从藏南陆-陆碰撞带深部结构构造演化探讨斑岩铜矿的成岩成矿问题
|
摘要
本文以INDEPTH项目对印度大陆与欧亚大陆碰撞带深部成像结果为基础,从构造演化角度探讨藏南陆-陆碰撞带冈底斯斑岩铜矿带的成矿作用问题。深部探测给出的碰撞带深部结构与侯增谦等地质学家提出的深部结构有较大的异同,如何协调起来以深化对藏南陆-陆碰撞条件下成矿作用的认识,这是本文讨论的中心。藏南碰撞带成矿实际上是在新特提斯大洋岩石圈俯冲形成的冈底斯岩浆弧成矿作用的基础上,再经过陆-陆碰撞挤压强烈改造后的再成矿。碰撞带的深部结构构造演化的特点是:(1)新特提斯大洋岩石圈板块向北连续俯冲了约120 Ma,形成的冈底斯陆缘火山岩浆弧带,这导致了陆缘带地壳增厚并含有大量的地幔岩浆流体物质(如南美安第斯成矿带那样);(2)在印度大陆与冈底斯陆缘弧接近碰撞时,在对挤中新特提斯大洋洋壳与大洋岩石圈地幔发生向上挤出与向下拆沉,并使部分洋壳残片和大洋岩石圈物质保存在中上地壳内;(3)两大陆岩石圈碰撞对接后,印度岩石圈地幔加深达70~80 km并沿地壳底部向北推进,并将加厚地壳内大量的成矿物质、钙碱性岩浆,洋壳及新生的下地壳,以及部分地幔物质从地壳底部将其围限起来,成为后期再成矿的物质基础;(4)查明了碰撞带深部壳/幔间产生了一层中间速度层(相当于MASH层),在中上地壳部位出现一层巨大的部分熔融层;(5)在碰撞挤压下冈底斯带内产生多组断裂构造,大型逆冲断裂系与背冲断裂,并引发了含矿岩浆的再活动,并在浮力(下地壳内)和挤压力作用下多次活动上升生成斑岩型铜矿床;(6)成矿后地表遭受过强烈的风化剥蚀作用,使矿床出露地表。
Based on deep imaging results of India and Eurasia collision belt by INDEPTH project, this paper deals with the metallogenic problem of the Gangdise porphyry copper belt in south Tibet continent-continent collision belt from the perspective of structural evolution. Gangdise continental margin was modified by the subduction of Neo-Tethys Ocean lithosphere and then remodified by the continent-continent collision. Deep structure of the collision belt shows the following characteristics:(1) Neo-Tethys Oceanic plate subducted continuously at about 120 Ma, and formed the Gangdise epicontinental volcanic arc, which resulted in the thickening of the crust and brought a large amount of mantle fluid material into thickened crust.(2) Some residual oceanic crust, juvenile lower crust and probably mantle material were existent beneath the collision zone.(3) The Indian lithospheric mantle extended northward under and across the collision zone without any break off.(4) A large partial melting layer(or magma chamber) at the depth of 20 km existed across the Gangdise block, after the initiating of Gangdise thrust at about 10 Ma that, which began to supply the magma with copper; in addition, a layer of middle velocity existed between the crust and the mantle. In the upper crust there were large thrust systems and a backthrust.(5) The formation of multiple sets of thrusts and faults with the collision compression in the Gangdise belt triggered the ore magma activity again, which rose to generate porphyry copper deposits.(6) The surface suffered strong weathering denudation and made the deposit exposed on the surface.
Based on deep imaging results of India and Eurasia collision belt by INDEPTH project, this paper deals with the metallogenic problem of the Gangdise porphyry copper belt in south Tibet continent-continent collision belt from the perspective of structural evolution. Gangdise continental margin was modified by the subduction of Neo-Tethys Ocean lithosphere and then remodified by the continent-continent collision. Deep structure of the collision belt shows the following characteristics:(1) Neo-Tethys Oceanic plate subducted continuously at about 120 Ma, and formed the Gangdise epicontinental volcanic arc, which resulted in the thickening of the crust and brought a large amount of mantle fluid material into thickened crust.(2) Some residual oceanic crust, juvenile lower crust and probably mantle material were existent beneath the collision zone.(3) The Indian lithospheric mantle extended northward under and across the collision zone without any break off.(4) A large partial melting layer(or magma chamber) at the depth of 20 km existed across the Gangdise block, after the initiating of Gangdise thrust at about 10 Ma that, which began to supply the magma with copper; in addition, a layer of middle velocity existed between the crust and the mantle. In the upper crust there were large thrust systems and a backthrust.(5) The formation of multiple sets of thrusts and faults with the collision compression in the Gangdise belt triggered the ore magma activity again, which rose to generate porphyry copper deposits.(6) The surface suffered strong weathering denudation and made the deposit exposed on the surface.
