生物炭对盐碱土壤氨挥发的影响
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摘要
为探明生物炭对黄河三角洲盐碱土壤氨(NH_3)挥发的影响,通过室内连续培养的方式,先测定改良的通气法对土壤NH_3挥发的回收率,再对比施加肥料颗粒与肥料水溶液对土壤NH_3挥发的影响,最后探究生物炭的种类、添加量及施肥种类对NH_3挥发速率和总量的影响.结果表明,以硫酸铵为氮源进行的NH_3挥发捕集实验,NH_3回收率平均值高达100. 30%.在相同施氮量下,施加尿素水溶液的处理比施加尿素颗粒的处理NH_3挥发减少了60. 29%,施加硫酸铵水溶液的处理比施加硫酸铵颗粒的处理NH_3挥发减少了61. 40%.相较于不添加生物炭只施用硫酸铵水溶液的空白处理,添加0. 5%生物炭且施加生物炭种类为水稻300℃(RB-300)、水稻600℃(RB-600)、棉花300℃(CB-300)和棉花600℃(CB-600)的处理,NH_3挥发总量分别减少了18. 68%、16. 16%、9. 35%和8. 26%,且施肥后2d内NH_3挥发速率最大,占总挥发量的53. 80%～64. 02%.添加生物炭后,NH_3挥发量随生物炭添加量的增加呈现出先降低后增加的趋势.因此,田间施肥前添加少量生物炭并结合水肥一体化管理技术,可以有效地减少NH_3挥发并提高氮肥利用率.
In order to investigate the effect of biochar on NH_3 volatilization in saline-alkali soils of the Yellow River Delta,continuous laboratory incubation was conducted. Firstly,the recovery rate of NH_3 volatilization by an improved aeration method was determined,the effects of fertilizer particles and aqueous fertilizer solution on NH_3 volatilization were then compared. Finally,the effects of biochar species,application amount,and fertilizer type on NH_3 volatilization rate and total amount were explored. The results showed that the average recovery rate of NH_3 reached 100. 30% using ammonium sulfate as the nitrogen source. With the same rate of nitrogen application,the volatilization of NH_3 decreased by 60. 29% in the treatment with urea as the aqueous solution compared to the treatment with urea particles,and decreased by 61. 40% in the treatment with an ammonium sulfate aqueous solution compared to the treatment with ammonium sulfate particles. Compared with the control treatment( without the addition of biochar and with the addition of ammonium sulfate solution),the addition of 0. 5% biochar derived from 300℃ rice biochar( RB-300),600℃ rice biochar( RB-600),300℃ cotton biochar( CB-300),and 600℃ cotton biochar( CB-600) reduced the total volatilization of NH_3 by 18. 68%,16. 16%,9. 35%,and 8. 26% respectively. The volatilization rate of NH_3 was at its highest within two days of fertilization,which accounted for 53. 80%-64. 02% of the total volatilization. After the addition of the biochar,volatilization of NH_3 decreased at first and then increased in proportion to an increase in biochar content. Therefore,adding a small amount of biochar before field fertilization,combined with the integrated management of water and fertilizer,can effectively reduce NH_3 volatilization and improve nitrogen use efficiency.
In order to investigate the effect of biochar on NH_3 volatilization in saline-alkali soils of the Yellow River Delta,continuous laboratory incubation was conducted. Firstly,the recovery rate of NH_3 volatilization by an improved aeration method was determined,the effects of fertilizer particles and aqueous fertilizer solution on NH_3 volatilization were then compared. Finally,the effects of biochar species,application amount,and fertilizer type on NH_3 volatilization rate and total amount were explored. The results showed that the average recovery rate of NH_3 reached 100. 30% using ammonium sulfate as the nitrogen source. With the same rate of nitrogen application,the volatilization of NH_3 decreased by 60. 29% in the treatment with urea as the aqueous solution compared to the treatment with urea particles,and decreased by 61. 40% in the treatment with an ammonium sulfate aqueous solution compared to the treatment with ammonium sulfate particles. Compared with the control treatment( without the addition of biochar and with the addition of ammonium sulfate solution),the addition of 0. 5% biochar derived from 300℃ rice biochar( RB-300),600℃ rice biochar( RB-600),300℃ cotton biochar( CB-300),and 600℃ cotton biochar( CB-600) reduced the total volatilization of NH_3 by 18. 68%,16. 16%,9. 35%,and 8. 26% respectively. The volatilization rate of NH_3 was at its highest within two days of fertilization,which accounted for 53. 80%-64. 02% of the total volatilization. After the addition of the biochar,volatilization of NH_3 decreased at first and then increased in proportion to an increase in biochar content. Therefore,adding a small amount of biochar before field fertilization,combined with the integrated management of water and fertilizer,can effectively reduce NH_3 volatilization and improve nitrogen use efficiency.
