson H,Baer K,Stenlund T,Brandt L G,Egberth M.Conflict resolution by participatory management;remote sensing and GIS as tools for communicating land-use needs for reindeer herding in Northern Sweden[J].Ambio,2003,32(8):557-567.
[6]Zhong L C,Lu X D.Distribution and status of reindeer/caribou in the world[J].Journal of Economic Animal,2008,12(1):46-48.
[7]Yin R X,Wu J P,Wang J,LiuSW.The reindeer in China[J].Chinese Wildlife,1999,20(4):34-34.
[8]Wang Y X.The reindeers and breeding of Ewenki people in the northeast China[J].Heilongjiang National Series,1995,(4):95-97.
[9]Tang G.The plight and countermeasures for Ewenki's reindeer breeding[J].Heilongjiang National Series,2008,(6):129-134.
[10]Qi H J.Ethnological investigation on the ecological immigration of reindeer Ewenki[J].Manchu Studies,2006,(1):98-105.
[11]Feng C,Bai X L The bryophyte consumed by reindeers and species diversity of bryophyte in reindeer habitats[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(13):3 830-3 838.
[12]Ma Y Q.The management and utilization of reindeer in China[J].Rangifer,1986,6(1):345-346.
[13]Skarin A,DanellO,Bergstrom R,Moen J.Insect avoidance may override human disturbances in reindeer habitat selection[J].Rangifer,2004,24(2):95-103.
[14]Zhao C N,Su Y,Liu Z S,Yao Z C,Zhang M M,Li Z G.Habitat selection of feral yak in winter and spring in the Helan Mountains[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(6):1 762-1 772.
[15]Chu H J,Jiang Z G,Jiang F,Ge Y,Tao Y S,Li B.Summer and winter bed-site selection by Goitred Gazelle(Gazella subgutturosa sairensis)[J].Zoological Research,2009,30(3):311-318.
[16]Cransac N,Hewison A J M.Seasonal use and selection of habitat by mouflon(Ovis gmelini);comparison of the sexes[J].Behavioral Process,1997,41(1):57-67.
[17]Heggberget T M,Gaare E,Ball J P.Reindeer(Rangifer tarandus)and climate change:importance of winter forage[J].Rangifer,2002,22(1):13-32.
[18]Newton M,Cole E C,Lautenschalger R A,White D E,McCormack J M L Browse availability after conifer release in Maine's spruce-fir forests[J].Journal of Wildlife Management,1989,53(3):643-649.
[19]Hughes J W,Fahey T J.Availability,quality,and selection of browse by white-tailed deer after clearcutting[J].Forest Science,1991,37(1):261-270.
[20]Sun Y H.Study on the management model of Rangifer tarandus[J].Journal of Minzu University of China:Natural Sciences Edition,2013,22(2):42-44.
[21]Moen J.Climate change:effects on the ecological basis for reindeer husbandry in Sweden[J].A Journal of the Human Environment,2008,37(4):304-311.
[22]Liu B W,Jiang Z G.Quantitative analysis of the habitat selection by Procapra prezwalskii[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,2002,22(1):15-21.
[23]Luo Z H,Liu B W,Liu S T.Spring habitat selection of Mongolian gazelle(Procapra gutturosa)around Dalai Lake,Inner-Mongolia[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,2008,28(4);342-352.
[24]孟秀祥,潘世秀,栾晓峰,冯金朝.兴隆山自然保护区马麝春季生境选择[J].生态学报,2010,30(20):5 509-5 517.
[25]蒋志刚.动物行为原理与物种保护方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:254-279.
[26]钟立成,卢向东.世界驯鹿亚种分布与现状[J].经济动物学报,2008,12(1):46-48.
[27]印瑞学,吴建平,王君,刘邵文.中国驯鹿的现状[J].野生动物,1999,20(4):34.
[28]王永曦.东北地区鄂温克人的驯鹿和饲养[J].黑龙江民族丛刊,1995,(4):95-97.
[29]唐戈.鄂温克族驯鹿饲养业的困境与对策[J].黑龙江民族丛刊,2008,(6):129-134.
[30]祁惠君.驯鹿鄂温克人生态移民的民族学考察[J].满语研究,2006,(1):98-105.
[31]冯超,白学良.驯鹿对苔藓植物的选择食用及其生境的物种多样性[J].生态学报,2011,31(13):3 830-3 838.
[32]赵宠南,苏云,刘振生,姚志诚,张明明,李志刚.贺兰山牦牛冬春季的生境选择[J].生态学报,2012,32(6):1 762-1 772.
[33]初红军,蒋志刚,蒋峰,葛炎,陶永善,李斌.鹅喉羚夏季和冬季卧息地选择[J].动物学研究,2009,30(3):311-318.
[34]孙亚红.驯鹿发展管理模式探讨[J].中央民族大学学报:自然科学版,2013,22(2):42-44.
[35]刘丙万,蒋志刚.普氏原羚生境选择的数量化分析[J].兽类学报,2002,22(1):15-21.
[36]罗振华,刘丙万,刘松涛.内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚的春季生境选择[J].兽类学报,2008,28(4):342-352.
[2]Buckley N J.Spatial-concentration effects and the importance of local enhancement in the evolution of colonial breeding in seabirds[J].American Naturalist,1997,149(6):1 091—1 112.
[3]Jiang Z C.Principles ofanimal behavior and species protection method[J].Beijing:Science Press,2004:254-279.