引文
侯增谦,曲晓明,王淑贤,高永丰,杜安道,黄卫.2003.西藏高原冈底斯斑岩铜矿带辉钼矿Re-Os年龄:成矿作用时限和动力学背景应用[J].中国科学(D辑),33(7):609-618.
侯增谦,王二七,莫宣学,丁林,潘桂棠,张中杰,李光明(蓉),秦克章,徐义刚,王安建,曲晓明,余宏全,孙晓明,许继峰,赵志丹,杨志明,江思宏,张洪瑞,杨竹森,田世洪,宋玉财,李光明(京),王瑜,徐文艺,姜耀辉,孟祥金,李振清,董方浏,王立全,高永丰,吕庆田,杨岳清,徐兴旺,赵元艺,边千韬,谢国刚,王宗起,聂凤军,唐菊兴,郑有业,闫全人,薛春纪.2008.青藏高原碰撞造山与成矿作用(上篇)[M].北京:地质出版社.
侯增谦.2010.大陆碰撞成矿论[J].地质学报,84(1):30-58.
纪伟强,吴福元,锺孙霖,刘传周.2009.西藏南部冈底斯岩基花岗岩时代与岩石成因[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,39(7):849-871.
毛景文,张作衡,王义天.2012.国外主要矿床类型、特点及找矿勘查[M].北京:地质出版社:190.
孟祥金,侯增谦,高永丰,黄卫,曲晓明,屈文俊.2003.西藏冈底斯成矿带驱龙铜矿Re-Os年龄及成矿学意义[J].地质论评,49(6):660-666.
秦克章,夏代祥,多吉,李光明,蒋光武,肖波,赵俊兴.2014.西藏驱龙斑岩-夕卡岩铜钼矿床[M].北京:科学出版社:277-295.
芮宗瑶,侯增谦,李光明,李波,张立生,王龙生.2006.冈底斯斑岩铜矿成矿模式[J].地质论评,52(4):459-466.
石耀霖,朱元清,沈显杰.1992.青藏高原构造热演化的主要控制因素[J].地球物理学报,31(6):710-720.
唐菊兴,黎风佶,李志军,张丽,唐晓倩,邓起,郎兴海,黄勇,姚晓峰,王友.2010.西藏谢通门县雄村铜金矿主要地质体形成的时限:锆石U-Pb、辉钼矿Re-Os年龄的证据[J].矿床地质,29(3):461-475.
王希斌,鲍佩声,邓万明,王方国.1987.西藏蛇绿岩[M].北京:地质出版社.
吴珍汉,吴中海,胡道功,赵逊,赵希涛,叶培盛.2009.青藏高原新生代构造演化与隆升过程[M].北京:地质出版社:119,255,267.
张忠杰.2008.青藏高原地球物理探测与壳幔结构[M]//侯增谦,王二七,莫宣学,丁林,潘桂棠,张中杰,李光明(蓉),秦克章,徐义刚,王安建,曲晓明,余宏全,孙晓明,许继峰,赵志丹,杨志明,江思宏,张洪瑞,杨竹森,田世洪,宋玉财,李光明(京),王瑜,徐文艺,姜耀辉,孟祥金,李振清,董方浏,王立全,高永丰,吕庆田,杨岳清,徐兴旺,赵元艺,边千韬,谢国刚,王宗起,聂凤军,唐菊兴,郑有业,闫全人,薛春纪.青藏高原碰撞造山与成矿作用(上篇).北京:地质出版社.
赵文津,INDEPTH项目组.2001.喜马拉雅山及雅鲁藏布江缝合带深部结构与构造演化[M].北京:地质出版社.
郑有业,张刚阳,许荣科,高顺宝,庞迎春,杜安道,石玉若.2007.西藏冈底斯朱诺斑岩铜矿床成岩成矿时代约束[J].科学通报,52(21):2542-2548.
AITCHISON J C,DAVIS A M.2001.When did the India-Asia collision really happened.International Syposium and Field Workshop on the Assembly and Breakup of Rodinia and Gondwana,and Growth of Asia.Osaka City University,Japan[J].Gondwana Research,4:560-561.
CAMUS F.2005.The Andean Porphyry Systems.Super Porphyry Copper&Gold Deposits:A Global Perspective[M].PGCPublishing,Adelaide,V.1:45-63.
CHU M F,CHUNG S L,SONG B,LIU D,O’REILLY S Y,PEARSON N J,LI J,WEN D J.2006.Zircon U-Pb and Hf isotope constraints on the Mesozoic tectonics and crustal evolution of southern Tibet[J].Geology,34:745-748,doi:10.1130/G22725.1.
CHUNG S L,CHU M F,ZHANG Y Q,XIE Y W,LO C H,LEE TY,LAN C Y,LI X H,ZHANG QI,WANG Y Z.2005.Tibetan tectonic evolution inferred from spatial and temporal variations in post-collisional magmatism[J].Earth-Science Reviews,68:173-196.
