计及分布式电源发电不平衡度约束的三相不对称配电网动态重构
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摘要
该文提出一种计及分布式电源(distributed generation,DG)发电三相平衡需求的三相不对称配电网的动态重构方法。首先以开关成本与网损成本之和最小为目标,构建了同时计及配电网络三相不对称及DG发电不平衡度约束的动态重构模型;其次,在模型中引入三相储能装置(energy storage,ES),实现DG与ES的协调运行,从而在保证DG发电不平衡度约束的同时,能够满足三相不平衡负荷的需求;最后,基于多种线性化手段,将模型转化为混合整数线性规划问题,实现其有效求解。该方法体现了配电网运行安全性与经济性的协调,可在保证DG运行安全性的同时,有效降低网络损耗,提高配电网运行的经济效益。通过对修改的IEEE 34节点及IEEE 123节点配电系统的计算与分析,验证了方法的有效性。
A dynamic reconfiguration method of three-phase unbalanced distribution networks considering three-phase equilibrium generation requirements of distributed generation(DG) was proposed in this paper. Firstly, to minimize the sum of switching costs and power loss costs, a dynamic reconfiguration model, which takes the fact of three-phase network unbalance as well as the unbalanced operation constraints of DGs into account, was built. Secondly, three-phase energy storage(ES) was incorporated into the model to achieve the coordinated operation of DG and ES, so that the combination of the balanced outputs of DG and the unbalanced outputs of ES can meet the unbalanced load demands. Finally, several linearization methods were introduced to formulate the dynamic reconfiguration problem as a mixe d-integer linear programming(MILP) model, which can be effectively solved.The proposed method achieves the coordination between the security and the economy of the distribution network operation,as a result, the power loss can be reduced and the economic benefits of the distribution network operation can be effectively improved using the proposed methods. The effectiveness of theproposed approach is verified by the calculation and analysis of a modified IEEE 34 node and IEEE 123 node test feeder.
A dynamic reconfiguration method of three-phase unbalanced distribution networks considering three-phase equilibrium generation requirements of distributed generation(DG) was proposed in this paper. Firstly, to minimize the sum of switching costs and power loss costs, a dynamic reconfiguration model, which takes the fact of three-phase network unbalance as well as the unbalanced operation constraints of DGs into account, was built. Secondly, three-phase energy storage(ES) was incorporated into the model to achieve the coordinated operation of DG and ES, so that the combination of the balanced outputs of DG and the unbalanced outputs of ES can meet the unbalanced load demands. Finally, several linearization methods were introduced to formulate the dynamic reconfiguration problem as a mixe d-integer linear programming(MILP) model, which can be effectively solved.The proposed method achieves the coordination between the security and the economy of the distribution network operation,as a result, the power loss can be reduced and the economic benefits of the distribution network operation can be effectively improved using the proposed methods. The effectiveness of theproposed approach is verified by the calculation and analysis of a modified IEEE 34 node and IEEE 123 node test feeder.
引文
[1]王威,韩学山,王勇,等.一种减少生成树数量的配电网最优重构算法[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(16):34-38.Wang Wei,Han Xueshan,Wang Yong,et al.A distribution network optimal reconfiguration algorithm of reducing the number of spinning trees[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2008,28(16):34-38(in Chinese).
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[16]Lavorato M,Franco J F,Rider M J,et al.Imposing radiality constraints in distribution system optimization problems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2012,27(1):172-180.
[17]刘蔚,韩祯祥.基于时间区间的配电网重构[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(10):33-38.Liu Wei,Han Zhenxiang.Distribution system reconfiguration based on time interval[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2006,30(10):33-38(in Chinese).
[18]Capitanescu F,Ochoa L F,Margossian H,et al.Assessing the potential of network reconfiguration to improve distributed generation hosting capacity in active distribution systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2015,30(1):346-356.
[19]李振坤,陈星莺,赵波,等.配电网动态重构的多代理协调优化方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(34):72-79.Li Zhenkun,Chen Xingying,Zhao Bo,et al.Dynamic reconfiguration of the distribution network based on multi-agent systems[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2008,28(34):72-79(in Chinese).
[20]Ding F,Loparo K A.Feeder reconfiguration for unbalanced distribution systems with distributed generation:a hierarchical decentralized approach[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2016,31(2):1633-1642.
[21]Dorostkar-Ghamsari M R,Fotuhi-Firuzabad M,Lehtonen M,et al.Value of distribution network reconfiguration in presence of renewable energy resources[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2016,31(3):1879-1888.
[22]周慧芝,唐飞,刘涤尘,等.考虑负荷时变性的主动配电网动态重构和DG动态调控策略[J].电网技术,2016,40(8):2423-2429.Zhou Huizhi,Tang Fei,Liu Dichen,et al.Active distribution network dynamic reconfiguration and DGdynamic control strategy considering time-variant load[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(8):2423-2429(in Chinese).
