活动断层作用下地裂缝开裂机理研究
|
摘要
地裂缝的成因机理争论不断,笔者认为活动断层与全新世浅表层开裂两者之间的联动机制为主要原因之一。文章以华北平原典型地裂缝为例,通过详尽地面调查、资料分析总结,结合地球物理勘察、槽探揭露和钻探等多种技术方法,得到以下几点认识:(1)依据全新世浅表层开裂形态特征,可将华北平原地裂缝划分为全新世节理裂隙型地裂缝和全新世活动断层型地裂缝。(2)节理裂隙型地裂缝开裂的外部条件是华北平原地下水位下降,疏干的松散含水层是地表水沿节理裂缝下渗后的储存场所,是产生渗透压力的原因;而活动断层是产生该类地裂缝的内部因素,两者缺一不可;活动断层型地裂缝实质是全新世活动断层。(3)节理裂隙型地裂缝主要特征是地表局部塌陷、间断性、地表无高差等;活动断层型地裂缝主要特征是连续性强,地表断距明显;地表断距是两种类型地裂缝的最主要区别特征。本文首次以构造活动断层与全新世浅表层开裂两者之间的联动机制为研究线索,阐述了构造活动断层在地裂缝形成过程中的具体作用,厘清了地下水位下降所扮演的"角色",为城市规划建设提供了地质依据和建议。
There is continuing controversy about the genesis mechanism of ground fissures. The authors believe that the linkage mechanism between active faults and Holocene shallow surface fissures is one of the main reasons. The typical ground fissures in the North China Plain are examined,and detailed ground investigation,data analysis and summary are carried out,combined with geophysical survey,trench exploration and drilling and other technical methods. The results show that( 1) according to the characteristics of surface morphology,ground fissures in the North China Plain can be divided into two types: Holocene jointed fissures and Holocene active fault fissures.( 2) The external condition of joint-fissure type of ground fissure cracking is the decrease in groundwater level in the North China Plain,and the dried loose aquifer is the storage place of surface water after seeping down along joint fissures,which is the cause of seepage pressure,while the active fault is the internal factor of producing ground fissures,both of which are indispensable. Active fault type of ground fissures are essentially Holocene active faults.( 3) The main characteristics of the jointed fissure type of ground fissures are local surface subsidence,discontinuity,no-difference in surface height,etc. The main characteristics of the active fault type ground fissures are strong continuity,obvious surface fault distance,which is the main distinguished feature between the two types of ground fissures.( 4) The linkage mechanism between tectonic active faults and Cenozoic shallow surface fissures is studied for the first time in this paper. The clue elaborates the specific role of tectonic active faults in the formation of ground fissures,clarifies the "role"of groundwater level decline,and provides geological basis and suggestions for urban planning and construction.
There is continuing controversy about the genesis mechanism of ground fissures. The authors believe that the linkage mechanism between active faults and Holocene shallow surface fissures is one of the main reasons. The typical ground fissures in the North China Plain are examined,and detailed ground investigation,data analysis and summary are carried out,combined with geophysical survey,trench exploration and drilling and other technical methods. The results show that( 1) according to the characteristics of surface morphology,ground fissures in the North China Plain can be divided into two types: Holocene jointed fissures and Holocene active fault fissures.( 2) The external condition of joint-fissure type of ground fissure cracking is the decrease in groundwater level in the North China Plain,and the dried loose aquifer is the storage place of surface water after seeping down along joint fissures,which is the cause of seepage pressure,while the active fault is the internal factor of producing ground fissures,both of which are indispensable. Active fault type of ground fissures are essentially Holocene active faults.( 3) The main characteristics of the jointed fissure type of ground fissures are local surface subsidence,discontinuity,no-difference in surface height,etc. The main characteristics of the active fault type ground fissures are strong continuity,obvious surface fault distance,which is the main distinguished feature between the two types of ground fissures.( 4) The linkage mechanism between tectonic active faults and Cenozoic shallow surface fissures is studied for the first time in this paper. The clue elaborates the specific role of tectonic active faults in the formation of ground fissures,clarifies the "role"of groundwater level decline,and provides geological basis and suggestions for urban planning and construction.
引文
[1] LEONARD R J. An earth fissure in Southern Arizona[J]. Geol,1929,37:765-774.