GIESE P,BAHLBURG H,HEINSOHN W D,GORLER K,GOTZE H J,GROSS S,HILLEBRANDT A,KRUGER D,PORTH R,REUTTER K J,SCHEUBER E,SCHMIDT S,SCHMIDT M,SCHWARZ G.WIGGER P.1995.Die zentralen Anden:ein Konvergentes Plattensystem unter raumlich und zeitlichsich anden Deformationsbedinggungen Mitteilungen der Senatskommission fur Geowissenschaftliche Gemeinschaftsforschung[C]//Deformationsprozesse In Den Anden.
HOU Zeng-qian,QU Xiao-ming,WANG Shu-xian,GAOYong-feng,DU An-dao,HUANG Wei.2003.Re-Os age of Gangdese Metallogenic Belt,Xizang plateau:Geodynamics and metallogeny applications[J].Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),33(7):609-618(in Chinese).
HOU Zeng-qian,WANG Er-qi,MO Xuan-xue,DING Lin,PANGui-tang,ZHANG Zhong-jie,LI Guang-ming,QIN Ke-zhang,XU Yi-gang,WANG An-jian,QU Xiao-ming,YU Hong-quan,SUN Xiao-ming,XU Ji-feng,ZHAO Zhi-dan,YANGZhi-ming,JIANG Si-hong,ZHANG Hong-rui,YANGZhu-sen,TIAN Shi-hong,SONG Yu-cai,LI Guang-ming,WANG Yu,XU Wen-yi,JIANG Yao-hui,MENG Xiang-jin,LI Zhen-qing,DONG Fang-liu,WANG Li-quan,GAOYong-feng,LüQing-tian,YANG Yue-qing,XU Xing-wang,ZHAO Yuan-yi,BIAN Qian-tao,XIE Guo-gang,WANGZong-qi,NIE Feng-jun,TANG Ju-xing,ZHENG You-ye,YAN Quan-ren,XUE Chun-ji.2008.Collision orogeny and Mineralization of Tibet plateau[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese).
HOU Zeng-qian,YANG Zhi-ming,LU Yong-jun,ANTHONY K,ZHENG Yuan-chuan,LI Qiu-yun,TANG Ju-xing,YANGZhu-sen,DUAN Lian-feng.2015.A genetic linkage between subduction-and collision-related porphyry Cu deposits in continental collision zones[J].Geology,43:247-250.
HOU Zeng-qian,ZHANG Hong-rui.2015.Geodynamics and metallogeny of the eastern Tethyan matallogenic domain[J].Ore Geology Review,70:346-384.
HOU Zeng-qian.2010.Metallogensis of Continental Collision[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,84(1):30-58(in Chinese).
JI Wei-qiang,WU Fu-yuan,ZHONG Sun-lin,LIU Chuan-zhou.2009.Geodynamics and metallogeny of Gangdise granite[J].Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),39(7):849-871(in Chinese).
KYSER T K.1990.Stable isotopes in the Continental Lithospheric Mantle[C]//MENZIES M A.Continental Mantle,Oxford.Clarendo Press:127-156.
LEE T Y,LAWVER L A.1995.Cenozoic plate reconstruction of Southeast Asia[J].Tectonophysics,251(1-4):85-138.
MAO Jing-wen,ZHANG Zuo-heng,WANG Yi-tian.2012.Main foreign ore deposit types,characteristics and prospecting exploration[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House:190(in Chinese).
MENG Xiang-jin,HOU Zeng-qin,GAO Yong-feng,HUANG Wei,QU Xiao-ming,QU Wen-jun.2003.Re-Os Dating for Molybdenite from Qulong Porphyry Copper Deposit in Gangdese Metallogenic Belt,Xizang and Its Metallogenic Significance[J].Geological Review,49(6):660-666.
MUAWIA B,BRYAN L I.1976.Spatial distribution of earthquakes and subduction of Nazca plate beneath South America[J].Geology,4:686-692.
NáBELEK J,HETéNYI G,VERGNE J,SAPKOTA S,KAFLE B,JIANG M,SU H,CHEN J,HUANG B S.2009.Underplating in the Himalaya Tibet collision zone revealed by the Hi-CLIMB experiment[J].Science,325:1371-1374,doi:10.1126/science.1167719.
NELSON K D,ZHAO Wen-jin,BROWN L D,KUO J,CHEJin-kai,LIU Xian-wen,KLEMPERER S L,MAKOVSKY Y,MEISSNER R,MECHIE J,KIND R,WENZEL F,NI J,NABELEK J,LESHOU C,TAN Han-dong,WEI Wen-bo,JONES A G,BOOKER J,UNSWORTH M,KIDD W S F,HAUCK M,ALSDORF D,ROSS A,COGAN M,WUChang-de,SANDVOL E,EDWARDS M.1996.Partially Molten Middle Crust beneath Southern Tibet Synthesis of Project INDEPTH Results[J].Science,274(5293):1684-1688,DOI:10.1126/science.274.5293.1684.