[23]李洪美,崔翰韬,万秋兰.考虑电动汽车充电策略的配网重构二阶锥规划模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(18):4674-4681.Li Hongmei,Cui Hantao,Wan Qiulan.Distribution network reconfiguration based on second-order conic programming considering EV charging strategy[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(18):4674-4681(in Chinese).
[24]朱正,廖清芬,刘涤尘,等.考虑新能源与电动汽车接入下的主动配电网重构策略[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(14):82-88,96.Zhu Zheng,Liao Qingfen,Liu Dichen,et al.Strategy of distribution network reconfiguration considering wind power and Electric Vehicle Integration[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(14):82-88,96(in Chinese).
[25]孙惠娟,彭春华,余廷芳.配电网三相平衡优化重构策略[J].电网技术,2014,38(3):789-794.Sun Huijuan,Peng Chunhua,Yu Tingfang.A three-phase equilibrium reconfiguration strategy for distribution network[J].Power System Technology,2014,38(3):789-794(in Chinese).
[26]Zhai H F,Yang M,Chen B,et al.Dynamic reconfiguration of three-phase unbalanced distribution networks[J].International Journal of Electrical Power&Energy Systems,2018,99:1-10.
[27]Davis M W,Broadwater R,Hambrick J.Modeling and testing of unbalanced loading and voltage regulation:final report[R].Golden,CO,USA:National Renewable Energy Laboratory,2007.
[28]Wang Zeyu,Wang Jianhui,Chen Chen.A three-phase microgrid restoration model considering unbalanced operation of distributed generation[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2018,9(4):3594-3604.
[29]Chen Bo,Chen Chen,Wang Jianhui,et al.Sequential service restoration for unbalanced distribution systems and microgrids[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2018,33(2):1507-1520.
[30]吴建中,余贻鑫.最小化运行费用的时变重构全局优化算法[J].中国电机工程学报,2003,23(11):13-17.Wu Jianzhong,Yu Yixin.Global optimization algorithm to time-varying reconfiguration for operation cost minimization[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2003,23(11):13-17(in Chinese).
[31]Gan Lingwen,Low S H.Convex relaxations and linear approximation for optimal power flow in multiphase radial networks[C]//Proceedings of 2014 Power Systems Computation Conference.Wroclaw,Poland:IEEE,2014:1-9.
[32]翟鹤峰,汪洋,杨明,等.多相辐射状配电网的一种线性近似潮流方程[J].电工电能新技术,2017,36(7):78-83.Zhai Hefeng,Wang Yang,Yang Ming,et al.Linear approximation for power flow equation in multiphase radial distribution network[J].Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy,2017,36(7):78-83(in Chinese).
[33]Dall’Anese E,Dhople S V,Giannakis G B.Optimal dispatch of photovoltaic inverters in residential distribution systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2014,5(2):487-497.
[34]National Electrical Manufacturers Association.ANSIC84.1-2011 American national standard for electric power systems and equipment-voltage ratings(60Hz)[S].Washington,DC,USA,American National Standard Institute,2011.
[35]Smith J C,Hensley G,Ray L.Std 1159-1995 IEEErecommended practice for monitoring electric power quality[S].New York:IEEE,1995.
[36]高红均,刘俊勇,沈晓东,等.主动配电网最优潮流研究及其应用实例[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(6):1634-1644.Gao Hongjun,Liu Junyong,Shen Xiaodong,et al.Optimal power flow research in active distribution network and its application examples[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(6):1634-1644(in Chinese).
[37]Chicco G,Corona F,Porumb R,et al.Experimental indicators of current unbalance in building-integrated photovoltaic systems[J].IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics,2014,4(3):924-934.
[38]Triebel H.Interpolation theory,function spaces,differential operators[M].Amsterdam,The Netherlands:North-Holland,1978.
[39]Wang Shouxiang,Chen Sijia,Ge Leijiao,et al.Distributed generation hosting capacity evaluation for distribution systems considering the robust optimal operation of OLTCand SVC[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2016,7(3):1111-1123.
[40]Allie M,Lyons R.A root of less evil[digital signal processing][J].IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2005,22(2):93-96.
[41]Kersting W H.Radial distribution test feeders[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,1991,6(3):975-985.
[42]Backcasted(actual)load profiles historical[EB/OL].http://www.ercot.com/mktinfo/loadprofile/alp/.
[43]Zhou Qin,Shirmohammadi D,Liu W H E.Distribution feeder reconfiguration for operation cost reduction[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1997,12(2):730-735.
