CANON中试反应器启动及性能优化
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摘要
以青岛某污水处理厂污泥消化液为连续进水,控制温度在(30±3)℃,接种污水厂普通活性污泥,驯化启动CANON反应器.为解决菌种流失、优化反应器性能,向CANON反应器内投加悬浮生物载体,转换为生物膜CANON反应器.结果表明,经过130 d运行培养,总氮去除负荷达到0. 03 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),硝酸盐生成量与氨氮减少量的比值(RNaA)平均为0. 09,接近理论值0. 11,由此判断CANON反应器启动成功. CANON活性污泥反应器共运行300 d,稳定运行时总氮去除负荷为0. 20kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).投加悬浮载体后,经过30d运行培养,系统成功转换为纯膜系统,载体表面生物膜转为淡红色,TN平均去除负荷达到0. 17 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),RNaA平均为0. 14,略大于理论值0. 11.由此判断CANON污泥在MBBR工艺中逐渐适应并得以稳定运行. CANON-MBBR反应器共运行200 d,稳定运行期间,总氮去除负荷为1. 15 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).高通量测序结果表明,CANON-MBBR成功启动后,AOB和An AOB是系统中的优势菌种,相对丰度分别达到26. 24%和30. 08%,NOB被成功抑制.以上结果表明,以高密度聚乙烯填料为悬浮载体的CANON-MBBR具有良好的脱氮效能,有利于自养脱氮工艺的稳定运行.
A completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite( CANON) reactor was established by seeding ordinary activated sludge with reject water as the influent at( 30 ± 3) ℃ from a sewage treatment plant in Qingdao. To solve bacterial loss and optimize reactor performance,a suspension of biological carriers was added to the CANON reactor. The result showed that the reactor was successfully started 130 days later. The total nitrogen removal load was up to 0. 03 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),and the average variation ratio of nitrate and ammonia( RNaA) was 0. 09,which was close to theoretical value 0. 11. The CANON active sludge reactor ran for 300 days.During the stable operation period,the total nitrogen removal rate was stable at 0. 20 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1). Red granular sludge was mixed with the effluent of the system,and the particle size of granular sludge was between 1 and 3 mm. The suspension carriers were added to the CANON reactor with a filling rate of 30%. The fillers added to the moving bed biofilm reactor( MBBR) were mature fillers in the nitrifying reactor of the laboratory. The accumulation rate of nitrification was greater than 95%,and the ammonia-oxidized surface load reached 2. 0 g·( m2·d)-1. After 30 days of operation and culturing,the system was successfully converted to a pure membrane system,and the biofilm on the surface of the carrier turned pale red. The total nitrogen removal load was up to 0. 17 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).The average RNaAwas 0. 14,which was slightly higher than the theoretical value of 0. 11. This suggested that the CANON sludge adapted to the environment in the MBBR and began to enter a stable stage. The CANON-MBBR ran for 200 days. During the stable operation period,the total nitrogen removal rate was stable at 1. 15 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1). The biofilm was bright brick red with a thickness of150-250 μm. MLSS and MLVSS on the carriers were approximately 10 200 mg·m-2 and 9 000 mg·m-2,respectively,and the total biomass in the system was approximately 1. 5 kg. Through high-throughput sequencing,AOB and An AOB were found to be the dominant bacteria species on the suspension carrier,with a relative abundance of 26. 24% and 30. 08%,respectively,and nitrate oxidizing bacteria were successfully suppressed. The above results showed that CANON-MBBR with high-density polyethylene filler as the suspension carrier had good nitrogen-removal efficiency and was conducive to the stable operation of the autotrophic nitrogen removal process.
A completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite( CANON) reactor was established by seeding ordinary activated sludge with reject water as the influent at( 30 ± 3) ℃ from a sewage treatment plant in Qingdao. To solve bacterial loss and optimize reactor performance,a suspension of biological carriers was added to the CANON reactor. The result showed that the reactor was successfully started 130 days later. The total nitrogen removal load was up to 0. 03 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),and the average variation ratio of nitrate and ammonia( RNaA) was 0. 09,which was close to theoretical value 0. 11. The CANON active sludge reactor ran for 300 days.During the stable operation period,the total nitrogen removal rate was stable at 0. 20 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1). Red granular sludge was mixed with the effluent of the system,and the particle size of granular sludge was between 1 and 3 mm. The suspension carriers were added to the CANON reactor with a filling rate of 30%. The fillers added to the moving bed biofilm reactor( MBBR) were mature fillers in the nitrifying reactor of the laboratory. The accumulation rate of nitrification was greater than 95%,and the ammonia-oxidized surface load reached 2. 0 g·( m2·d)-1. After 30 days of operation and culturing,the system was successfully converted to a pure membrane system,and the biofilm on the surface of the carrier turned pale red. The total nitrogen removal load was up to 0. 17 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).The average RNaAwas 0. 14,which was slightly higher than the theoretical value of 0. 11. This suggested that the CANON sludge adapted to the environment in the MBBR and began to enter a stable stage. The CANON-MBBR ran for 200 days. During the stable operation period,the total nitrogen removal rate was stable at 1. 15 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1). The biofilm was bright brick red with a thickness of150-250 μm. MLSS and MLVSS on the carriers were approximately 10 200 mg·m-2 and 9 000 mg·m-2,respectively,and the total biomass in the system was approximately 1. 5 kg. Through high-throughput sequencing,AOB and An AOB were found to be the dominant bacteria species on the suspension carrier,with a relative abundance of 26. 24% and 30. 08%,respectively,and nitrate oxidizing bacteria were successfully suppressed. The above results showed that CANON-MBBR with high-density polyethylene filler as the suspension carrier had good nitrogen-removal efficiency and was conducive to the stable operation of the autotrophic nitrogen removal process.
引文
[1]王亚宜,黎力,马骁,等.厌氧氨氧化菌的生物特性及CANON厌氧氨氧化工艺[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(6):1362-1374.Wang Y Y,Li L,Ma X,et al. Bio-characteristics of anammox bacteria and CANON anammox process[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(6):1362-1374.
[2] Miao L,Wang S Y,Cao T H,et al. Optimization of three-stage Anammox system removing nitrogen from landfill leachate[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,185:450-455.
[3] Helmer C,Kunst S,Juretschko S,et al. Nitrogen loss in a nitrifying biofilm system[J]. Water Science and Technology,1999,39(7):13-21.
[4] Nielsen M,Bollmann A,Sliekers O,et al. Kinetics,diffusional limitation and microscale distribution of chemistry and organisms in a CANON reactor[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2005,51(2):247-256.
[5] Daverey A,Su S H,Huang Y T,et al. Partial nitrification and anammox process:A method for high strength optoelectronic industrial wastewater treatment[J]. Water Research,2013,47(9):2929-2937.
[6] Winkler M K H,Kleerebezem R,Van Loosdrecht M C M.Integration of anammox into the aerobic granular sludge process for main stream wastewater treatment at ambient temperatures[J]. Water Research,2012,46(1):136-144.
[7] Qiao S,Nishiyama T,Fujii T,et al. Rapid startup and high rate nitrogen removal from anaerobic sludge digester liquor using a SNAP process[J]. Biodegradation,2012,23(1):157-164.
[8] Ali M,Oshiki M,Awata T,et al. Physiological characterization of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacterium‘Candidatus Jettenia caeni'[J]. Environmental Microbiology,2015,17(6):2172-2189.
[9] Awata T, Oshiki M, Kindaichi T, et al. Physiological characterization of an anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacterium belonging to the“Candidatus Scalindua”group[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2013,79(13):4145-4148.
[10]付昆明,张杰,曹相生,等.改性聚乙烯填料CANON反应器的启动与运行[J].化工学报,2014,65(11):4406-4412.Fu K M,Zhang J,Cao X S,et al. Start-up of CANON reactor with modified polyethylene carrier and its performance[J].CIESC Journal,2014,65(11):4406-4412.
[11]李田,印雯,王昕竹,等. ABR除碳-CANON耦合工艺除碳脱氮特性[J].环境科学,2019,40(2):823-828.Li T,Yin W,Wang X Z,et al. Carbon and nitrogen removal characteristics of ABR decarbonization-CANON coupling process[J]. Environmental Science,2019,40(2):823-828.