OWENS T,ZANDT G.1997.Implications of Crustal Property Variation for Models of Tibetan Plateau Evolution[J].Nature,387:37-45,doi:10.1038/38703720.
QIN Ke-zhang,XIA Dai-xiang,DUO Ji,LI Guang-ming,JIANGGuang-wu,XIAO Bo,ZHAO Jun-xing.2014.Porphyry-skarn Cu-Mo deposit in Qulong,Tibet[M].Beijing:Science Press:277-295(in Chinese)
RICHARDS J P.2005.Cumulative factors in the generation of giant calc-alkaline porphyry Cu deposits.Super Porphyry Copper&Gold Deposits:A Global Perspective[M].PGCPublishing,Adelaide,V.1:7-25.
RICHARDS J P.2009.Postsubduction porphyry Cu-Au and epithermal Au deposits:Products of remelting of subduction-Modified lithosphere[J].Geology,38(3):247-250.
RUI Zong-yao,HOU Zeng-qian,LI Guang-ming,LI Bo,ZHANGLi-sheng,WANG Long-sheng.2006.A Genttic Model for the Gandis Porphyry Copper Deposits[J].Geology Review,52(4):459-466(in Chinese with English abstract).
SCHMITZ M,WIGGER P,ARANEDA M,GIESE P,HEINSOHNW D,ROWER P,VIRAMONTE J.1993.The Andean crust at24°South Latitude[C]//XII Congreso Geologico Argentine,Mendoza,Tomo II:286-290.
SCHULTE-PELKUM V,MONSALVE G,SHEEHAN A,PANDEY M R,SAPKOTA S,BILHAM R,WU F.2005.Imaging the Indian subcontinent beneath the Himalaya[J].Nature,435(7046):doi:1038/nature 03678.
SHI Yao-lin,ZHU Yuan-qing,SHEN Xian-jie.1992.Teconic processes and thermal evolution of the Qinghai-xizang(tibetan)plateau[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,31(6):710-720(in Chinese with English abstract).
SILLITOE R H,HEDENQUIST J W.2003.Linkages between Volcanotectonic Settings,Ore-Fluid Compositions,and Epithermal Precious Metal Deposits[J].Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication,10:315-343.
STERN C R,SKEWES M A.2005.Origin of Giant Miocene and Pliocene Cu-Mo Deposits Incentral Chile:Role of ridge subduction,decreased subduction angle,subduction ersion,crustalthicking,and long-lived,batholith-size,open-system magma chambers.Super Porphyry Copper&Gold Deposits:A Global Perspective[M].PGC Publishing,Adelaide,V.1:65-82.
TANG Ju-xing,LI Feng-ji,LI Zhi-jun,ZHANG Li,TANGXiao-qian,DENG Qi,LANG Xing-hai,HUANG Yong,YAOXiao-feng,WANG You.2010.Time limit for forming of main geological bodies in Xiongcun copper-gold deposit,Xietong-men County,Tibet:Evidence from zircon U-Pb Ages and Re-Os age of molybdenite[J].Mineral Deposits,29:461-475(in Chinese with English abstract).
UNSWORTH M J,JONES A G,WEI W,MARQUIS G,GOKARNS G,SPRAT J E,BEDROSIAN P,BOOKER J,LESHOU C,CLARKE G,SHENGHUI L,CHANGHONG L,MING D,SHENG J,SOLON K,HANGDONG T,LEDO J,ROBERTSB,INDEPTH-MT team.2005.Crustal Rheology of the Himalaya and Southern Tibet Inferred from Magnatotelluric data[J].Nature,438(7064):78-81,doi:10.1038/nature 04154.
WANG Xi-bin,BAO Pei-sheng,DENG Wan-ming,WANGFang-guo.1987.Tibet ophiolite[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese).
WINTER J D.2001.An Introduction to igneous and metamorphic Petrology:Upper Saddle River[M].New Jersey:Prentice-Hall INC.:697.
WITTLINGER G,FARRA V,HéTENYI G,VERGNE J,N?BěLEK J.2009.Seimic velocities in Southern Tibet lower crust:a receiver function Approach for ecologite detection[J].Geophysical Journal International,177:1037-1049.
WU Zhen-han,WU Zhong-hai,HU Dao-gong,ZHAO Xun,ZHAOXi-tao,YE Pei-sheng.2009.Cenozoic tectonic evolution and the Tibet plateau uplift process[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House:119,255,267(in Chinese).