引文
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[19]郑蕾,王学东,郭李萍,等.施肥对露地菜地氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(12):4063-4070.Zheng L,Wang X D,Guo L P,et al.Impact of fertilization on ammonia volatilization and N2O emissions in an open vegetable field[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(12):4063-4070.
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[22]宋静茹,杨江,王艳明,等.黄河三角洲盐碱地形成的原因及改良措施探讨[J].安徽农业科学,2017,45(27):95-97,234.Song J R,Yang J,Wang Y M,et al.Exploration of the reason and improvement measures of saline-alkali soil in the Yellow River delta[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2017,45(27):95-97,234.
[23]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:农业科技出版社,2000.35-80.
[24]王朝辉,刘学军,巨晓棠,等.田间土壤氨挥发的原位测定---通气法[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(2):205-209.Wang Z H,Liu X J,Ju X T,et al.Field in situ determination of ammonia volatilization from soil:venting method[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2002,8(2):205-209.
[25]Cabrera M L,Tyson S C,Kelley T R,et al.Nitrogen mineralization and ammonia volatilization from fractionated poultry litter[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58(2):367-372.
[26]Abalos D,Sanchez-Martin L,Garcia-Torres L,et al.Management of irrigation frequency and nitrogen fertilization to mitigate GHG and NO emissions from drip-fertigated crops[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,490:880-888.
[27]邹娟,胡学玉,张阳阳,等.不同地表条件下生物炭对土壤氨挥发的影响[J].环境科学,2018,39(1):348-354.Zou J,Hu X Y,Zhang Y Y,et al.Effect of biochar on ammonia volatilization from soils of different surface conditions[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(1):348-354.
[28]邓兰生,张承林.滴灌施氮肥对盆栽玉米生长的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(1):81-85.Deng L S,Zhang C L.Effect of drip nitrogen fertigation on growth of maize[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2007,13(1):81-85.
[29]李传哲,许仙菊,马洪波,等.水肥一体化技术提高水肥利用效率研究进展[J].江苏农业学报,2017,33(2):469-475.Li C Z,Xu X J,Ma H B,et al.Research advances in fertigation technology improving water and fertilizer use efficiency[J].Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2017,33(2):469-475.
[30]范会,姜姗姗,魏荧,等.农田土壤施用系列新型氮肥后气态氮(NH3和N2O)减排效果比较:以夏玉米季为例[J].环境科学,2016,37(8):2906-2913.Fan H,Jiang S S,Wei Y,et al.Assessment of gaseous nitrogen(NH3and N2O)mitigation after the application of a range of new nitrogen fertilizers in summer maize cultivation[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(8):2906-2913.
[31]李琦,廖娜,张妮,等.棉花秸秆及其生物炭对滴灌棉田氨挥发的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(10):1987-1994.Li Q,Liao N,Zhang N,et al.Effects of cotton stalk and its biochar on ammonia volatilization from a drip irrigated cotton field[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(10):1987-1994.
[32]杨帆,李飞跃,赵玲,等.生物炭对土壤氨氮转化的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(5):1016-1020.Yang F,Li F Y,Zhao L,et al.Influence of biochar on the transformation of ammonia nitrogen in soils[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2013,32(5):1016-1020.
[33]Dempster D N,Gleeson D B,Solaiman Z M,et al.Decreased soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralisation with Eucalyptus biochar addition to a coarse textured soil[J].Plant and Soil,2012,354(1-2):311-324.
[34]王江伟.秸秆黑炭对农田作物生长、土壤性质及氨挥发的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.3-11.
[35]Sun H J,Zhang H L,Min J,et al.Controlled-release fertilizer,floating duckweed,and biochar affect ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission from rice paddy fields irrigated with nitrogen-rich wastewater[J].Paddy and Water Environment,2016,14(1):105-111.
[36]Feng Y F,Sun H J,Xue L H,et al.Biochar applied at an appropriate rate can avoid increasing NH3volatilization dramatically in rice paddy soil[J].Chemosphere,2017,168:1277-1284.
