东祁连山高寒草地地上生物量的时空变化
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摘要
高寒草地生物量受山地复杂地形影响而时空变化很大,然而研究还较少。为定量理解东祁连山地区高寒草地地上生物量的时空变化规律,为其合理保护利用和服务功能评价提供科学依据,在半干旱的甘肃天祝县抓喜秀龙乡,选择未受放牧和人为活动干扰的阴坡和阳坡的上、中、下坡位样地,以及受放牧和人为活动干扰的平地对照样地,各设4个1 m×1 m的样方,于2016年生长季各月调查1次地上生物量。结果表明:地上生物量(g/m~2)的坡向差异为阴坡生长季均值(292. 4)整体稍高于阳坡(282. 6),二者都远高于平地(163. 5);坡位差异为随坡位上升而降低,生长季均值(g/m~2)阳坡为下坡(365. 76)>中坡(268. 61)>上坡(213. 30),阴坡为下坡(323. 08)>中坡(278. 61)>上坡(275. 42);时间变化为生长季初期快速生长、之后生长逐渐变缓,符合对数函数,具体生长速率随坡向、坡位、时间而异。综合来看,受坡向和坡位导致的水热条件和土层厚度等环境因子影响,高寒草地地上生物量存在明显而复杂的时空变化。
[Background]The spatio-temporal variation of biomass in the alpine grassland is very large due to the complex terrain. However,such studies are rare till now. The aims of this study is to quantify the variation of aboveground biomass in alpine grassland with slope aspect,slope position,and time in growing season,to provide a scientific basis for its rational protection,utilization,and ecosystem service evaluation. [Methods] This study was carried out in the representative region of eastern Qilian Mountains and at the semi-arid Zhuaxixiulong township of Tianzhu county of Gansu province. Four plots of 1 m × 1 m were set up at the down-,middle-and up-slope on a shady slope and a sunny slope without grazing and human disturbance. In addition,as a contrast experiment,4 plots of 1 m × 1 m were set up at a level ground where grazing and human disturbance existed. Within the growing season of 2016( June-Sept.),the aboveground biomass were investigated monthly. [Results] The average aboveground biomass in growing season on the entire shady slope( 292. 4 g/m~2) was slightly higher than that on the sunny slope( 282. 6 g/m~2),and both were far higher than that on the level ground( 163. 5 g/m~2). The aboveground biomass on both sunny and shady slope decreased with rising slope position on the whole,with the growing season averages of 365. 76,268. 61 and 213. 30 g/m~2 for the down-,middle-and upslope on sunny slope,and 323. 08,278. 61 and 275. 42 g/m~2 on shady slope,respectively. The aboveground biomass first increased rapidly in the early growing season,and then increased with a declining and nonlinear rate,which was in accordance with the logarithmic function. The concrete growth rate varied with slope aspect,slope position and phenological time. [Conclusions]In general,affected by the differences in water and heat conditions and soil thickness induced by slope aspect and slope position,the aboveground biomass of alpine grassland shows an obvious and complex spatio-temporal variation.
[Background]The spatio-temporal variation of biomass in the alpine grassland is very large due to the complex terrain. However,such studies are rare till now. The aims of this study is to quantify the variation of aboveground biomass in alpine grassland with slope aspect,slope position,and time in growing season,to provide a scientific basis for its rational protection,utilization,and ecosystem service evaluation. [Methods] This study was carried out in the representative region of eastern Qilian Mountains and at the semi-arid Zhuaxixiulong township of Tianzhu county of Gansu province. Four plots of 1 m × 1 m were set up at the down-,middle-and up-slope on a shady slope and a sunny slope without grazing and human disturbance. In addition,as a contrast experiment,4 plots of 1 m × 1 m were set up at a level ground where grazing and human disturbance existed. Within the growing season of 2016( June-Sept.),the aboveground biomass were investigated monthly. [Results] The average aboveground biomass in growing season on the entire shady slope( 292. 4 g/m~2) was slightly higher than that on the sunny slope( 282. 6 g/m~2),and both were far higher than that on the level ground( 163. 5 g/m~2). The aboveground biomass on both sunny and shady slope decreased with rising slope position on the whole,with the growing season averages of 365. 76,268. 61 and 213. 30 g/m~2 for the down-,middle-and upslope on sunny slope,and 323. 08,278. 61 and 275. 42 g/m~2 on shady slope,respectively. The aboveground biomass first increased rapidly in the early growing season,and then increased with a declining and nonlinear rate,which was in accordance with the logarithmic function. The concrete growth rate varied with slope aspect,slope position and phenological time. [Conclusions]In general,affected by the differences in water and heat conditions and soil thickness induced by slope aspect and slope position,the aboveground biomass of alpine grassland shows an obvious and complex spatio-temporal variation.