ZHANG Zhong-jie.2008.Geophysical detection and crust-mantle structure of the tibetan Plateau[M]//HOU Zeng-qian,WANGEr-qi,MO Xuan-xue,DING Lin,PAN Gui-tang,ZHANGZhong-jie,LI Guang-ming,QIN Ke-zhang,XU Yi-gang,WANG An-jian,QU Xiao-ming,YU Hong-quan,SUNXiao-ming,XU Ji-feng,ZHAO Zhi-dan,YANG Zhi-ming,JIANG Si-hong,ZHANG Hong-rui,YANG Zhu-sen,TIANShi-hong,SONG Yu-cai,LI Guang-ming,WANG Yu,XUWen-yi,JIANG Yao-hui,MENG Xiang-jin,LI Zhen-qing,DONG Fang-liu,WANG Li-quan,GAO Yong-feng,LüQing-tian,YANG Yue-qing,XU Xing-wang,ZHAO Yuan-yi,BIAN Qian-tao,XIE Guo-gang,WANG Zong-qi,NIEFeng-jun,TANG Ju-xing,ZHENG You-ye,YAN Quan-ren,XUE Chun-ji.2008.Collision orogeny and Mineralization of Tibet plateau[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese).
ZHAO W J,KUMAR P,MECHIE J,KIND R,MEISSNER R,WUZ,SHI D,SU H,XUE G,KARPLUS M,TILMANN F.2011.Tibetan plate overriding the Asian plate in central and northern Tibet[J].Nature-Geoscience,4:870-873.
ZHAO Wen-jin,INDEPTH Team.2001.Deep structure and structural evolution of the Himalayas and the Yarlung Zangbo River suture zone[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese).
ZHAO Wen-jin,ZHAO Xun,SHI Da-nian,LIU Kui,JIANG Wan,WU Zhen-han.2004.Progress in the Study of Deep Profiles of Tibet and the Himalayas(INDEPTH)[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,78(4):931-939.
ZHAO Z D,MO X X,DILEK Y,NIU Y L,DON J,PAOLO D,ROBINSON P,ZHU D C,SUN C G,DONG G C,ZHOU S,LUO Z H,HOU Z Q.2009.Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb-Oisotopic compositions of the post-collisional ultrapotassic magmatism in SW Tibet:Petrogenesis and implications for India intra-continental subduction beneath southern Tibet[J].Lithos,113:190-212.
ZHENG You-ye,ZHANG Gang-yang,XU Rong-ke,GAOShun-bao,PANG Ying-chun,DU An-dao,SHI Yu-ruo.2007.Geochronologic constraints of Zhunuo porphyry copper deposit in Gangdise,Tibet[J].Chinese Science Bulletion,52(21):2542-2548(in Chinese).
侯增谦,王二七,莫宣学,丁林,潘桂棠,张中杰,李光明(蓉),秦克章,徐义刚,王安建,曲晓明,余宏全,孙晓明,许继峰,赵志丹,杨志明,江思宏,张洪瑞,杨竹森,田世洪,宋玉财,李光明(京),王瑜,徐文艺,姜耀辉,孟祥金,李振清,董方浏,王立全,高永丰,吕庆田,杨岳清,徐兴旺,赵元艺,边千韬,谢国刚,王宗起,聂凤军,唐菊兴,郑有业,闫全人,薛春纪.2008.青藏高原碰撞造山与成矿作用(上篇)[M].北京:地质出版社.
侯增谦.2010.大陆碰撞成矿论[J].地质学报,84(1):30-58.
纪伟强,吴福元,锺孙霖,刘传周.2009.西藏南部冈底斯岩基花岗岩时代与岩石成因[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,39(7):849-871.
毛景文,张作衡,王义天.2012.国外主要矿床类型、特点及找矿勘查[M].北京:地质出版社:190.
孟祥金,侯增谦,高永丰,黄卫,曲晓明,屈文俊.2003.西藏冈底斯成矿带驱龙铜矿Re-Os年龄及成矿学意义[J].地质论评,49(6):660-666.
秦克章,夏代祥,多吉,李光明,蒋光武,肖波,赵俊兴.2014.西藏驱龙斑岩-夕卡岩铜钼矿床[M].北京:科学出版社:277-295.
芮宗瑶,侯增谦,李光明,李波,张立生,王龙生.2006.冈底斯斑岩铜矿成矿模式[J].地质论评,52(4):459-466.
石耀霖,朱元清,沈显杰.1992.青藏高原构造热演化的主要控制因素[J].地球物理学报,31(6):710-720.
唐菊兴,黎风佶,李志军,张丽,唐晓倩,邓起,郎兴海,黄勇,姚晓峰,王友.2010.西藏谢通门县雄村铜金矿主要地质体形成的时限:锆石U-Pb、辉钼矿Re-Os年龄的证据[J].矿床地质,29(3):461-475.
王希斌,鲍佩声,邓万明,王方国.1987.西藏蛇绿岩[M].北京:地质出版社.
