滴灌条件下水溶性肥料对灌水器堵塞影响
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摘要
为探究滴头流量等因素对水肥一体化滴灌系统灌水器堵塞的影响规律,指导滴灌系统的防堵塞管理工作,以相对流量作为堵塞程度的评价指标,通过单因素试验分析了肥液浓度、滴头流量、滴头工作压力、过滤器类型、滴头类型5个因素对灌水器堵塞情况的影响,采用正交试验筛选出抗堵塞的最佳灌溉模式。结果表明,肥液浓度越大,滴头和过滤器越易发生堵塞;滴头流量越大,相对流量也越大,大流量滴头相对不易发生堵塞;相对流量随着滴头工作压力的增大呈现先增后减趋势,工作压力过大也会引起滴头堵塞,农业灌溉过程中应选取适宜的滴头工作压力;叠片式过滤器比网式过滤器过滤效果更好;压力补偿式滴头抗堵塞性能优于八孔流量可调式滴头。最佳灌溉模式为:水溶性肥料稀释比例为1∶200,滴头工作压力为0.1 MPa,滴头为流量4 L/h的压力补偿式滴头。
In order to study the influence of drip flow and other factors on the clogging of drip irrigation system,and to guide the management of drip irrigation system against clogging,using the relative flow rate as the evaluation index of clogging degree,this paper analyzed the effects of concentration,dripper flow rate,dripper pressure,different filters,and different types of dripper on the emitter clogging through single factor test,and carried out orthogonal test to find out the best irrigation method against clogging. The results showed that,with the increasing of the dilution of fertilizer,the dripper and the filter were more likely to clog. The greater the flow of drip irrigation dripper,the greater the relative flow and the dripper was less likely to be clogged. The relative flow rate increased first and then decreased with the increasing of the dripper pressure,great pressure could cause dripper clogging. So in the process of agricultural irrigation,appropriate dripper pressure should be selected. The laminated filter had better filtration performance than the mesh filter. The pressure compensated dripper had better anti-clogging performance than the eight-hole adjustable flow dripper. The verification test was: the dilution ratio of water-soluble fertilizer 1 ∶ 200,the dripper pressure 0.1 MPa,and the dripper was a pressure-compensated dripper with a flow rate of 4 L/h.
In order to study the influence of drip flow and other factors on the clogging of drip irrigation system,and to guide the management of drip irrigation system against clogging,using the relative flow rate as the evaluation index of clogging degree,this paper analyzed the effects of concentration,dripper flow rate,dripper pressure,different filters,and different types of dripper on the emitter clogging through single factor test,and carried out orthogonal test to find out the best irrigation method against clogging. The results showed that,with the increasing of the dilution of fertilizer,the dripper and the filter were more likely to clog. The greater the flow of drip irrigation dripper,the greater the relative flow and the dripper was less likely to be clogged. The relative flow rate increased first and then decreased with the increasing of the dripper pressure,great pressure could cause dripper clogging. So in the process of agricultural irrigation,appropriate dripper pressure should be selected. The laminated filter had better filtration performance than the mesh filter. The pressure compensated dripper had better anti-clogging performance than the eight-hole adjustable flow dripper. The verification test was: the dilution ratio of water-soluble fertilizer 1 ∶ 200,the dripper pressure 0.1 MPa,and the dripper was a pressure-compensated dripper with a flow rate of 4 L/h.
引文
[1]安迪,王亭杰,金涌.采用水肥一体化技术统筹工农业协调发展[J].中国工程科学,2015,17(5):120-125.An D,Wang T J,Jin Y.Using drip irrigation of water and fertilizer for synergic development of industry and agriculture[J].Engin.Sci.,2015,17(5):120-125.
[2]申向东,赵曦阳,艾鹏慧,等.传统农业施肥的不足及现代农业施肥的发展方向[J].河南农业科学,2016,45(12):77-81.Shen X D,Zhao X Y,Ai P H,et al..Disadvantages of fertilization in traditional agriculture and development direction of fertilization in modern agriculture[J].J.Henan Agric.Sci.,2016,45(12):77-81.
[3]Adin A,Sacks M.Dripper-clogging factors in wastewater irrigation[J].J.Irrig.Drainage Engin.,1991,117(6):813-826.
[4]Ravina I,Paz E,Sofer Z,et al..Control of clogging in drip irrigation with stored treated municipal sewage effluent[J].Agric.Water Manage.,1997,33(2-3):127-137.
[5]Lamm F R,Bordovsky J P,Schwankl L J,et al..Subsurface drip irrigation:Status of the technology in 2010[J].Trans.ASABE,2012,55(2):483-491.
