稳健迈出田野调查的第一步
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摘要
田野调查是人类学学习和研究均需掌握的基本技能。田野调查的成功开展要注意以下原则:首先是慎始,即田野点的选择、研究规划的开展、食宿的安排及田野过程中与研究对象交往的诸多细节,都应该注意选择及作为,以免影响后续工作。其次是学做田野就是学做人,学习做一个能够被全体(或至少是大多数)研究对象接纳的好客人,不仅要避免得罪人,更要积极与多数人建立良好关系。再次,在田野中要注重将陌生人变成报道人。这种转变可能有两种形式,前者是幸运的一夕破冰,后者是渐进的融冰,宾主之间的坚冰不能溶解,后续的调查工作也将无以为继。最后,人类学田野工作的成败,系于与人沟通是否顺畅,因此田野过程中寻找翻译及学习当地语言的问题值得深入探讨。
Fieldwork is a fundamental skill for anthropology students and researchers. The researcher needs to pay attention to the following principles to ensure the success of fieldwork. Firstly, plan the phases of the fieldwork thoroughly. It includes selecting a field site, laying out a high-level research plan, arranging lodging and food accommodations, as well as detailed planning on the types of interactions and relationships with the research subjects—this can mitigate the potential impacts that negative relationships may have on later research phases. Secondly, a big part of learning fieldwork is learning how to conduct oneself. The researcher needs to be a good guest who can be accepted by all(or at least most of) the research subjects—this is not limited to being careful not to offend, but one needs to proactively establish and build good relationships with research subjects. Thirdly, turning strangers into informants. This may develop in two ways, the first is a fortunate chance event that instantly foster a friendship with research subjects, the other is through gradually and carefully cultivating rapport with the research subjects—it is hard for the researcher to continue and finish the fieldwork if the relationships with his subjects do not progress beyond merely transactional. Finally, the success of a fieldwork is dependent on being able to communicate easily and clearly with the research subjects. Thus, the researcher should carefully consider whether to find a good translator or learn some keywords and sentences in the local language during the course of the fieldwork.
Fieldwork is a fundamental skill for anthropology students and researchers. The researcher needs to pay attention to the following principles to ensure the success of fieldwork. Firstly, plan the phases of the fieldwork thoroughly. It includes selecting a field site, laying out a high-level research plan, arranging lodging and food accommodations, as well as detailed planning on the types of interactions and relationships with the research subjects—this can mitigate the potential impacts that negative relationships may have on later research phases. Secondly, a big part of learning fieldwork is learning how to conduct oneself. The researcher needs to be a good guest who can be accepted by all(or at least most of) the research subjects—this is not limited to being careful not to offend, but one needs to proactively establish and build good relationships with research subjects. Thirdly, turning strangers into informants. This may develop in two ways, the first is a fortunate chance event that instantly foster a friendship with research subjects, the other is through gradually and carefully cultivating rapport with the research subjects—it is hard for the researcher to continue and finish the fieldwork if the relationships with his subjects do not progress beyond merely transactional. Finally, the success of a fieldwork is dependent on being able to communicate easily and clearly with the research subjects. Thus, the researcher should carefully consider whether to find a good translator or learn some keywords and sentences in the local language during the course of the fieldwork.
引文
[1]Bernard,H.Russell.Research Methods in Anthropology:Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches(5th edition)[M].Lanham,MD:AltaMira Press,2011.
[2]Wolcott,Harry F.The Art of Fieldwork(2nd edition)[M].Walnut Creek,CA:AltaMira Press,2005.
[3]Geertz,Clifford.The Interpretation of Cultures[M].New York:Basic Books,Inc.1973.
[4]马晓东.北山的非正常死亡葬俗[C]//杨晋涛,余光弘.闽南北山人的社会与文化.厦门:厦门大学出版社,2012:295-315.
[5]Brislin,R.W.,W.J.Lonner,&R.M.Thorndike.Cross-cultural Research Methods[M].New York:Wiley.1973:70.