[12]付昆明,张杰,曹相生,等.好氧条件下CANON工艺的启动研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(6):1689-1694.Fu K M,Zhang J,Cao X S,et al. Study of CANON process start-up under aerobic conditions[J]. Environmental Science,2009,30(6):1689-1694.
[13]付昆明,王会芳,左早荣,等.生物膜CANON反应器中沉积物影响及其成因分析[J].环境科学,2015,36(8):2926-2933.Fu K M,Wang H F,Zuo Z R,et al. Analysis of precipitation formation in biofilm CANON reactor and its effect on nitrogen removal[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(8):2926-2933.
[14]左早荣.全程自养脱氮工艺性能优化研究[D].北京:北京建筑大学,2014.Zuo Z R. Full autotrophic denitrification process performance optimization research[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture,2014.
[15]李冬,何永平,张肖静,等. MBR系统CANON工艺的快速启动及微生物种群特征[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(11):2788-2795.Li D,He Y P,Zhang X J,et al. The fast start-up of CANON process in MBR system and the characterization of microbes[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(11):2788-2795.
[16]刘涛,李冬,曾辉平,等.常温下CANON反应器中功能微生物的沿程分布[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2012,44(10):22-27.Liu T,Li D,Zeng H P,et al. Distribution of functional bacteria alone bio-filter of CANON reactor at room temperature[J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2012,44(10):22-27.
[17] Furukawa K,Lieu P K,Tokitoh H,et al. Development of singlestage nitrogen removal using anammox and partial nitritation(SNAP)and its treatment performances[J]. Water Science and Technology:A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research,2006,53(6):83-90.
[18]顾澄伟,陈方敏,李祥,等.纤维载体的生物膜CANON反应器的启动特性[J].环境科学,2018,39(3):1272-1277.Gu C W,Chen F M,Li X,et al. Analysis of CANON process start-up with fiber carrier[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(3):1272-1277.
[19] Strous M,Heijnen J J,Kuenen J G,et al. The sequencing batch reactor as a powerful tool for the study of slowly growing anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,1998,50(5):589-596.
[20] Van Niftrik L A,Fuerst J A,Sinninghe DamstéJ S,et al. The anammoxosome:an intracytoplasmic compartment in anammox bacteria[J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters,2004,233(1):7-13.
[21]吴迪.水处理用悬浮载体填料行业标准解读与捌口量设计[J].中国给水排水,2017,33(16):13-17.Wu D. Interpretation of high density polyethylene suspended carrier for water treatment and calculation of added amount of suspended carrier[J]. China Water&Wastewater,2017,33(16):13-17.
[22] Leaf W R,Boltz J P,Mc Quarrie J P,et al. Overcoming hydraulic limitations of the integrated fixed-film activated sludge(IFAS)process[J]. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation,2011,(11):5236-5256.
[23]付昆明,李慧,周厚田,等.生物膜CANON反应器性能的优化:从FBBR到MBBR[J].环境科学,2018,39(5):2256-2264.Fu K M,Li H,Zhou H T,et al. Optimization of the nitrogen removal performance on the CANON process in a biofilm reactor:from FBBR to MBBR[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(5):2256-2264.
[24]杨延栋,黄京,韩晓宇,等.一体式厌氧氨氧化工艺处理高氨氮污泥消化液的启动[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(4):1082-1087.Yang Y D,Hang J,Han X Y,et al. Start-up of one-stage partial nitrification/anammox process treating ammonium-rich reject water[J]. China Environmental Science,2015,35(4):1082-1087.
[25]郭海娟,马放,沈耀良. DO和pH值在短程硝化中的作用[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2006,7(1):37-40,63.Guo H J, Ma F, Shen Y L. Effects of DO and pH on nitrosofication[J]. Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control,2006,7(1):37-40,63.
[26] Strous M,Van Gerven E,Kuenen J G,et al. Effects of aerobic and microaerobic conditions on anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing(anammox)sludge[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1997,63(6):2446-2448.