吴珍汉,吴中海,胡道功,赵逊,赵希涛,叶培盛.2009.青藏高原新生代构造演化与隆升过程[M].北京:地质出版社:119,255,267.
张忠杰.2008.青藏高原地球物理探测与壳幔结构[M]//侯增谦,王二七,莫宣学,丁林,潘桂棠,张中杰,李光明(蓉),秦克章,徐义刚,王安建,曲晓明,余宏全,孙晓明,许继峰,赵志丹,杨志明,江思宏,张洪瑞,杨竹森,田世洪,宋玉财,李光明(京),王瑜,徐文艺,姜耀辉,孟祥金,李振清,董方浏,王立全,高永丰,吕庆田,杨岳清,徐兴旺,赵元艺,边千韬,谢国刚,王宗起,聂凤军,唐菊兴,郑有业,闫全人,薛春纪.青藏高原碰撞造山与成矿作用(上篇).北京:地质出版社.
赵文津,INDEPTH项目组.2001.喜马拉雅山及雅鲁藏布江缝合带深部结构与构造演化[M].北京:地质出版社.
郑有业,张刚阳,许荣科,高顺宝,庞迎春,杜安道,石玉若.2007.西藏冈底斯朱诺斑岩铜矿床成岩成矿时代约束[J].科学通报,52(21):2542-2548.
AITCHISON J C,DAVIS A M.2001.When did the India-Asia collision really happened.International Syposium and Field Workshop on the Assembly and Breakup of Rodinia and Gondwana,and Growth of Asia.Osaka City University,Japan[J].Gondwana Research,4:560-561.
CAMUS F.2005.The Andean Porphyry Systems.Super Porphyry Copper&Gold Deposits:A Global Perspective[M].PGCPublishing,Adelaide,V.1:45-63.
CHU M F,CHUNG S L,SONG B,LIU D,O’REILLY S Y,PEARSON N J,LI J,WEN D J.2006.Zircon U-Pb and Hf isotope constraints on the Mesozoic tectonics and crustal evolution of southern Tibet[J].Geology,34:745-748,doi:10.1130/G22725.1.
CHUNG S L,CHU M F,ZHANG Y Q,XIE Y W,LO C H,LEE TY,LAN C Y,LI X H,ZHANG QI,WANG Y Z.2005.Tibetan tectonic evolution inferred from spatial and temporal variations in post-collisional magmatism[J].Earth-Science Reviews,68:173-196.
GIESE P,BAHLBURG H,HEINSOHN W D,GORLER K,GOTZE H J,GROSS S,HILLEBRANDT A,KRUGER D,PORTH R,REUTTER K J,SCHEUBER E,SCHMIDT S,SCHMIDT M,SCHWARZ G.WIGGER P.1995.Die zentralen Anden:ein Konvergentes Plattensystem unter raumlich und zeitlichsich anden Deformationsbedinggungen Mitteilungen der Senatskommission fur Geowissenschaftliche Gemeinschaftsforschung[C]//Deformationsprozesse In Den Anden.
HOU Zeng-qian,QU Xiao-ming,WANG Shu-xian,GAOYong-feng,DU An-dao,HUANG Wei.2003.Re-Os age of Gangdese Metallogenic Belt,Xizang plateau:Geodynamics and metallogeny applications[J].Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),33(7):609-618(in Chinese).
HOU Zeng-qian,WANG Er-qi,MO Xuan-xue,DING Lin,PANGui-tang,ZHANG Zhong-jie,LI Guang-ming,QIN Ke-zhang,XU Yi-gang,WANG An-jian,QU Xiao-ming,YU Hong-quan,SUN Xiao-ming,XU Ji-feng,ZHAO Zhi-dan,YANGZhi-ming,JIANG Si-hong,ZHANG Hong-rui,YANGZhu-sen,TIAN Shi-hong,SONG Yu-cai,LI Guang-ming,WANG Yu,XU Wen-yi,JIANG Yao-hui,MENG Xiang-jin,LI Zhen-qing,DONG Fang-liu,WANG Li-quan,GAOYong-feng,LüQing-tian,YANG Yue-qing,XU Xing-wang,ZHAO Yuan-yi,BIAN Qian-tao,XIE Guo-gang,WANGZong-qi,NIE Feng-jun,TANG Ju-xing,ZHENG You-ye,YAN Quan-ren,XUE Chun-ji.2008.Collision orogeny and Mineralization of Tibet plateau[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese).
HOU Zeng-qian,YANG Zhi-ming,LU Yong-jun,ANTHONY K,ZHENG Yuan-chuan,LI Qiu-yun,TANG Ju-xing,YANGZhu-sen,DUAN Lian-feng.2015.A genetic linkage between subduction-and collision-related porphyry Cu deposits in continental collision zones[J].Geology,43:247-250.
HOU Zeng-qian,ZHANG Hong-rui.2015.Geodynamics and metallogeny of the eastern Tethyan matallogenic domain[J].Ore Geology Review,70:346-384.