引文
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[9]赵锦梅.祁连山东段不同退化程度高寒草地土壤有机碳储量的研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2006:56.ZHAO Jinmei.Study on the organic carbon stock of alpine grassland under different degrees in Eastern Qilian Mountains[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2006:56.
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[12]COUPLAND R T.Grassland ecosystems of the world:analysis of grasslands and their uses[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979.
[13]王顺利,金铭,张学龙,等.不同封育条件下天然草地生物量对比研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2014,34(12):130.WANG Shunli,JIN Ming,ZHANG Xuelong,et al.Comparative study on natural mountain grassland biomass under condition of different enclosure[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2014,34(12):130.
[14]苏玉波,张福平,冯起,等.祁连山典型小流域高寒草地生物量估算及空间分布特征[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015,43(2):79.SU Yubo,ZHANG Fuping,FENG Qi,et al.Estimation of alpine grassland biomass and analysis of its spatial distribution characteristics in typical small watershed of Qilian Mountain[J].Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2015,43(2):79.
[15]杨元合.青藏高原高寒草地生态系统碳氮储量[D].北京:北京大学,2008:148YANG Yuanhe.Carbon and nitrogen storage in alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau[D].Beijing:Peking University,2008:148.
[16]马文红,方精云.内蒙古温带草原的根冠比及其影响因素[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2006,42(6):774.MA Wenhong,FANG Jingyun.RBS ratios of temperate steppe and the environmental controls in nner Mongolia[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2006,42(6):774.
[17]聂莹莹.阳坡-阴坡生境梯度上植物群落物种多样性和地上生物量的变化特点[D].兰州:兰州大学,2010:45.NIE Yingying.The traits of plant community diversity and above-ground biomass of the habitat gradient fromsouth-facing slope to north-facing slope[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2010:45.
[18]杜阿朋,于澎涛,王彦辉,等.六盘山北侧叠叠沟小流域土壤物理性质空间变异的研究[J].林业科学研究,2006,19(5):547.DU Apeng,YU Pengtao,WANG Yanhui,et al.The soil physical characteristics in the small watershed of Diediegou located on the north side of Liupan Mountains[J].Forest Research,2006,19(5):547.
[19]韩新生,邓莉兰,王彦辉,等.六盘山叠叠沟华北落叶松人工林地上生物量的坡面变化[J].林业科学,2015,51(3):132.HAN Xinsheng,DENG Lilan,WANG Yanhui,et al.,Variation of aboveground biomass of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation along slopes in the Diediegou Watershed of Liupan Mountains[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2015,51(3):132.
[20]除多,普布次仁,德吉央宗,等.西藏典型草地地上生物量季节变化特征[J].草业科学,2013,30(7):1071.CHU Duo,Pubu Ciren,Deji Yangzong,et al.Seasonal dynamics of aboveground biomass of typical grassland types on the Tibetan Plateau.[J].Pratacultural Science,2013,30(7):1071.
[2]李凯辉,王万林,胡玉昆,等.不同海拔梯度高寒草地地下生物量与环境因子的关系[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(11):2364.LI Kaihui,WANG Wanlin,HU Yukun,et al.Relationships between below ground biomass of alpine grass land and environmental factors along an altitude gradient[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(11):2364.
[3]王雅琼,张建军,李梁,等.祁连山区典型草地生态系统土壤抗冲性影响因子[J].生态学报,2018,38(1):122.WANG Yaqiong,ZHANG Jianjun,LI Liang,et al.Analysis of factors impacting soil anti-scourability of typical grassland ecosystems on the Qilian Mountains[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica.2008,38(1):122.
[4]王琼芳,陈云明,曹扬,等.黄土丘陵区草地表层土壤固碳特征及影响因素[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(1):58.WANG Qiongfang,CHEN Yunming,CAO Yang,et al.Topsoil carbonsequestration characteristics and influencing factors for two grasslands in loess hilly region[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,34(1):58.
[5]王效科,冯宗炜.中国森林生态系统中植物固定大气碳的潜力[J].生态学杂志,2000,19(4):72.WANG Xiaoke,FENG Zongwei.The potential to sequester atmospheric carbon through forest ecosystems in China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2000,19(4):72.