[27]李冬,崔少明,梁瑜海,等.溶解氧对序批式全程自养脱氮工艺运行的影响[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(5):1131-1138.Li D,Cui S M,Liang Y H,et al. The effect of dissolved oxygen on running CANON process in sequencing batch reactor[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(5):1131-1138.
[28]郑桂林,张朝升,曹勇锋,等. DO在SBBR生物膜中传递及对同步硝化反硝化的影响[J].中国给水排水,2016,32(3):22-26.Zheng G L,Zhang C S,Cao Y F,et al. Transfer of DO in biofilm and effect of DO on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in sequencing batch biofilm reactor[J]. China Water&Wastewater,2016,32(3):22-26.
[29]赵丽敏,张朝升,曹勇锋,等. DO对PU填料系统脱氮功能菌数量的影响[J].中国给水排水,2017,33(3):1-6.Zhao L M,Zhang C S,Cao Y F,et al. Effect of dissolved oxygen on amount of functional bacteria for nitrogen removal in polyurethane filler system[J]. China Water&Wastewater,2017,33(3):1-6.
[2] Miao L,Wang S Y,Cao T H,et al. Optimization of three-stage Anammox system removing nitrogen from landfill leachate[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,185:450-455.
[3] Helmer C,Kunst S,Juretschko S,et al. Nitrogen loss in a nitrifying biofilm system[J]. Water Science and Technology,1999,39(7):13-21.
[4] Nielsen M,Bollmann A,Sliekers O,et al. Kinetics,diffusional limitation and microscale distribution of chemistry and organisms in a CANON reactor[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2005,51(2):247-256.
[5] Daverey A,Su S H,Huang Y T,et al. Partial nitrification and anammox process:A method for high strength optoelectronic industrial wastewater treatment[J]. Water Research,2013,47(9):2929-2937.
[6] Winkler M K H,Kleerebezem R,Van Loosdrecht M C M.Integration of anammox into the aerobic granular sludge process for main stream wastewater treatment at ambient temperatures[J]. Water Research,2012,46(1):136-144.
[7] Qiao S,Nishiyama T,Fujii T,et al. Rapid startup and high rate nitrogen removal from anaerobic sludge digester liquor using a SNAP process[J]. Biodegradation,2012,23(1):157-164.
[8] Ali M,Oshiki M,Awata T,et al. Physiological characterization of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacterium‘Candidatus Jettenia caeni'[J]. Environmental Microbiology,2015,17(6):2172-2189.
[9] Awata T, Oshiki M, Kindaichi T, et al. Physiological characterization of an anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacterium belonging to the“Candidatus Scalindua”group[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2013,79(13):4145-4148.
[10]付昆明,张杰,曹相生,等.改性聚乙烯填料CANON反应器的启动与运行[J].化工学报,2014,65(11):4406-4412.Fu K M,Zhang J,Cao X S,et al. Start-up of CANON reactor with modified polyethylene carrier and its performance[J].CIESC Journal,2014,65(11):4406-4412.
[11]李田,印雯,王昕竹,等. ABR除碳-CANON耦合工艺除碳脱氮特性[J].环境科学,2019,40(2):823-828.Li T,Yin W,Wang X Z,et al. Carbon and nitrogen removal characteristics of ABR decarbonization-CANON coupling process[J]. Environmental Science,2019,40(2):823-828.
[12]付昆明,张杰,曹相生,等.好氧条件下CANON工艺的启动研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(6):1689-1694.Fu K M,Zhang J,Cao X S,et al. Study of CANON process start-up under aerobic conditions[J]. Environmental Science,2009,30(6):1689-1694.
[13]付昆明,王会芳,左早荣,等.生物膜CANON反应器中沉积物影响及其成因分析[J].环境科学,2015,36(8):2926-2933.Fu K M,Wang H F,Zuo Z R,et al. Analysis of precipitation formation in biofilm CANON reactor and its effect on nitrogen removal[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(8):2926-2933.
[14]左早荣.全程自养脱氮工艺性能优化研究[D].北京:北京建筑大学,2014.Zuo Z R. Full autotrophic denitrification process performance optimization research[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture,2014.
[15]李冬,何永平,张肖静,等. MBR系统CANON工艺的快速启动及微生物种群特征[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(11):2788-2795.Li D,He Y P,Zhang X J,et al. The fast start-up of CANON process in MBR system and the characterization of microbes[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(11):2788-2795.
[16]刘涛,李冬,曾辉平,等.常温下CANON反应器中功能微生物的沿程分布[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2012,44(10):22-27.Liu T,Li D,Zeng H P,et al. Distribution of functional bacteria alone bio-filter of CANON reactor at room temperature[J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2012,44(10):22-27.
[17] Furukawa K,Lieu P K,Tokitoh H,et al. Development of singlestage nitrogen removal using anammox and partial nitritation(SNAP)and its treatment performances[J]. Water Science and Technology:A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research,2006,53(6):83-90.
[18]顾澄伟,陈方敏,李祥,等.纤维载体的生物膜CANON反应器的启动特性[J].环境科学,2018,39(3):1272-1277.Gu C W,Chen F M,Li X,et al. Analysis of CANON process start-up with fiber carrier[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(3):1272-1277.
[19] Strous M,Heijnen J J,Kuenen J G,et al. The sequencing batch reactor as a powerful tool for the study of slowly growing anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,1998,50(5):589-596.
[20] Van Niftrik L A,Fuerst J A,Sinninghe DamstéJ S,et al. The anammoxosome:an intracytoplasmic compartment in anammox bacteria[J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters,2004,233(1):7-13.
[21]吴迪.水处理用悬浮载体填料行业标准解读与捌口量设计[J].中国给水排水,2017,33(16):13-17.Wu D. Interpretation of high density polyethylene suspended carrier for water treatment and calculation of added amount of suspended carrier[J]. China Water&Wastewater,2017,33(16):13-17.
[22] Leaf W R,Boltz J P,Mc Quarrie J P,et al. Overcoming hydraulic limitations of the integrated fixed-film activated sludge(IFAS)process[J]. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation,2011,(11):5236-5256.
[23]付昆明,李慧,周厚田,等.生物膜CANON反应器性能的优化:从FBBR到MBBR[J].环境科学,2018,39(5):2256-2264.Fu K M,Li H,Zhou H T,et al. Optimization of the nitrogen removal performance on the CANON process in a biofilm reactor:from FBBR to MBBR[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(5):2256-2264.
[24]杨延栋,黄京,韩晓宇,等.一体式厌氧氨氧化工艺处理高氨氮污泥消化液的启动[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(4):1082-1087.Yang Y D,Hang J,Han X Y,et al. Start-up of one-stage partial nitrification/anammox process treating ammonium-rich reject water[J]. China Environmental Science,2015,35(4):1082-1087.
[25]郭海娟,马放,沈耀良. DO和pH值在短程硝化中的作用[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2006,7(1):37-40,63.Guo H J, Ma F, Shen Y L. Effects of DO and pH on nitrosofication[J]. Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control,2006,7(1):37-40,63.
[26] Strous M,Van Gerven E,Kuenen J G,et al. Effects of aerobic and microaerobic conditions on anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing(anammox)sludge[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1997,63(6):2446-2448.
[27]李冬,崔少明,梁瑜海,等.溶解氧对序批式全程自养脱氮工艺运行的影响[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(5):1131-1138.Li D,Cui S M,Liang Y H,et al. The effect of dissolved oxygen on running CANON process in sequencing batch reactor[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(5):1131-1138.
[28]郑桂林,张朝升,曹勇锋,等. DO在SBBR生物膜中传递及对同步硝化反硝化的影响[J].中国给水排水,2016,32(3):22-26.Zheng G L,Zhang C S,Cao Y F,et al. Transfer of DO in biofilm and effect of DO on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in sequencing batch biofilm reactor[J]. China Water&Wastewater,2016,32(3):22-26.
[29]赵丽敏,张朝升,曹勇锋,等. DO对PU填料系统脱氮功能菌数量的影响[J].中国给水排水,2017,33(3):1-6.Zhao L M,Zhang C S,Cao Y F,et al. Effect of dissolved oxygen on amount of functional bacteria for nitrogen removal in polyurethane filler system[J]. China Water&Wastewater,2017,33(3):1-6.
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