[2]张大海,江世芳,赵建国.配电网重构研究的现状与展望[J].电力自动化设备,2002,22(2):75-76,82.Zhang Dahai,Jiang Shifang,Zhao Jianguo.The achievements and prospect of distribution network reconfiguration research[J].Electric Power Automation Equipment,2002,22(2):75-76,82(in Chinese).
[3]易海川,张彼德,王海颖,等.提高DG接纳能力的配电网动态重构方法[J].电网技术,2016,40(5):1431-1436.Yi Haichuan,Zhang Bide,Wang Haiying,et al.Distribution network dynamic reconfiguration method for improving distribution network’s ability of accepting DG[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(5):1431-1436(in Chinese).
[4]尹丽燕,于继来.多时间段落的配电网络动态重构[J].中国电机工程学报,2002,22(7):44-48,80.Yin Liyan,Yu Jilai.Dynamic reconfiguration(DR)of distribution network with multi-time periods[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2002,22(7):44-48,80(in Chinese).
[5]Baran M E,Wu F F.Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1989,4(2):1401-1407.
[6]Gomes F V,Carneiro S,Pereira J L R,et al.A new distribution system reconfiguration approach using optimum power flow and sensitivity analysis for loss reduction[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2006,21(4):1616-1623.
[7]Raju G K V,Bijwe P R.An efficient algorithm for minimum loss reconfiguration of distribution system based on sensitivity and heuristics[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2008,23(3):1280-1287.
[8]毕鹏翔,刘健,张文元.配电网络重构的改进支路交换法[J].中国电机工程学报,2001,21(8):98-103.Bi Pengxiang,Liu Jian,Zhang Wenyuan.A refined branch-exchange algorithm for distribution networks reconfiguration[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2001,21(8):98-103(in Chinese).
[9]Gomes F V,Carneiro S,Pereira J L R,et al.A new heuristic reconfiguration algorithm for large distribution systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2005,20(3):1373-1378.
[10]吴文传,张伯明.拟全局最优的配电网实时网络重构法[J].中国电机工程学报,2003,23(11):69-73.Wu Wenchuan,Zhang Boming.A quasi-global optimal method for real-time network reconfiguration of distribution system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2003,23(11):69-73(in Chinese).
[11]李晓明,黄彦浩,尹项根.基于改良策略的配电网重构遗传算法[J].中国电机工程学报,2004,24(2):49-54.Li Xiaoming,Huang Yanhao,Yin Xianggen.A genetic algorithm based on improvement strategy for power distribution network reconfiguration[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2004,24(2):49-54(in Chinese).
[12]Salazar H,Gallego R,Romero R.Artificial neural networks and clustering techniques applied in the reconfiguration of distribution systems[J].IEEETransactions on Power Delivery,2006,21(3):1735-1742.
[13]李振坤,陈星莺,余昆,等.配电网重构的混合粒子群算法[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(31):35-41.Li Zhenkun,Chen Xingying,Yu Kun,et al.Hybrid particle swarm optimization for distribution network reconfiguration[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2008,28(31):35-41(in Chinese).
[14]Jabr R A,Singh R,Pal B C.Minimum loss network reconfiguration using mixed-integer convex programming[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2012,27(2):1106-1115.
[15]Taylor J A,Hover F S.Convex models of distribution system reconfiguration[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2012,27(3):1407-1413.
[16]Lavorato M,Franco J F,Rider M J,et al.Imposing radiality constraints in distribution system optimization problems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2012,27(1):172-180.
[17]刘蔚,韩祯祥.基于时间区间的配电网重构[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(10):33-38.Liu Wei,Han Zhenxiang.Distribution system reconfiguration based on time interval[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2006,30(10):33-38(in Chinese).
[18]Capitanescu F,Ochoa L F,Margossian H,et al.Assessing the potential of network reconfiguration to improve distributed generation hosting capacity in active distribution systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2015,30(1):346-356.
[19]李振坤,陈星莺,赵波,等.配电网动态重构的多代理协调优化方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(34):72-79.Li Zhenkun,Chen Xingying,Zhao Bo,et al.Dynamic reconfiguration of the distribution network based on multi-agent systems[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2008,28(34):72-79(in Chinese).
[20]Ding F,Loparo K A.Feeder reconfiguration for unbalanced distribution systems with distributed generation:a hierarchical decentralized approach[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2016,31(2):1633-1642.
[21]Dorostkar-Ghamsari M R,Fotuhi-Firuzabad M,Lehtonen M,et al.Value of distribution network reconfiguration in presence of renewable energy resources[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2016,31(3):1879-1888.
