职工生育假制度的反思与重构——以制度属性为视角
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摘要
职工生育假制度兼具职业福利、社会保险、公共福利三重属性,其准公共物品属性依次递增。生育行为具有劳动力再生产、种族繁衍、缓解人口老龄化等重要社会价值,因此,政府、社会和雇主应当共同承担生育保障责任,其责任承担的顺位和比重决定了职工生育假的制度属性结构。当前,公共生育福利制度的缺失导致企业负担过重,产假待遇落实情况不尽如人意,生育假期的延长更进一步加剧了性别就业歧视。应选择以公共生育福利和职工生育保险为主、职业生育福利为辅的目标模式实施改革,重点在于由政府出资设立公共生育福利专项基金,从而优化负担结构、提升待遇水平。
The employee maternity leave system has triple attributes: occupationalwelfare, socialinsurance,and public welfare,which quasi-public goods properties are gradually increasing.Fertility behavior has important social values such as labor reproduction, racialreproduction, and delaying the process of aging population.Therefore, thegovernment, society, and employers should bear the responsibility for maternity protection all together.The order and proportion of their responsibilities determine the institutional attribute structure of workers' maternity leave.The lack of public maternity welfare system leads to overburdened enterprises, and the implementation of maternity leave is not satisfactory, and the extension of maternity leave has further aggravated gender employment discrimination.The target model of institutional reform should be based on the public maternity welfare and employee maternity insurance,and supplemented by occupational welfare.The focus is on the government funded the establishment of a special fund for public maternity welfare, thereby optimizing the burden structure and improving the level of treatment.
The employee maternity leave system has triple attributes: occupationalwelfare, socialinsurance,and public welfare,which quasi-public goods properties are gradually increasing.Fertility behavior has important social values such as labor reproduction, racialreproduction, and delaying the process of aging population.Therefore, thegovernment, society, and employers should bear the responsibility for maternity protection all together.The order and proportion of their responsibilities determine the institutional attribute structure of workers' maternity leave.The lack of public maternity welfare system leads to overburdened enterprises, and the implementation of maternity leave is not satisfactory, and the extension of maternity leave has further aggravated gender employment discrimination.The target model of institutional reform should be based on the public maternity welfare and employee maternity insurance,and supplemented by occupational welfare.The focus is on the government funded the establishment of a special fund for public maternity welfare, thereby optimizing the burden structure and improving the level of treatment.
引文
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[4]张永英,李线玲.新形势下进一步改革完善生育保险制度探讨[J].妇女研究论丛,2015(6):45.
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[9][美]雷蒙德·弗恩著.人文类型[M].费孝通,译.北京:商务印书馆,2010:92.
[11]隽鸿飞.马克思的两种生产理论及其当代意义[J].哲学研究,2004(8):12.
[12]贾秀总,倪永.“两种生产”理论与马克思主义妇女观[J].理论学刊,2000(5):67.
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[18]Social Security Administration.Social Security Programs throughout the World:Europe,2008,https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://cn.bing.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1551&context=key_workplace,最后访问时间:2018年6月10日.
[19][21]吴秀凤.浅析县域企业落实女职工产假存在的问题及建议---以邵武市为例[J].就业与保障,2017(8):25.
[20]张海英.延长生育假需防范女性就业歧视[N].浙江法制报,2015-12-24,(2).
[23]李西霞.生育产假制度发展的国外经验及其启示意义[J].北京联合大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016(1):101-105.
[24]劳君雨.浅谈我国结婚生育假期现状及发展[J].中国人力资源社会保障,2017(4):11.
[25]吴文芳.社会保险税与费关系的基础理论探究[J].税务研究,2014(7):89.
[26]邹艳晖.国外生育保险制度对我国的启示[J].济南大学学报(社会科学版),2012(6):66.
[27]杨燕绥,刘跃华.生育保险并入基本医疗保险的问题研究[J].中国人力资源社会保障,2016(12):32.
[28]何文炯,杨一心,王璐莎,徐琳.中国生育保障制度改革研究[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2014(4):14-16.