态度意义的多模态建构——基于认知评价理论的分析模式
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摘要
纵观近二十年来国内外评价研究,绝大部分关注的是语言语篇,而对多模态语篇中评价意义的探讨寥寥无几。然而,在图像、电影等多模态语篇中,声音特征、表情、手势等都是建构评价意义的重要资源。因此,本文提出系统阐释评价意义,尤其是态度意义多模态建构的跨学科理论框架。结合认知评价理论与系统功能符号学理论,我们将态度分为诱发条件,内心态度和态度表达三个部分,并为每个部分的多模态建构建立了语义系统网络。本研究既将评价理论扩展到多模态语篇,也探索了认知心理学与符号学在理论建构上的互补性。
In multimodal discourses such as images and films, vocal features, facial expressions and gestures are all important resources for constructing appraisal meaning. Therefore, this study develops an interdisciplinary framework to systematically explain the multimodal construction of attitudinal meaning. Combining cognitive appraisal theory and systemic functional semiotics, we divide attitudinal meaning into eliciting condition,inner feeling and attitude expression, and develop system networks to map out the multimodal construction at each stage. This study extends appraisal theory to multimodal discourses and explores the complementarity of cognitive psychology and semiotics in terms of theoretical construction.
In multimodal discourses such as images and films, vocal features, facial expressions and gestures are all important resources for constructing appraisal meaning. Therefore, this study develops an interdisciplinary framework to systematically explain the multimodal construction of attitudinal meaning. Combining cognitive appraisal theory and systemic functional semiotics, we divide attitudinal meaning into eliciting condition,inner feeling and attitude expression, and develop system networks to map out the multimodal construction at each stage. This study extends appraisal theory to multimodal discourses and explores the complementarity of cognitive psychology and semiotics in terms of theoretical construction.
引文
Banse,R.&K.R.Scherer.1996.Acoustic profiles in vocal emotion expression[J].Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology 70(3):614-636.
Bednarek,M.2006.Evaluation in Media Discourse[M].London:Continuum.
Eggins,S.&D.Slade.1997.Analyzing Casual Conversation[M].London:Cassell.
Ekman,P.&W.V.Friesen.1975.Unmasking the Face[M].Englewood Cliffs,NJ:PrenticeHall.
Feng,D.Z.&K.L.O’Halloran.2012.Representing emotion in visual images:A social semiotic approach[J].Journal of Pragmatics 44:2067-2084.
Feng,D.Z.&K.L.O’Halloran.2013.The multimodal representation of emotion in film:Integrating cognitive and semiotic approaches[J].Semiotica 197:101-122.
Frijda,N.1986.The Emotions[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Hood,S.E.2004.Appraising Research:Taking a Stance in Academic Writing[D].Unpublished PhD thesis,University of Technology,Sydney.
Hunston,S.&G.Thompson.2000.Evaluation in Text[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Izard,C.E.1971.The Face of Emotion[M].New York:Appleton Century Crofts.
Kendon,A.2004.Gesture:Visible Action as Utterance[M].Cambridge:Cambridge UniversityPress.
K觟vecses,Z.2000.Metaphor and Emotion:Language,Culture,and Body in Human Feeling[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Lazarus,R.S.1991.Emotion and Adaptation[M].New York:Oxford University Press.
Lemke,J.L.1998.Resources for attitudinal meaning[J].Functions of Language 5(1):33-56.
Macken-Horarik,M.2004.Interacting with the multimodal text:Reflections on image andverbiage in art express[J].Visual Communication 3(1):5-26.
Martin,J.R.&P.P.R.White.2005.The Language of Evaluation[M].New York:PalgraveMacmillan.
McNeill,D.2005.Gesture and Thought[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Ortony,A.,G.L.Clore&A.Collins.1988.The Cognitive Structure of Emotions[M].NewYork:Cambridge University Press.
Pakosz,M.1983.Attitudinal judgments in intonation:Some evidence for a theory[J].Journalof Psycholinguistic Research 12:311-326.
White,P.R.R.1998.Telling Media Tales:The News Story as Rhetoric[D].Unpublished PhDthesis,University of Sydney.
董敏、冯德正,2013,叙事结构的评价韵律与多模态叙事的交际功能[J]。外语学刊(4):33-38。
冯德正,2010,数字技术与多模态语篇分析[J]。北京科技大学学报(4):12-17。
冯德正,2012,电影中的评价:社会符号学视角[D]。博士论文,新加坡国立大学。
李战子,2004,评价理论:在话语分析中的应用和问题[J]。外语研究(5):1-6。
王振华,2001,评价系统及其运作———系统功能语言学的新发展[J]。外国语(6):13-20。
王振华,2006,“自首”的系统功能语言学视角[J]。现代外语(1):1-9。
王振华,2012,评价理论研究在中国[A]。黄国文、辛志英(编),系统功能语言学研究现状和发展趋势[C]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社,210-238。
徐玉臣,2013,中国评价理论研究的回顾与展望[J]。外语教学(3):11-15。
袁传有,2008,警察讯问语言的人际意义———评价理论之“介入系统”视角[J]。现代外语(2):141-149。
张大群,2011,《评估研究———学术写作中的评价》述评[J]。现代外语(4):233-235。
张德禄、刘世铸,2006,形式与意义的范畴化[J]。外语教学与研究(6):432-427。
1有些心理学家区分Emotion和Affect在心理层面的差别(如Affect指比Emotion更加抽象的神经反应),但我们关注的是Emotion/Affect的语言/符号表达,因此两个概念之间在心理层面的区别与本文论述无关。另外,Martin&White(2005:42)虽然使用Affect这一概念,但认为Affect就是传统意义的Emotion。
2本文所用系统网络中,中括号为析取(选择A或B),大括号为合取(选择A与B)。
3在系统网络中,斜箭头表示“实现”关系。例如,在图3中态度意义由诱发条件实现。
Bednarek,M.2006.Evaluation in Media Discourse[M].London:Continuum.
Eggins,S.&D.Slade.1997.Analyzing Casual Conversation[M].London:Cassell.
Ekman,P.&W.V.Friesen.1975.Unmasking the Face[M].Englewood Cliffs,NJ:PrenticeHall.
Feng,D.Z.&K.L.O’Halloran.2012.Representing emotion in visual images:A social semiotic approach[J].Journal of Pragmatics 44:2067-2084.
Feng,D.Z.&K.L.O’Halloran.2013.The multimodal representation of emotion in film:Integrating cognitive and semiotic approaches[J].Semiotica 197:101-122.
Frijda,N.1986.The Emotions[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Hood,S.E.2004.Appraising Research:Taking a Stance in Academic Writing[D].Unpublished PhD thesis,University of Technology,Sydney.
Hunston,S.&G.Thompson.2000.Evaluation in Text[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Izard,C.E.1971.The Face of Emotion[M].New York:Appleton Century Crofts.
Kendon,A.2004.Gesture:Visible Action as Utterance[M].Cambridge:Cambridge UniversityPress.
K觟vecses,Z.2000.Metaphor and Emotion:Language,Culture,and Body in Human Feeling[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Lazarus,R.S.1991.Emotion and Adaptation[M].New York:Oxford University Press.
Lemke,J.L.1998.Resources for attitudinal meaning[J].Functions of Language 5(1):33-56.
Macken-Horarik,M.2004.Interacting with the multimodal text:Reflections on image andverbiage in art express[J].Visual Communication 3(1):5-26.
Martin,J.R.&P.P.R.White.2005.The Language of Evaluation[M].New York:PalgraveMacmillan.
McNeill,D.2005.Gesture and Thought[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Ortony,A.,G.L.Clore&A.Collins.1988.The Cognitive Structure of Emotions[M].NewYork:Cambridge University Press.
Pakosz,M.1983.Attitudinal judgments in intonation:Some evidence for a theory[J].Journalof Psycholinguistic Research 12:311-326.
White,P.R.R.1998.Telling Media Tales:The News Story as Rhetoric[D].Unpublished PhDthesis,University of Sydney.
董敏、冯德正,2013,叙事结构的评价韵律与多模态叙事的交际功能[J]。外语学刊(4):33-38。
冯德正,2010,数字技术与多模态语篇分析[J]。北京科技大学学报(4):12-17。
冯德正,2012,电影中的评价:社会符号学视角[D]。博士论文,新加坡国立大学。
李战子,2004,评价理论:在话语分析中的应用和问题[J]。外语研究(5):1-6。
王振华,2001,评价系统及其运作———系统功能语言学的新发展[J]。外国语(6):13-20。
王振华,2006,“自首”的系统功能语言学视角[J]。现代外语(1):1-9。
王振华,2012,评价理论研究在中国[A]。黄国文、辛志英(编),系统功能语言学研究现状和发展趋势[C]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社,210-238。
徐玉臣,2013,中国评价理论研究的回顾与展望[J]。外语教学(3):11-15。
袁传有,2008,警察讯问语言的人际意义———评价理论之“介入系统”视角[J]。现代外语(2):141-149。
张大群,2011,《评估研究———学术写作中的评价》述评[J]。现代外语(4):233-235。
张德禄、刘世铸,2006,形式与意义的范畴化[J]。外语教学与研究(6):432-427。
1有些心理学家区分Emotion和Affect在心理层面的差别(如Affect指比Emotion更加抽象的神经反应),但我们关注的是Emotion/Affect的语言/符号表达,因此两个概念之间在心理层面的区别与本文论述无关。另外,Martin&White(2005:42)虽然使用Affect这一概念,但认为Affect就是传统意义的Emotion。
2本文所用系统网络中,中括号为析取(选择A或B),大括号为合取(选择A与B)。
3在系统网络中,斜箭头表示“实现”关系。例如,在图3中态度意义由诱发条件实现。
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