[22]周慧芝,唐飞,刘涤尘,等.考虑负荷时变性的主动配电网动态重构和DG动态调控策略[J].电网技术,2016,40(8):2423-2429.Zhou Huizhi,Tang Fei,Liu Dichen,et al.Active distribution network dynamic reconfiguration and DGdynamic control strategy considering time-variant load[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(8):2423-2429(in Chinese).
[23]李洪美,崔翰韬,万秋兰.考虑电动汽车充电策略的配网重构二阶锥规划模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(18):4674-4681.Li Hongmei,Cui Hantao,Wan Qiulan.Distribution network reconfiguration based on second-order conic programming considering EV charging strategy[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(18):4674-4681(in Chinese).
[24]朱正,廖清芬,刘涤尘,等.考虑新能源与电动汽车接入下的主动配电网重构策略[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(14):82-88,96.Zhu Zheng,Liao Qingfen,Liu Dichen,et al.Strategy of distribution network reconfiguration considering wind power and Electric Vehicle Integration[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(14):82-88,96(in Chinese).
[25]孙惠娟,彭春华,余廷芳.配电网三相平衡优化重构策略[J].电网技术,2014,38(3):789-794.Sun Huijuan,Peng Chunhua,Yu Tingfang.A three-phase equilibrium reconfiguration strategy for distribution network[J].Power System Technology,2014,38(3):789-794(in Chinese).
[26]Zhai H F,Yang M,Chen B,et al.Dynamic reconfiguration of three-phase unbalanced distribution networks[J].International Journal of Electrical Power&Energy Systems,2018,99:1-10.
[27]Davis M W,Broadwater R,Hambrick J.Modeling and testing of unbalanced loading and voltage regulation:final report[R].Golden,CO,USA:National Renewable Energy Laboratory,2007.
[28]Wang Zeyu,Wang Jianhui,Chen Chen.A three-phase microgrid restoration model considering unbalanced operation of distributed generation[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2018,9(4):3594-3604.
[29]Chen Bo,Chen Chen,Wang Jianhui,et al.Sequential service restoration for unbalanced distribution systems and microgrids[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2018,33(2):1507-1520.
[30]吴建中,余贻鑫.最小化运行费用的时变重构全局优化算法[J].中国电机工程学报,2003,23(11):13-17.Wu Jianzhong,Yu Yixin.Global optimization algorithm to time-varying reconfiguration for operation cost minimization[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2003,23(11):13-17(in Chinese).
[31]Gan Lingwen,Low S H.Convex relaxations and linear approximation for optimal power flow in multiphase radial networks[C]//Proceedings of 2014 Power Systems Computation Conference.Wroclaw,Poland:IEEE,2014:1-9.
[32]翟鹤峰,汪洋,杨明,等.多相辐射状配电网的一种线性近似潮流方程[J].电工电能新技术,2017,36(7):78-83.Zhai Hefeng,Wang Yang,Yang Ming,et al.Linear approximation for power flow equation in multiphase radial distribution network[J].Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy,2017,36(7):78-83(in Chinese).
[33]Dall’Anese E,Dhople S V,Giannakis G B.Optimal dispatch of photovoltaic inverters in residential distribution systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2014,5(2):487-497.
[34]National Electrical Manufacturers Association.ANSIC84.1-2011 American national standard for electric power systems and equipment-voltage ratings(60Hz)[S].Washington,DC,USA,American National Standard Institute,2011.
[35]Smith J C,Hensley G,Ray L.Std 1159-1995 IEEErecommended practice for monitoring electric power quality[S].New York:IEEE,1995.
[36]高红均,刘俊勇,沈晓东,等.主动配电网最优潮流研究及其应用实例[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(6):1634-1644.Gao Hongjun,Liu Junyong,Shen Xiaodong,et al.Optimal power flow research in active distribution network and its application examples[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(6):1634-1644(in Chinese).
[37]Chicco G,Corona F,Porumb R,et al.Experimental indicators of current unbalance in building-integrated photovoltaic systems[J].IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics,2014,4(3):924-934.
[38]Triebel H.Interpolation theory,function spaces,differential operators[M].Amsterdam,The Netherlands:North-Holland,1978.
[39]Wang Shouxiang,Chen Sijia,Ge Leijiao,et al.Distributed generation hosting capacity evaluation for distribution systems considering the robust optimal operation of OLTCand SVC[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2016,7(3):1111-1123.
[40]Allie M,Lyons R.A root of less evil[digital signal processing][J].IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2005,22(2):93-96.
[41]Kersting W H.Radial distribution test feeders[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,1991,6(3):975-985.
[42]Backcasted(actual)load profiles historical[EB/OL].http://www.ercot.com/mktinfo/loadprofile/alp/.
[43]Zhou Qin,Shirmohammadi D,Liu W H E.Distribution feeder reconfiguration for operation cost reduction[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1997,12(2):730-735.
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