[6]Team I.Recent techniques in fertigation of horticultural crops in Israel[EB/OL].https://www.ipipotash.org/en/presentn/rtifohc.php,1999.
[7]梁智,张计峰,井然,等.滴灌施肥方式与施肥水平对枣树产量、品质及养分利用的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2016,53(8):1444-1452.Liang Z,Zhang J F,Jing R,et al..Influence of fertilization modes and fertilization levels under drip irrigation on fruit yield,quality and nutrient use of Chinese Jujube[J].Xinjiang Agric.Sci.,2016,53(8):1444-1452.
[8]张志新.滴灌工程规划设计原理与应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007.Zhang Z X.The design principle and application of drip irrigation engineering[M].Beijing:China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press,2007.
[9]李久生,张建君,薛克宗.滴灌施肥灌溉原理与应用[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2003.Li J S,Zhang J J,Xue K Z.The Principle and application of drip irrigation and fertilization[M].Beijng:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2003.
[10]郑铁刚,刘焕芳,宗全利.微灌用过滤器过滤性能分析及应用选型研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2008,19(4):36-39.Zheng T G,Liu H F,Zong Q L.Analysis and research for the filtering quality and type-selecting of emitter in micro-irrigation[J].J.Water Resour.Water Engin.,2008,19(4):36-39.
[11]Boman B J,Parsons L R.Microsprinkler experiences in Florida citrus[J].Appl.Engin.Agric.,1999,15(5):465-475.
[12]Hills D J,Nawar F M,Waller P M.Effects of chemical clogging on drip-tape irrigation uniformity[J].Trans.ASAE,1989,32(4):1202-1206.
[13]刘燕芳,吴普特,朱德兰,等.温室水肥滴灌系统迷宫式灌水器堵塞试验[J].农业机械学报,2014,12(45):50-54.Liu Y F,Wu P T,Zhu D L,et al..Clogging of labyrinth emitters in greenhouse fertigation[J].J.Agric.Machinery,2014,12(45):50-54.
[14]Pitts D J,Haman D Z,Smajstrla A G.Causes and prevention of emitter plugging in micro-irrigation systems[R].Florida Cooperative Extension Service,University of Florida,1990.
[15]宋鹏,李云开,李久生,等.加氯及毛管冲洗控制再生水滴灌系统灌水器堵塞[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(2):80-86.Song P,Li Y K,Li J S,et al..Chlorination with lateral flushing controling drip irrigation emitter clogging using reclaimed water[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2017,33(2):80-86.
[16]Taylor H D,Bastos R K X,Pearson H W,et al..Drip irrigation with waste stabilization pond effluents-solving the problem of emitter fouling[J].Water Sci.Technol.,1995,29(4):1069-1078.
[17]Bucks D A,Nakayama F S.Trickle irrigation water quality and preventive maintenance[J].Agric.Water Manage.,1979,2(2):149-162.
[18]Nakayama F S,Bucks D A.Water quality in drip/trickle irrigation:A review[J].Irrigation Sci.,1991,12(4):187-192.
[19]李康勇,牛文全,张若婵,等.施肥对浑水灌溉滴头堵塞的加速作用[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(17):81-90.Li K Y,Niu W Q,Zhang R C,et al..Accelerative effect of fertigation on emitter clogging by muddy water irrigation[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2015,31(17):81-90.
[20]Sahin U,Anapali O,D9nmez M F,et al..Biological treatment of clogged emitters in a drip irrigation system[J].J.Environ.Management,2005,76(4):338-341.
[21]De Kreij C,Van der Burg A M M,Runia W T.Drip irrigation emitter clogging in Dutch greenhouses as affected by methane and organic acids[J].Agric.Water Manage.,2003,60(2):73-85.
[22]Arbat G,Elbana M,Lamm F R.Effect of flushing frequency on emitter clogging in micro-irrigation with effluents[J].Agric.Water Manage.,2010,97(6):883-891.
[23]Rubens,Duarte,Coelho.Biological clogging of Netafim's drippers and recovering process through chlorination impact treatment[A].In:Proceedings of 2001 ASAE Annual international Meeting[C].USA:Sacramento,2001.
[24]官雅辉,牛文全,刘璐,等.肥料类型及浓度对水肥一体化浑水滴灌滴头输沙能力的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(1):78-84.Guan Y H,Niu W Q,Liu L,et al..Effect of fertilizer type and concentration on sediment transport capacity of dripper in drip fertigation with muddy water[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2018,34(1):78-84.