HOU Zeng-qian.2010.Metallogensis of Continental Collision[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,84(1):30-58(in Chinese).
JI Wei-qiang,WU Fu-yuan,ZHONG Sun-lin,LIU Chuan-zhou.2009.Geodynamics and metallogeny of Gangdise granite[J].Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),39(7):849-871(in Chinese).
KYSER T K.1990.Stable isotopes in the Continental Lithospheric Mantle[C]//MENZIES M A.Continental Mantle,Oxford.Clarendo Press:127-156.
LEE T Y,LAWVER L A.1995.Cenozoic plate reconstruction of Southeast Asia[J].Tectonophysics,251(1-4):85-138.
MAO Jing-wen,ZHANG Zuo-heng,WANG Yi-tian.2012.Main foreign ore deposit types,characteristics and prospecting exploration[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House:190(in Chinese).
MENG Xiang-jin,HOU Zeng-qin,GAO Yong-feng,HUANG Wei,QU Xiao-ming,QU Wen-jun.2003.Re-Os Dating for Molybdenite from Qulong Porphyry Copper Deposit in Gangdese Metallogenic Belt,Xizang and Its Metallogenic Significance[J].Geological Review,49(6):660-666.
MUAWIA B,BRYAN L I.1976.Spatial distribution of earthquakes and subduction of Nazca plate beneath South America[J].Geology,4:686-692.
NáBELEK J,HETéNYI G,VERGNE J,SAPKOTA S,KAFLE B,JIANG M,SU H,CHEN J,HUANG B S.2009.Underplating in the Himalaya Tibet collision zone revealed by the Hi-CLIMB experiment[J].Science,325:1371-1374,doi:10.1126/science.1167719.
NELSON K D,ZHAO Wen-jin,BROWN L D,KUO J,CHEJin-kai,LIU Xian-wen,KLEMPERER S L,MAKOVSKY Y,MEISSNER R,MECHIE J,KIND R,WENZEL F,NI J,NABELEK J,LESHOU C,TAN Han-dong,WEI Wen-bo,JONES A G,BOOKER J,UNSWORTH M,KIDD W S F,HAUCK M,ALSDORF D,ROSS A,COGAN M,WUChang-de,SANDVOL E,EDWARDS M.1996.Partially Molten Middle Crust beneath Southern Tibet Synthesis of Project INDEPTH Results[J].Science,274(5293):1684-1688,DOI:10.1126/science.274.5293.1684.
OWENS T,ZANDT G.1997.Implications of Crustal Property Variation for Models of Tibetan Plateau Evolution[J].Nature,387:37-45,doi:10.1038/38703720.
QIN Ke-zhang,XIA Dai-xiang,DUO Ji,LI Guang-ming,JIANGGuang-wu,XIAO Bo,ZHAO Jun-xing.2014.Porphyry-skarn Cu-Mo deposit in Qulong,Tibet[M].Beijing:Science Press:277-295(in Chinese)
RICHARDS J P.2005.Cumulative factors in the generation of giant calc-alkaline porphyry Cu deposits.Super Porphyry Copper&Gold Deposits:A Global Perspective[M].PGCPublishing,Adelaide,V.1:7-25.
RICHARDS J P.2009.Postsubduction porphyry Cu-Au and epithermal Au deposits:Products of remelting of subduction-Modified lithosphere[J].Geology,38(3):247-250.
RUI Zong-yao,HOU Zeng-qian,LI Guang-ming,LI Bo,ZHANGLi-sheng,WANG Long-sheng.2006.A Genttic Model for the Gandis Porphyry Copper Deposits[J].Geology Review,52(4):459-466(in Chinese with English abstract).
SCHMITZ M,WIGGER P,ARANEDA M,GIESE P,HEINSOHNW D,ROWER P,VIRAMONTE J.1993.The Andean crust at24°South Latitude[C]//XII Congreso Geologico Argentine,Mendoza,Tomo II:286-290.
SCHULTE-PELKUM V,MONSALVE G,SHEEHAN A,PANDEY M R,SAPKOTA S,BILHAM R,WU F.2005.Imaging the Indian subcontinent beneath the Himalaya[J].Nature,435(7046):doi:1038/nature 03678.
SHI Yao-lin,ZHU Yuan-qing,SHEN Xian-jie.1992.Teconic processes and thermal evolution of the Qinghai-xizang(tibetan)plateau[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,31(6):710-720(in Chinese with English abstract).
SILLITOE R H,HEDENQUIST J W.2003.Linkages between Volcanotectonic Settings,Ore-Fluid Compositions,and Epithermal Precious Metal Deposits[J].Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication,10:315-343.