[37]Rochette P,Angers D A,Chantigny M H,et al.Ammonia volatilization and nitrogen retention:how deep to incorporate urea?[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2013,42(6):1635-1642.
[38]杨晓云.不同施肥条件下玉米农田灌淤土土壤氨挥发研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016.79-88.
[39]Pan C C,Liu C A,Zhao H L,et al.Changes of soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities in relation to grassland salinization[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2013,55:13-19.
[40]Singh K.Microbial and enzyme activities of saline and sodic soils[J].Land Degradation&Development,2016,27(3):706-718.
[2]Chen X P,Cui Z L,Fan M S,et al.Producing more grain with lower environmental costs[J].Nature,2014,514(7523):486-489.
[3]胡春胜,张玉铭,秦树平,等.华北平原农田生态系统氮素过程及其环境效应研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2018,26(10):1501-1514.Hu C S,Zhang Y M,Qin S P,et al.Nitrogen processes and related environmental effects on agro-ecosystem in the North China Plain[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2018,26(10):1501-1514.
[4]Huo Q,Cai X H,Kang L,et al.Estimating ammonia emissions from a winter wheat cropland in North China Plain with field experiments and inverse dispersion modeling[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,104:1-10.
[5]Huang X,Song Y,Li M M,et al.A high-resolution ammonia emission inventory in China[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2012,26(1):B1030.
[6]杨杉.三峡库区典型小流域氮素气态损失动态变化及其主导因素---以开县野塘溪小流域为例[D].重庆:西南大学,2015.3-7.
[7]Zhang W,Li Y,Zhu B,et al.A process-oriented hydrobiogeochemical model enabling simulation of gaseous carbon and nitrogen emissions and hydrologic nitrogen losses from a subtropical catchment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,616-617:305-317.
[8]Zhou G W,Zhang W,Ma L J,et al.Effects of saline water irrigation and N application rate on NH3volatilization and N use efficiency in a drip-irrigated cotton field[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2016,227(4):103.
[9]Liu T Q,Fan D J,Zhang X X,et al.Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizers reduces ammonia volatilization and increases nitrogen utilization efficiency in no-tillage paddy fields in Central China[J].Field Crops Research,2015,184:80-90.
[10]Han K,Zhou C J,Wang L Q.Reducing ammonia volatilization from maize fields with separation of nitrogen fertilizer and water in an alternating furrow irrigation system[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2014,13(5):1099-1112.
[11]Zeng W Z,Ma T,Huang J S,et al.Nitrogen transportation and transformation under different soil water and Salinity conditions[J].Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S,2016,23(4):677-693.
[12]Shan L N,He Y F,Chen J,et al.Ammonia volatilization from a Chinese cabbage field under different nitrogen treatments in the Taihu Lake Basin,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2015,38:14-23.
[13]Danso E O,Abenney-Mickson S,Sabi E B,et al.Effect of different fertilization and irrigation methods on nitrogen uptake,intercepted radiation and yield of okra(Abelmoschus esculentum L.)grown in the Keta Sand Spit of Southeast Ghana[J].Agricultural Water Management,2015,147:34-42.
[14]周丽平.不同氮肥缓释化处理及施肥方式对夏玉米田间氨挥发和氮素利用的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2016.1-7.
[15]丛日环,张丽,鲁艳红,等.长期秸秆还田下土壤铵态氮的吸附解吸特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(2):380-388.Cong R H,Zhang L,Lu Y H,et al.Adsorption-desorption characteristics of soil ammonium under long-term straw returning condition[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2017,23(2):380-388.
[16]Baiamonte G,Crescimanno G,Parrino F,et al.Effect of biochar on the physical and structural properties of a sandy soil[J].CATENA,2019,175:294-303.
[17]Li Y Y,Zhang F B,Yang M Y,et al.Effects of adding biochar of different particle sizes on hydro-erosional processes in small scale laboratory rainfall experiments on cultivated loessial soil[J].CATENA,2019,173:226-233.
[18]钟婷.秸秆炭化还田对稻田土壤氨挥发的影响及其机理研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2017.2-10.
[19]郑蕾,王学东,郭李萍,等.施肥对露地菜地氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(12):4063-4070.Zheng L,Wang X D,Guo L P,et al.Impact of fertilization on ammonia volatilization and N2O emissions in an open vegetable field[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(12):4063-4070.
[20]Mandal S,Thangarajan R,Bolan N S,et al.Biochar-induced concomitant decrease in ammonia volatilization and increase in nitrogen use efficiency by wheat[J].Chemosphere,2016,142:120-127.