[6]马文红,方精云,杨元合,等.中国北方草地生物量动态及其与气候因子的关系[J].中国科学:生命科学,2010,40(7):632.MA Wenhong,FANG Jingyun,YANG Yuanhe,et al.Biomass carbon stocks and their changes in northern China’s grasslands during 1982-2006[J].Sci China Life Sci,2010,53(7):632.
[7]任继周,朱兴运.中国河西走廊草地农业的基本格局和它的系统相悖:草原退化的机理初探[J].草业学报,1995,4(1):69.REN Jizhou,ZHU Xingyun.The pattern of agro-grassland systems and system discordance in Hexi Corridor of China:The mechanism of grassland degradation[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,1995,4(1):69.
[8]郭正刚,张自和,侯扶江.河西走廊草地退化现状及其可控因素和分类综合治理[J].中国草地,2002,24(4):54.GUO Zhenggang,ZHANG Zihe,HOU Fujiang.Degeneration and artificially controllable factors and classified management strategies of Hexi Corridor grassland[J].Grassland of China,2002,24(4):54.
[9]赵锦梅.祁连山东段不同退化程度高寒草地土壤有机碳储量的研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2006:56.ZHAO Jinmei.Study on the organic carbon stock of alpine grassland under different degrees in Eastern Qilian Mountains[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2006:56.
[10]闫月娥,王建宏,石建忠,等.祁连山北坡草地资源及退化现状分析[J].草业科学,2010,27(7):24.YAN Yuee,WANG Jianhong,SHI Jianzhong,et al.A-nalysis on grassland resources and their deterioration situation on north slope of Qilian Mountains[J].Pratacultural Science,2010,27(7):24.
[11]黄德青,于兰,张耀生,等.祁连山北坡天然草地地上生物量及其与土壤水分关系的比较研究[J].草业学报,2011,20(3):20.HUANG Deqing,YU Lan,ZHANG Yaosheng,et al.Above-ground biomass and its relationship to soil moisture of natural grassland in the northern slopes of the Qilian Mountains[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2011,20(3):20.
[12]COUPLAND R T.Grassland ecosystems of the world:analysis of grasslands and their uses[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979.
[13]王顺利,金铭,张学龙,等.不同封育条件下天然草地生物量对比研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2014,34(12):130.WANG Shunli,JIN Ming,ZHANG Xuelong,et al.Comparative study on natural mountain grassland biomass under condition of different enclosure[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2014,34(12):130.
[14]苏玉波,张福平,冯起,等.祁连山典型小流域高寒草地生物量估算及空间分布特征[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015,43(2):79.SU Yubo,ZHANG Fuping,FENG Qi,et al.Estimation of alpine grassland biomass and analysis of its spatial distribution characteristics in typical small watershed of Qilian Mountain[J].Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2015,43(2):79.
[15]杨元合.青藏高原高寒草地生态系统碳氮储量[D].北京:北京大学,2008:148YANG Yuanhe.Carbon and nitrogen storage in alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau[D].Beijing:Peking University,2008:148.
[16]马文红,方精云.内蒙古温带草原的根冠比及其影响因素[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2006,42(6):774.MA Wenhong,FANG Jingyun.RBS ratios of temperate steppe and the environmental controls in nner Mongolia[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2006,42(6):774.
[17]聂莹莹.阳坡-阴坡生境梯度上植物群落物种多样性和地上生物量的变化特点[D].兰州:兰州大学,2010:45.NIE Yingying.The traits of plant community diversity and above-ground biomass of the habitat gradient fromsouth-facing slope to north-facing slope[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2010:45.
[18]杜阿朋,于澎涛,王彦辉,等.六盘山北侧叠叠沟小流域土壤物理性质空间变异的研究[J].林业科学研究,2006,19(5):547.DU Apeng,YU Pengtao,WANG Yanhui,et al.The soil physical characteristics in the small watershed of Diediegou located on the north side of Liupan Mountains[J].Forest Research,2006,19(5):547.
[19]韩新生,邓莉兰,王彦辉,等.六盘山叠叠沟华北落叶松人工林地上生物量的坡面变化[J].林业科学,2015,51(3):132.HAN Xinsheng,DENG Lilan,WANG Yanhui,et al.,Variation of aboveground biomass of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation along slopes in the Diediegou Watershed of Liupan Mountains[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2015,51(3):132.
[20]除多,普布次仁,德吉央宗,等.西藏典型草地地上生物量季节变化特征[J].草业科学,2013,30(7):1071.CHU Duo,Pubu Ciren,Deji Yangzong,et al.Seasonal dynamics of aboveground biomass of typical grassland types on the Tibetan Plateau.[J].Pratacultural Science,2013,30(7):1071.
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