[6]余光弘.实用的系谱搜集方法[J].人类学学刊,2015(1):126-145.
(1)主要参考的教科书是Russell Bernard(2011)的Research Methods in Anthropology:Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches,2017年该书又出修订第六版。本人曾有一短文介绍该书[余光弘.科学人类学的推手——简介Russell Bernard的Research Methods in Anthropology[C]//盛嘉.学者的使命:厦门大学人文经典系列讲座讲演集(第一辑).厦门:厦门大学出版社,2012:145-165]。
(2)为行文方便,以下经常会以第二人称的“你”指称田野调查工作者,另以“村人”指称田野点的被研究者,“村子”或“村中”指称田野点。
(1)文化逻辑是每个族群某些文化的基本预设,例如台湾少数民族之一的“泰雅人[昔时]认为成功猎得首级后,被猎者之灵将加入祖灵的行列,成为猎者之保护灵。此种观念与汉人被杀者成怨灵,将祟害杀人者完全相反”。[余光弘.猎头与泰雅文化[J].北县文化,1997(54):17],某些文化的基本预设之差异,常造成跨文化间互相了解的鸿沟,人类学者的任务即在探究文化逻辑的差异,以促进族群间的相互了解[余光弘.“不可理喻”背后的文化逻辑:以雅美(达悟)社会文化研究为例[C].2004年兰屿“研究群研讨会”论文,2004]。
(1)William Partridge的著作未能参阅,因此仅能以假设情况讨论。
(1)有关访谈的各种方法并非本文的主题,在此不拟赘述,有兴趣的读者可参阅Bernard, H. Russell.Research Methods in Anthropology:Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches(5th edition).Lanham, MD:AltaMira Press.2011:156-237。
[2]Wolcott,Harry F.The Art of Fieldwork(2nd edition)[M].Walnut Creek,CA:AltaMira Press,2005.
[3]Geertz,Clifford.The Interpretation of Cultures[M].New York:Basic Books,Inc.1973.
[4]马晓东.北山的非正常死亡葬俗[C]//杨晋涛,余光弘.闽南北山人的社会与文化.厦门:厦门大学出版社,2012:295-315.
[5]Brislin,R.W.,W.J.Lonner,&R.M.Thorndike.Cross-cultural Research Methods[M].New York:Wiley.1973:70.
[6]余光弘.实用的系谱搜集方法[J].人类学学刊,2015(1):126-145.
(1)主要参考的教科书是Russell Bernard(2011)的Research Methods in Anthropology:Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches,2017年该书又出修订第六版。本人曾有一短文介绍该书[余光弘.科学人类学的推手——简介Russell Bernard的Research Methods in Anthropology[C]//盛嘉.学者的使命:厦门大学人文经典系列讲座讲演集(第一辑).厦门:厦门大学出版社,2012:145-165]。
(2)为行文方便,以下经常会以第二人称的“你”指称田野调查工作者,另以“村人”指称田野点的被研究者,“村子”或“村中”指称田野点。
(1)文化逻辑是每个族群某些文化的基本预设,例如台湾少数民族之一的“泰雅人[昔时]认为成功猎得首级后,被猎者之灵将加入祖灵的行列,成为猎者之保护灵。此种观念与汉人被杀者成怨灵,将祟害杀人者完全相反”。[余光弘.猎头与泰雅文化[J].北县文化,1997(54):17],某些文化的基本预设之差异,常造成跨文化间互相了解的鸿沟,人类学者的任务即在探究文化逻辑的差异,以促进族群间的相互了解[余光弘.“不可理喻”背后的文化逻辑:以雅美(达悟)社会文化研究为例[C].2004年兰屿“研究群研讨会”论文,2004]。
(1)William Partridge的著作未能参阅,因此仅能以假设情况讨论。
(1)有关访谈的各种方法并非本文的主题,在此不拟赘述,有兴趣的读者可参阅Bernard, H. Russell.Research Methods in Anthropology:Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches(5th edition).Lanham, MD:AltaMira Press.2011:156-237。
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