[25]雷宏军,臧明,张振华,等.循环曝气压力与活性剂浓度对滴灌带水气传输的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(22):63-69.Lei H J,Zang M,Zhang Z H,et al..Impact of working pressure and surfactant concentration on air-water transmission in drip irrigation tape under cycle aeration[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2014,30(22):63-69.
[26]刘海军,黄冠华,王鹏超,等.再生水滴灌对滴头堵塞的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(9):15-20.Liu H J,Huang G H,Wang P C,et al..Effect of drip irrigation with reclaimed water on emitter clogging[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2009,25(9):15-20.
[27]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.GB/T 50485-2009微灌工程技术规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2009,13.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China.GB/T 50485-2009 Micro irrigation engineering technical specifications[S].Beijing:China Planning Press,2009:13.
[28]祁世磊.低压微润带出流、入渗及抗堵塞性能试验研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,硕士学位论文,2013.Qi S L.Research on the Outflow,Infiltration and Anti-clogging Performance of Low-Pressure Moistube[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,Master Dissertation,2013.
[29]刘璐,李康勇,牛文全,等.温度对施肥滴灌系统滴头堵塞的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(2):98-104.Liu L,Li K Y,Niu W Q,et al..Influence of temperature on emitter clogging with fertigation through drip irrigation system[J].J.Agric.Machinery,2016,47(2):98-104.
[30]牛文全,刘璐.浑水泥沙粒径与含沙量对迷宫流道堵塞的影响[J].排灌机械工程学报,2011,29(6):547-552.Niu W Q,Liu L.Influence of muddy water concentration and particle diameter on clogging of labyrinth channels[J].J.Drainage Irrig.Machinery Engin.,2011,29(6):547-552.
[31]汪军,刘云锋.滴灌条件下小管径滴灌管抗堵塞性能研究[J].水利科技与经济,2015(7):88-90.
[2]申向东,赵曦阳,艾鹏慧,等.传统农业施肥的不足及现代农业施肥的发展方向[J].河南农业科学,2016,45(12):77-81.Shen X D,Zhao X Y,Ai P H,et al..Disadvantages of fertilization in traditional agriculture and development direction of fertilization in modern agriculture[J].J.Henan Agric.Sci.,2016,45(12):77-81.
[3]Adin A,Sacks M.Dripper-clogging factors in wastewater irrigation[J].J.Irrig.Drainage Engin.,1991,117(6):813-826.
[4]Ravina I,Paz E,Sofer Z,et al..Control of clogging in drip irrigation with stored treated municipal sewage effluent[J].Agric.Water Manage.,1997,33(2-3):127-137.
[5]Lamm F R,Bordovsky J P,Schwankl L J,et al..Subsurface drip irrigation:Status of the technology in 2010[J].Trans.ASABE,2012,55(2):483-491.
[6]Team I.Recent techniques in fertigation of horticultural crops in Israel[EB/OL].https://www.ipipotash.org/en/presentn/rtifohc.php,1999.
[7]梁智,张计峰,井然,等.滴灌施肥方式与施肥水平对枣树产量、品质及养分利用的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2016,53(8):1444-1452.Liang Z,Zhang J F,Jing R,et al..Influence of fertilization modes and fertilization levels under drip irrigation on fruit yield,quality and nutrient use of Chinese Jujube[J].Xinjiang Agric.Sci.,2016,53(8):1444-1452.
[8]张志新.滴灌工程规划设计原理与应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007.Zhang Z X.The design principle and application of drip irrigation engineering[M].Beijing:China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press,2007.
[9]李久生,张建君,薛克宗.滴灌施肥灌溉原理与应用[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2003.Li J S,Zhang J J,Xue K Z.The Principle and application of drip irrigation and fertilization[M].Beijng:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2003.
[10]郑铁刚,刘焕芳,宗全利.微灌用过滤器过滤性能分析及应用选型研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2008,19(4):36-39.Zheng T G,Liu H F,Zong Q L.Analysis and research for the filtering quality and type-selecting of emitter in micro-irrigation[J].J.Water Resour.Water Engin.,2008,19(4):36-39.
[11]Boman B J,Parsons L R.Microsprinkler experiences in Florida citrus[J].Appl.Engin.Agric.,1999,15(5):465-475.
[12]Hills D J,Nawar F M,Waller P M.Effects of chemical clogging on drip-tape irrigation uniformity[J].Trans.ASAE,1989,32(4):1202-1206.