[4]R?ed K H,Ferguson M A D,Crete M,Bergerud T A.Genetic variation in transferrin as a predictor for differentiation and evolution of caribou from eastern Canada[J].Rangifer,1991,11(2):65-74.
[5]Sandstrom P,Pahlen T G,Edenius L,T?mmervik H,Hagner O,Hemberg L,Olsson H,Baer K,Stenlund T,Brandt L G,Egberth M.Conflict resolution by participatory management;remote sensing and GIS as tools for communicating land-use needs for reindeer herding in Northern Sweden[J].Ambio,2003,32(8):557-567.
[6]Zhong L C,Lu X D.Distribution and status of reindeer/caribou in the world[J].Journal of Economic Animal,2008,12(1):46-48.
[7]Yin R X,Wu J P,Wang J,LiuSW.The reindeer in China[J].Chinese Wildlife,1999,20(4):34-34.
[8]Wang Y X.The reindeers and breeding of Ewenki people in the northeast China[J].Heilongjiang National Series,1995,(4):95-97.
[9]Tang G.The plight and countermeasures for Ewenki's reindeer breeding[J].Heilongjiang National Series,2008,(6):129-134.
[10]Qi H J.Ethnological investigation on the ecological immigration of reindeer Ewenki[J].Manchu Studies,2006,(1):98-105.
[11]Feng C,Bai X L The bryophyte consumed by reindeers and species diversity of bryophyte in reindeer habitats[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(13):3 830-3 838.
[12]Ma Y Q.The management and utilization of reindeer in China[J].Rangifer,1986,6(1):345-346.
[13]Skarin A,DanellO,Bergstrom R,Moen J.Insect avoidance may override human disturbances in reindeer habitat selection[J].Rangifer,2004,24(2):95-103.
[14]Zhao C N,Su Y,Liu Z S,Yao Z C,Zhang M M,Li Z G.Habitat selection of feral yak in winter and spring in the Helan Mountains[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(6):1 762-1 772.
[15]Chu H J,Jiang Z G,Jiang F,Ge Y,Tao Y S,Li B.Summer and winter bed-site selection by Goitred Gazelle(Gazella subgutturosa sairensis)[J].Zoological Research,2009,30(3):311-318.
[16]Cransac N,Hewison A J M.Seasonal use and selection of habitat by mouflon(Ovis gmelini);comparison of the sexes[J].Behavioral Process,1997,41(1):57-67.
[17]Heggberget T M,Gaare E,Ball J P.Reindeer(Rangifer tarandus)and climate change:importance of winter forage[J].Rangifer,2002,22(1):13-32.
[18]Newton M,Cole E C,Lautenschalger R A,White D E,McCormack J M L Browse availability after conifer release in Maine's spruce-fir forests[J].Journal of Wildlife Management,1989,53(3):643-649.
[19]Hughes J W,Fahey T J.Availability,quality,and selection of browse by white-tailed deer after clearcutting[J].Forest Science,1991,37(1):261-270.
[20]Sun Y H.Study on the management model of Rangifer tarandus[J].Journal of Minzu University of China:Natural Sciences Edition,2013,22(2):42-44.
[21]Moen J.Climate change:effects on the ecological basis for reindeer husbandry in Sweden[J].A Journal of the Human Environment,2008,37(4):304-311.
[22]Liu B W,Jiang Z G.Quantitative analysis of the habitat selection by Procapra prezwalskii[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,2002,22(1):15-21.
[23]Luo Z H,Liu B W,Liu S T.Spring habitat selection of Mongolian gazelle(Procapra gutturosa)around Dalai Lake,Inner-Mongolia[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,2008,28(4);342-352.
[24]孟秀祥,潘世秀,栾晓峰,冯金朝.兴隆山自然保护区马麝春季生境选择[J].生态学报,2010,30(20):5 509-5 517.
[25]蒋志刚.动物行为原理与物种保护方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:254-279.
[26]钟立成,卢向东.世界驯鹿亚种分布与现状[J].经济动物学报,2008,12(1):46-48.
[27]印瑞学,吴建平,王君,刘邵文.中国驯鹿的现状[J].野生动物,1999,20(4):34.
[28]王永曦.东北地区鄂温克人的驯鹿和饲养[J].黑龙江民族丛刊,1995,(4):95-97.
[29]唐戈.鄂温克族驯鹿饲养业的困境与对策[J].黑龙江民族丛刊,2008,(6):129-134.
[30]祁惠君.驯鹿鄂温克人生态移民的民族学考察[J].满语研究,2006,(1):98-105.
[31]冯超,白学良.驯鹿对苔藓植物的选择食用及其生境的物种多样性[J].生态学报,2011,31(13):3 830-3 838.
[32]赵宠南,苏云,刘振生,姚志诚,张明明,李志刚.贺兰山牦牛冬春季的生境选择[J].生态学报,2012,32(6):1 762-1 772.
[33]初红军,蒋志刚,蒋峰,葛炎,陶永善,李斌.鹅喉羚夏季和冬季卧息地选择[J].动物学研究,2009,30(3):311-318.
[34]孙亚红.驯鹿发展管理模式探讨[J].中央民族大学学报:自然科学版,2013,22(2):42-44.
[35]刘丙万,蒋志刚.普氏原羚生境选择的数量化分析[J].兽类学报,2002,22(1):15-21.
[36]罗振华,刘丙万,刘松涛.内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚的春季生境选择[J].兽类学报,2008,28(4):342-352.
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