[21]周杨.秸秆生物黑炭对肥料氮在农田土壤中转化中迁移的影响[D].合肥:安徽农业大学,2012.39-47.
[22]宋静茹,杨江,王艳明,等.黄河三角洲盐碱地形成的原因及改良措施探讨[J].安徽农业科学,2017,45(27):95-97,234.Song J R,Yang J,Wang Y M,et al.Exploration of the reason and improvement measures of saline-alkali soil in the Yellow River delta[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2017,45(27):95-97,234.
[23]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:农业科技出版社,2000.35-80.
[24]王朝辉,刘学军,巨晓棠,等.田间土壤氨挥发的原位测定---通气法[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(2):205-209.Wang Z H,Liu X J,Ju X T,et al.Field in situ determination of ammonia volatilization from soil:venting method[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2002,8(2):205-209.
[25]Cabrera M L,Tyson S C,Kelley T R,et al.Nitrogen mineralization and ammonia volatilization from fractionated poultry litter[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58(2):367-372.
[26]Abalos D,Sanchez-Martin L,Garcia-Torres L,et al.Management of irrigation frequency and nitrogen fertilization to mitigate GHG and NO emissions from drip-fertigated crops[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,490:880-888.
[27]邹娟,胡学玉,张阳阳,等.不同地表条件下生物炭对土壤氨挥发的影响[J].环境科学,2018,39(1):348-354.Zou J,Hu X Y,Zhang Y Y,et al.Effect of biochar on ammonia volatilization from soils of different surface conditions[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(1):348-354.
[28]邓兰生,张承林.滴灌施氮肥对盆栽玉米生长的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(1):81-85.Deng L S,Zhang C L.Effect of drip nitrogen fertigation on growth of maize[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2007,13(1):81-85.
[29]李传哲,许仙菊,马洪波,等.水肥一体化技术提高水肥利用效率研究进展[J].江苏农业学报,2017,33(2):469-475.Li C Z,Xu X J,Ma H B,et al.Research advances in fertigation technology improving water and fertilizer use efficiency[J].Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2017,33(2):469-475.
[30]范会,姜姗姗,魏荧,等.农田土壤施用系列新型氮肥后气态氮(NH3和N2O)减排效果比较:以夏玉米季为例[J].环境科学,2016,37(8):2906-2913.Fan H,Jiang S S,Wei Y,et al.Assessment of gaseous nitrogen(NH3and N2O)mitigation after the application of a range of new nitrogen fertilizers in summer maize cultivation[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(8):2906-2913.
[31]李琦,廖娜,张妮,等.棉花秸秆及其生物炭对滴灌棉田氨挥发的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(10):1987-1994.Li Q,Liao N,Zhang N,et al.Effects of cotton stalk and its biochar on ammonia volatilization from a drip irrigated cotton field[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(10):1987-1994.
[32]杨帆,李飞跃,赵玲,等.生物炭对土壤氨氮转化的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(5):1016-1020.Yang F,Li F Y,Zhao L,et al.Influence of biochar on the transformation of ammonia nitrogen in soils[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2013,32(5):1016-1020.
[33]Dempster D N,Gleeson D B,Solaiman Z M,et al.Decreased soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralisation with Eucalyptus biochar addition to a coarse textured soil[J].Plant and Soil,2012,354(1-2):311-324.
[34]王江伟.秸秆黑炭对农田作物生长、土壤性质及氨挥发的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.3-11.
[35]Sun H J,Zhang H L,Min J,et al.Controlled-release fertilizer,floating duckweed,and biochar affect ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission from rice paddy fields irrigated with nitrogen-rich wastewater[J].Paddy and Water Environment,2016,14(1):105-111.
[36]Feng Y F,Sun H J,Xue L H,et al.Biochar applied at an appropriate rate can avoid increasing NH3volatilization dramatically in rice paddy soil[J].Chemosphere,2017,168:1277-1284.
[37]Rochette P,Angers D A,Chantigny M H,et al.Ammonia volatilization and nitrogen retention:how deep to incorporate urea?[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2013,42(6):1635-1642.
[38]杨晓云.不同施肥条件下玉米农田灌淤土土壤氨挥发研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016.79-88.
[39]Pan C C,Liu C A,Zhao H L,et al.Changes of soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities in relation to grassland salinization[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2013,55:13-19.
[40]Singh K.Microbial and enzyme activities of saline and sodic soils[J].Land Degradation&Development,2016,27(3):706-718.
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