STERN C R,SKEWES M A.2005.Origin of Giant Miocene and Pliocene Cu-Mo Deposits Incentral Chile:Role of ridge subduction,decreased subduction angle,subduction ersion,crustalthicking,and long-lived,batholith-size,open-system magma chambers.Super Porphyry Copper&Gold Deposits:A Global Perspective[M].PGC Publishing,Adelaide,V.1:65-82.
TANG Ju-xing,LI Feng-ji,LI Zhi-jun,ZHANG Li,TANGXiao-qian,DENG Qi,LANG Xing-hai,HUANG Yong,YAOXiao-feng,WANG You.2010.Time limit for forming of main geological bodies in Xiongcun copper-gold deposit,Xietong-men County,Tibet:Evidence from zircon U-Pb Ages and Re-Os age of molybdenite[J].Mineral Deposits,29:461-475(in Chinese with English abstract).
UNSWORTH M J,JONES A G,WEI W,MARQUIS G,GOKARNS G,SPRAT J E,BEDROSIAN P,BOOKER J,LESHOU C,CLARKE G,SHENGHUI L,CHANGHONG L,MING D,SHENG J,SOLON K,HANGDONG T,LEDO J,ROBERTSB,INDEPTH-MT team.2005.Crustal Rheology of the Himalaya and Southern Tibet Inferred from Magnatotelluric data[J].Nature,438(7064):78-81,doi:10.1038/nature 04154.
WANG Xi-bin,BAO Pei-sheng,DENG Wan-ming,WANGFang-guo.1987.Tibet ophiolite[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese).
WINTER J D.2001.An Introduction to igneous and metamorphic Petrology:Upper Saddle River[M].New Jersey:Prentice-Hall INC.:697.
WITTLINGER G,FARRA V,HéTENYI G,VERGNE J,N?BěLEK J.2009.Seimic velocities in Southern Tibet lower crust:a receiver function Approach for ecologite detection[J].Geophysical Journal International,177:1037-1049.
WU Zhen-han,WU Zhong-hai,HU Dao-gong,ZHAO Xun,ZHAOXi-tao,YE Pei-sheng.2009.Cenozoic tectonic evolution and the Tibet plateau uplift process[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House:119,255,267(in Chinese).
ZHANG Zhong-jie.2008.Geophysical detection and crust-mantle structure of the tibetan Plateau[M]//HOU Zeng-qian,WANGEr-qi,MO Xuan-xue,DING Lin,PAN Gui-tang,ZHANGZhong-jie,LI Guang-ming,QIN Ke-zhang,XU Yi-gang,WANG An-jian,QU Xiao-ming,YU Hong-quan,SUNXiao-ming,XU Ji-feng,ZHAO Zhi-dan,YANG Zhi-ming,JIANG Si-hong,ZHANG Hong-rui,YANG Zhu-sen,TIANShi-hong,SONG Yu-cai,LI Guang-ming,WANG Yu,XUWen-yi,JIANG Yao-hui,MENG Xiang-jin,LI Zhen-qing,DONG Fang-liu,WANG Li-quan,GAO Yong-feng,LüQing-tian,YANG Yue-qing,XU Xing-wang,ZHAO Yuan-yi,BIAN Qian-tao,XIE Guo-gang,WANG Zong-qi,NIEFeng-jun,TANG Ju-xing,ZHENG You-ye,YAN Quan-ren,XUE Chun-ji.2008.Collision orogeny and Mineralization of Tibet plateau[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese).
ZHAO W J,KUMAR P,MECHIE J,KIND R,MEISSNER R,WUZ,SHI D,SU H,XUE G,KARPLUS M,TILMANN F.2011.Tibetan plate overriding the Asian plate in central and northern Tibet[J].Nature-Geoscience,4:870-873.
ZHAO Wen-jin,INDEPTH Team.2001.Deep structure and structural evolution of the Himalayas and the Yarlung Zangbo River suture zone[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese).
ZHAO Wen-jin,ZHAO Xun,SHI Da-nian,LIU Kui,JIANG Wan,WU Zhen-han.2004.Progress in the Study of Deep Profiles of Tibet and the Himalayas(INDEPTH)[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,78(4):931-939.
ZHAO Z D,MO X X,DILEK Y,NIU Y L,DON J,PAOLO D,ROBINSON P,ZHU D C,SUN C G,DONG G C,ZHOU S,LUO Z H,HOU Z Q.2009.Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb-Oisotopic compositions of the post-collisional ultrapotassic magmatism in SW Tibet:Petrogenesis and implications for India intra-continental subduction beneath southern Tibet[J].Lithos,113:190-212.
ZHENG You-ye,ZHANG Gang-yang,XU Rong-ke,GAOShun-bao,PANG Ying-chun,DU An-dao,SHI Yu-ruo.2007.Geochronologic constraints of Zhunuo porphyry copper deposit in Gangdise,Tibet[J].Chinese Science Bulletion,52(21):2542-2548(in Chinese).
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |