《罗加—朗西曼条约》的签署及其评价
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摘要
1929年爆发的世界经济大萧条对英国和阿根廷两国均产生了严重冲击。为了缓解危机的不利影响,英国放弃了自由贸易政策,转而采取保护主义政策,并通过帝国特惠制将之扩大到整个英联邦国家。为了减少帝国特惠制度对阿根廷可能带来的损失,阿根廷与英国在1933年签订了《罗加—朗西曼条约》,阿根廷方面保证维护英国在阿根廷投资的根本利益;英国则承诺将从阿根廷进口的肉类配额维持在1932年的水平之上。该条约在阿根廷国内引起了巨大争议,激发了民族主义情绪的广泛传播,为庇隆主义登上历史舞台扫清了道路。庇隆主义改革激化了不同社会部门之间的矛盾,延缓了阿根廷现代化进程的步伐。从这个意义上说,《罗加—朗西曼条约》是阿根廷现代化进程的一个转折点。
The Great Depression broke out in 1929 exercised serious negative influence upon both Britain and Argentina.In order to alleviate the negative impact of the crisis,the British government adopted the protectionist policy instead of the free trade policy,and expanded it to the entire British Commonwealth through the Imperial Preference System.The Argentine Government signed the Roca-Runciman Treaty with the British government in 1933 so as to reduce the probable losses caused by the Imperial Preference System.According to the treaty,Argentina would protect the fundamental interests of the British investment in Argentina;in turn,Britain should promise to maintain the beef import quota from Argentina not below the level reached in 1932.The treaty provoked a storm of protest in Argentina and fanned the spreading flames nationalism,which paved the way for the nationalist Peronism.The Peronist reforms intensified the conflicts among the different social sectors,slowed down the pace of the modernization process of Argentina.In this sense,the Roca-Runciman Treaty is a turning point of the Argentine modernization.
The Great Depression broke out in 1929 exercised serious negative influence upon both Britain and Argentina.In order to alleviate the negative impact of the crisis,the British government adopted the protectionist policy instead of the free trade policy,and expanded it to the entire British Commonwealth through the Imperial Preference System.The Argentine Government signed the Roca-Runciman Treaty with the British government in 1933 so as to reduce the probable losses caused by the Imperial Preference System.According to the treaty,Argentina would protect the fundamental interests of the British investment in Argentina;in turn,Britain should promise to maintain the beef import quota from Argentina not below the level reached in 1932.The treaty provoked a storm of protest in Argentina and fanned the spreading flames nationalism,which paved the way for the nationalist Peronism.The Peronist reforms intensified the conflicts among the different social sectors,slowed down the pace of the modernization process of Argentina.In this sense,the Roca-Runciman Treaty is a turning point of the Argentine modernization.
引文
①[英]安格斯·麦迪森著,伍晓鹰、许宪春译:《世界经济千年史》,北京大学出版社2003年版,第191页。
②Carlos Diaz Alejandro,Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic,New Haven:Yale University Press,1970,p.52.
①Ernesto Tornquist&Co.,Economic Development of the Argentine Republic in the Last Fifty Years,Buenos Aires,1919,pp.140,166.
②周子勤:《拉丁美洲外债史初探》,《拉丁美洲研究》,1991年第5期,第32页。
③戴维·罗克:《1930—1946年的阿根廷》,莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》第八卷,当代世界出版社1998年版,第19页。
④Gerardo Della Paolera and Alan M.Taylor,eds.,A New Economic History of Argentina,New York:University of Cambridge Press,2003,p.180.
①Manuel Francioni,Ritmo de la economia argentina en los ultimos 30 aos,Buenos Aires,1941,pp.254-255,352-353.
②[美]福克讷著,王锟译:《美国经济史》下卷,商务印书馆1989年版,第436页。
③Roger Gravi,l“Anglo-US Trade Rivalry in Argentina and the D'Abernon Mission of 1929”,in David Rock,ed.,Argentina in the Twentieth Century,Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press,1975,pp.57-59.
④Paul B.Goodwin,Jr.,“Anglo-Argentine Commercial Relations:A Private Sector View,1922-43,”The Hispanic American Historical Review,Vol.61,No.1(February 1981),p.40.
⑤Vernon Lovell Phelps,The International Economic Position of Argentina,Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,1938,p.246.
⑥Robert D.Crassweller,Peron and the Enigmas of Argentina,New York:Norton Publishing,1987,p.79.
⑦David L.Glickman,“The British Imperial Preference System,”The Quarterly Journal of Economics,Vol.61,No.3(May,1947),pp.439-470.
①Simon Gabriel Hanson,Argentine Meat and the British Market:Chapters in the History of the Argentine Meat Industry,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1938,p.18.
②Carlos Diaz Alejandro,Essays on the Economic History of Argentine Republic,New Haven:Yale University Press,1970,pp.19-20.
③A.R.Nuez-de la Rosa,William P.Glade Jr.,and Arnold Strickon,The Roca-Runciman Agreements of 1933 and 1936 as A Factor in the Consideration of the Nationalisations of the 1940's in Argentina,Interdepartmental Seminar 982,University of Wisconsin-Madison,May 1,1967,pp.6-7.
④Kenneth Bourne,D.Cameron Watt and Michael Partridge eds.,British Documents on Foreign Affairs:Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print,Part II:from the First to the Second World War,Series K:Economic Affairs,Culture Propaganda,and the Reform of the Foreign Office,1910-1939,Vol.3,Economic Affairs,January 1936-December 1937,Bethesda:University Publications of America,1997,p.81.
⑤George Pendle,Argentina,Third Edition,London:Oxford University Press,1963,p.78.
①《罗加—伦西曼条约》的具体条款,参阅Daniel Drosdoff,Gobierno de las vacas(1933-1956):Tratado Roca-Runciman,Buenos Aires:Ediciones Bastilla,1972,pp.169-183。该书还对《罗加—朗西曼条约》谈判的经过、阿根廷国内对该条约的反应以及条约对庇隆时期的影响等问题,进行了深入的研究。
②Ovidio Mauro Pipino,Tratado Roca-Runciman y el desarrollo industrial en la decada del trienta,Buenos Aires:Editorial Galerna,1988,pp.96-97.
③A.R.Nuez-de la Rosa,William P.Glade Jr.,and Arnold Strickon,The Roca-Runciman Agreements of 1933 and 1936 as A Factor in the Consideration of the Nationalisations of the 1940's in Argentina,p.22.
④George Pendle,Argentina,p.79.
⑤Julio Notta,Crisis y solución del comercio exterior Argentino,Buenos Aires:Editoriales Problemas Nacionales,1962,p.158.
①George Pendle,Argentina,p.80.
②戴维·罗克:《1930—1946年的阿根廷》,莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》第八卷,第26页。
③Roberto Cortés Conde,The Political Economy of Argentina in the Twentieth Century,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2009,pp.117,320.
④Arthur P.Whitaker,Argentina,Englewood Cliffs:Prentice-Hall,Inc.,1964,p.93.
⑤Daniel Drosdoff,Gobierno de las vacas(1933-1956):Tratado Roca-Runciman,pp.184-196.
⑥戴维·罗克:《1930—1946年的阿根廷》,莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》第八卷,第23,4页。
⑦Juan E.Corradi,The Fitful Republic:Economy,Society,and Politics in Argentina,Boulder:Westview Press,1985,p.40.
①A.R.Nuez-de la Rosa,William P.Glade Jr.,and Arnold Strickon,The Roca-Runciman Agreements of 1933 and 1936 as A Factor in the Consideration of the Nationalisations of the 1940's in Argentina,p.1.
②Joseph S.Tulchin,“The Origins of Misunderstanding:United Stated-Argentine Relations 1900-1940”,in Guido di Tella&D.Cameron Watt,eds.,Argentina between the Great Powers,1939-46,Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press,1990,p.49.
③关于当时阿根廷民族主义思潮的传播,可参阅戴维·罗克:《1930-1946年的阿根廷》,莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》第八卷,第32-33页。
④Paul B.Goodwin,Jr.,“Anglo-Argentine Commercial Relations:A Private Sector View,1922-43,”The Hispanic American Historical Review,Vol.61,No.1(February 1981),p.43.
①Juan Perón,“Twenty Truths of the Peronist Justicialism,”Peronist Doctrine,Buenos Aires,1952,pp.55-57.
②Carlos Diaz Alejandro,Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic,New Haven:Yale University Press,1970,p.52.
①Ernesto Tornquist&Co.,Economic Development of the Argentine Republic in the Last Fifty Years,Buenos Aires,1919,pp.140,166.
②周子勤:《拉丁美洲外债史初探》,《拉丁美洲研究》,1991年第5期,第32页。
③戴维·罗克:《1930—1946年的阿根廷》,莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》第八卷,当代世界出版社1998年版,第19页。
④Gerardo Della Paolera and Alan M.Taylor,eds.,A New Economic History of Argentina,New York:University of Cambridge Press,2003,p.180.
①Manuel Francioni,Ritmo de la economia argentina en los ultimos 30 aos,Buenos Aires,1941,pp.254-255,352-353.
②[美]福克讷著,王锟译:《美国经济史》下卷,商务印书馆1989年版,第436页。
③Roger Gravi,l“Anglo-US Trade Rivalry in Argentina and the D'Abernon Mission of 1929”,in David Rock,ed.,Argentina in the Twentieth Century,Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press,1975,pp.57-59.
④Paul B.Goodwin,Jr.,“Anglo-Argentine Commercial Relations:A Private Sector View,1922-43,”The Hispanic American Historical Review,Vol.61,No.1(February 1981),p.40.
⑤Vernon Lovell Phelps,The International Economic Position of Argentina,Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,1938,p.246.
⑥Robert D.Crassweller,Peron and the Enigmas of Argentina,New York:Norton Publishing,1987,p.79.
⑦David L.Glickman,“The British Imperial Preference System,”The Quarterly Journal of Economics,Vol.61,No.3(May,1947),pp.439-470.
①Simon Gabriel Hanson,Argentine Meat and the British Market:Chapters in the History of the Argentine Meat Industry,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1938,p.18.
②Carlos Diaz Alejandro,Essays on the Economic History of Argentine Republic,New Haven:Yale University Press,1970,pp.19-20.
③A.R.Nuez-de la Rosa,William P.Glade Jr.,and Arnold Strickon,The Roca-Runciman Agreements of 1933 and 1936 as A Factor in the Consideration of the Nationalisations of the 1940's in Argentina,Interdepartmental Seminar 982,University of Wisconsin-Madison,May 1,1967,pp.6-7.
④Kenneth Bourne,D.Cameron Watt and Michael Partridge eds.,British Documents on Foreign Affairs:Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print,Part II:from the First to the Second World War,Series K:Economic Affairs,Culture Propaganda,and the Reform of the Foreign Office,1910-1939,Vol.3,Economic Affairs,January 1936-December 1937,Bethesda:University Publications of America,1997,p.81.
⑤George Pendle,Argentina,Third Edition,London:Oxford University Press,1963,p.78.
①《罗加—伦西曼条约》的具体条款,参阅Daniel Drosdoff,Gobierno de las vacas(1933-1956):Tratado Roca-Runciman,Buenos Aires:Ediciones Bastilla,1972,pp.169-183。该书还对《罗加—朗西曼条约》谈判的经过、阿根廷国内对该条约的反应以及条约对庇隆时期的影响等问题,进行了深入的研究。
②Ovidio Mauro Pipino,Tratado Roca-Runciman y el desarrollo industrial en la decada del trienta,Buenos Aires:Editorial Galerna,1988,pp.96-97.
③A.R.Nuez-de la Rosa,William P.Glade Jr.,and Arnold Strickon,The Roca-Runciman Agreements of 1933 and 1936 as A Factor in the Consideration of the Nationalisations of the 1940's in Argentina,p.22.
④George Pendle,Argentina,p.79.
⑤Julio Notta,Crisis y solución del comercio exterior Argentino,Buenos Aires:Editoriales Problemas Nacionales,1962,p.158.
①George Pendle,Argentina,p.80.
②戴维·罗克:《1930—1946年的阿根廷》,莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》第八卷,第26页。
③Roberto Cortés Conde,The Political Economy of Argentina in the Twentieth Century,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2009,pp.117,320.
④Arthur P.Whitaker,Argentina,Englewood Cliffs:Prentice-Hall,Inc.,1964,p.93.
⑤Daniel Drosdoff,Gobierno de las vacas(1933-1956):Tratado Roca-Runciman,pp.184-196.
⑥戴维·罗克:《1930—1946年的阿根廷》,莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》第八卷,第23,4页。
⑦Juan E.Corradi,The Fitful Republic:Economy,Society,and Politics in Argentina,Boulder:Westview Press,1985,p.40.
①A.R.Nuez-de la Rosa,William P.Glade Jr.,and Arnold Strickon,The Roca-Runciman Agreements of 1933 and 1936 as A Factor in the Consideration of the Nationalisations of the 1940's in Argentina,p.1.
②Joseph S.Tulchin,“The Origins of Misunderstanding:United Stated-Argentine Relations 1900-1940”,in Guido di Tella&D.Cameron Watt,eds.,Argentina between the Great Powers,1939-46,Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press,1990,p.49.
③关于当时阿根廷民族主义思潮的传播,可参阅戴维·罗克:《1930-1946年的阿根廷》,莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》第八卷,第32-33页。
④Paul B.Goodwin,Jr.,“Anglo-Argentine Commercial Relations:A Private Sector View,1922-43,”The Hispanic American Historical Review,Vol.61,No.1(February 1981),p.43.
①Juan Perón,“Twenty Truths of the Peronist Justicialism,”Peronist Doctrine,Buenos Aires,1952,pp.55-57.
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