[13]刘燕芳,吴普特,朱德兰,等.温室水肥滴灌系统迷宫式灌水器堵塞试验[J].农业机械学报,2014,12(45):50-54.Liu Y F,Wu P T,Zhu D L,et al..Clogging of labyrinth emitters in greenhouse fertigation[J].J.Agric.Machinery,2014,12(45):50-54.
[14]Pitts D J,Haman D Z,Smajstrla A G.Causes and prevention of emitter plugging in micro-irrigation systems[R].Florida Cooperative Extension Service,University of Florida,1990.
[15]宋鹏,李云开,李久生,等.加氯及毛管冲洗控制再生水滴灌系统灌水器堵塞[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(2):80-86.Song P,Li Y K,Li J S,et al..Chlorination with lateral flushing controling drip irrigation emitter clogging using reclaimed water[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2017,33(2):80-86.
[16]Taylor H D,Bastos R K X,Pearson H W,et al..Drip irrigation with waste stabilization pond effluents-solving the problem of emitter fouling[J].Water Sci.Technol.,1995,29(4):1069-1078.
[17]Bucks D A,Nakayama F S.Trickle irrigation water quality and preventive maintenance[J].Agric.Water Manage.,1979,2(2):149-162.
[18]Nakayama F S,Bucks D A.Water quality in drip/trickle irrigation:A review[J].Irrigation Sci.,1991,12(4):187-192.
[19]李康勇,牛文全,张若婵,等.施肥对浑水灌溉滴头堵塞的加速作用[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(17):81-90.Li K Y,Niu W Q,Zhang R C,et al..Accelerative effect of fertigation on emitter clogging by muddy water irrigation[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2015,31(17):81-90.
[20]Sahin U,Anapali O,D9nmez M F,et al..Biological treatment of clogged emitters in a drip irrigation system[J].J.Environ.Management,2005,76(4):338-341.
[21]De Kreij C,Van der Burg A M M,Runia W T.Drip irrigation emitter clogging in Dutch greenhouses as affected by methane and organic acids[J].Agric.Water Manage.,2003,60(2):73-85.
[22]Arbat G,Elbana M,Lamm F R.Effect of flushing frequency on emitter clogging in micro-irrigation with effluents[J].Agric.Water Manage.,2010,97(6):883-891.
[23]Rubens,Duarte,Coelho.Biological clogging of Netafim's drippers and recovering process through chlorination impact treatment[A].In:Proceedings of 2001 ASAE Annual international Meeting[C].USA:Sacramento,2001.
[24]官雅辉,牛文全,刘璐,等.肥料类型及浓度对水肥一体化浑水滴灌滴头输沙能力的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(1):78-84.Guan Y H,Niu W Q,Liu L,et al..Effect of fertilizer type and concentration on sediment transport capacity of dripper in drip fertigation with muddy water[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2018,34(1):78-84.
[25]雷宏军,臧明,张振华,等.循环曝气压力与活性剂浓度对滴灌带水气传输的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(22):63-69.Lei H J,Zang M,Zhang Z H,et al..Impact of working pressure and surfactant concentration on air-water transmission in drip irrigation tape under cycle aeration[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2014,30(22):63-69.
[26]刘海军,黄冠华,王鹏超,等.再生水滴灌对滴头堵塞的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(9):15-20.Liu H J,Huang G H,Wang P C,et al..Effect of drip irrigation with reclaimed water on emitter clogging[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2009,25(9):15-20.
[27]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.GB/T 50485-2009微灌工程技术规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2009,13.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China.GB/T 50485-2009 Micro irrigation engineering technical specifications[S].Beijing:China Planning Press,2009:13.
[28]祁世磊.低压微润带出流、入渗及抗堵塞性能试验研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,硕士学位论文,2013.Qi S L.Research on the Outflow,Infiltration and Anti-clogging Performance of Low-Pressure Moistube[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,Master Dissertation,2013.
[29]刘璐,李康勇,牛文全,等.温度对施肥滴灌系统滴头堵塞的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(2):98-104.Liu L,Li K Y,Niu W Q,et al..Influence of temperature on emitter clogging with fertigation through drip irrigation system[J].J.Agric.Machinery,2016,47(2):98-104.
[30]牛文全,刘璐.浑水泥沙粒径与含沙量对迷宫流道堵塞的影响[J].排灌机械工程学报,2011,29(6):547-552.Niu W Q,Liu L.Influence of muddy water concentration and particle diameter on clogging of labyrinth channels[J].J.Drainage Irrig.Machinery Engin.,2011,29(6):547-552.
[31]汪军,刘云锋.滴灌条件下小管径滴灌管抗堵塞性能研究[J].水利科技与经济,2015(7):88-90.
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