[2]李世雄,李守定,郜洪强.河北平原地裂缝分布特征及成因机制研究[J].工程地质学报,2006,14(2):178-183.[LI S X,LI S D,HAO H Q. The distribution characters and origin mechanics of ground fissures hazard in Hebei plain[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2006,14(2):178-183.(in Chinese)]
[3]李大鹏,唐德高,黄牧,等.基于广义有效应力原理的水土压力统-计算理论[J].水文地质工程地质,2014,41(5):82-89.[LI D P,TANG D G,HUANG M,et al. Unified calculation theory of soil and water pressure based on generalized effective stress principle[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2014,41(5):82-89.(in Chinese)]
[4]李俊,刘金峰,莫多闻.河北平原地裂缝的分布规律及成因初探[J].水土保持研究,2003,10(3):62-65.[LI J,LIU J F,MO D W. Distribution and origin of the rifts in Hebei plain[J]. Research of Soll and Water Conservation,2003,10(3):62-65.(in Chinese)]
[5]费宇红,苗晋祥,张兆吉,等.华北平原地下水降落漏斗演变及主导因素分析[J].资源科学,2009,31(3):394-399.[FEI Y H,MIAO J X,ZHANG Z J, et al. Analysis on evolution of groundwater depression cones and its leading factors in North China plain[J]. Resources Science,2009,31(3):394-399.(in Chinese)]
[6]徐继山,彭建兵,马学军,等.邢台市隆尧地裂缝发育特征及成因分析[J].工程地质学报,2012,20(2):160-169.[XU J S,PENG J B,MA X J,et al. Analysis of the development characteristics and causes of Longyao ground fissures in Xingtai City[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2012,20(2):160-169.(in Chinese)]
[7]邵长庆.地裂缝构造背景与坳陷伸展构造环境的关系[J].中国水土保持,2015,25(4):53-56.[SHAO C Q. The relationship between the tectonic setting of ground fissures and the extensional tectonic environment of depressions[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China,2015,25(4):53-56.(in Chinese)]
[8]孙强,杨继红,秦四清,等.河北平原地裂缝产生的微观机理研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(2):201-205.[SUN Q,YANG J H,QIN S Q,et al.Micro-structural analysis of the ground fissures in Hebei plains[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(2):201-205.(in Chinese)]
[9]李昌存.河北平原地裂缝研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2003.[LI C C. Study on the ground fissures in Hebei Plain[D]. Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing),2003.(in Chinese)]
[10]王景明,马广达.河北平原地裂缝及其危害[J].水土保持学报,1990,4(4):61-66.[WANG J M,MA G D. Ground fissures and their hazards in Hebei Plain[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1990,4(4):61-66.(in Chinese)]
[11]杨理华,李钦祖.华北地区地壳应力场[M].北京:地震出版社,1980:88-91.[YANG L H,LI Q Z.The crustal stress field in North China[M]. Beijing:Seismological Press,1980:88-91.(in Chinese)]
[12] SHENG Zhuping, Donald CHELM. Conceptunal models for earth fissuring in Las Vegas Valley[C]//Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Land Subsidence. Hague:IAHS Publ,1995:381-387.
[13]黄强兵,马玉杰,姜紫看,等.地裂缝活动作用下地层应力和位移传递规律研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2018,45(1):144-150.[HUANG Q B,MA Y J,JIANG Z K,et al. 1 A study of the transfer law of formation stress and displacement induced by active ground fissures[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2018,45(1):144-150.(in Chinese)]
[14]陈望和,倪明云.河北第四纪地质[M].北京:地质出版社,1987:468.[CHEN W H, NI M Y.Quaternary geology in Hebei[M]. Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1987:4-68.(in Chinese)]
[15]郭慧,王鑫.河北隆尧现今地裂缝与1966年邢台地震关系[J].华北地震科学,2017,35(1):10-16.[GUO H,WANG X. The relationship between the present ground fissures in Longyao,Hebei Province and the 1966 Xingtai earthquake[J]. Seismological Science of North China,2017,35(1):10-16.(in Chinese)]
[16]彭远黔,杨家亮,何春贵,等.隆尧临城间4. 7级地震考察[J].华北地震科学,2002,20(4):56-59.[PENG Y Q,YANG J L,HE C G,et al. 4. 7 Scales of magnitude between Longyao and Lincheng[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,2002,20(4):56-59.(in Chinese)]
[17]彭建兵,苏生瑞,米丰收,等.渭河盆地活动断裂与地质灾害[M].西安:西北大学出版社,1992:214.[PENG J B,SU S R,MI F S,et al. The Active faults and geologic hazards in Weihe Basin[M].Xi'an:Northwest University Press,1992:214.(in Chinese)]
[18]郭淑君,任政委,龙慧,等.隆尧地裂缝调查中的物探关键技术[J].物探与化探,2015,39(2):401407.[GUO S J,REN Z W,LONG H,et al. Key techniques of geophysical exploration in Longyao ground fissure investigation[J]. Geophysical and geochemical exploration,2015,39(2):401-407.(in Chinese)]
[19]曹建玲,白淑芳,姜正义.隆尧地裂缝形变特征及成因分析[J].华北地震科学,2015,33(2):13-19.[CAO J L,BAI S F,JIANG Z Y. Deformation characteristics and genetic analysis of Longyao ground fissures[J]. Seismological Science of North China,2015,33(2):13-19.(in Chinese)]
[20]建筑抗震设计规范:GB50011-2010[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2016.[Code for Seismic Design of Buildings:GB50011-2010[S]. Beijing:China Construction Industry Press,2016.(in Chinese)]
[21]刘国昌.刘国昌工程地质文集[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1992:266.[LIU G C. Collected works of LIU Guochang[M]. Xi'an:Science and Technology Press of Shaanxi,1992:266.(in Chinese)]
[2]李世雄,李守定,郜洪强.河北平原地裂缝分布特征及成因机制研究[J].工程地质学报,2006,14(2):178-183.[LI S X,LI S D,HAO H Q. The distribution characters and origin mechanics of ground fissures hazard in Hebei plain[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2006,14(2):178-183.(in Chinese)]
[3]李大鹏,唐德高,黄牧,等.基于广义有效应力原理的水土压力统-计算理论[J].水文地质工程地质,2014,41(5):82-89.[LI D P,TANG D G,HUANG M,et al. Unified calculation theory of soil and water pressure based on generalized effective stress principle[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2014,41(5):82-89.(in Chinese)]
[4]李俊,刘金峰,莫多闻.河北平原地裂缝的分布规律及成因初探[J].水土保持研究,2003,10(3):62-65.[LI J,LIU J F,MO D W. Distribution and origin of the rifts in Hebei plain[J]. Research of Soll and Water Conservation,2003,10(3):62-65.(in Chinese)]
[5]费宇红,苗晋祥,张兆吉,等.华北平原地下水降落漏斗演变及主导因素分析[J].资源科学,2009,31(3):394-399.[FEI Y H,MIAO J X,ZHANG Z J, et al. Analysis on evolution of groundwater depression cones and its leading factors in North China plain[J]. Resources Science,2009,31(3):394-399.(in Chinese)]
[6]徐继山,彭建兵,马学军,等.邢台市隆尧地裂缝发育特征及成因分析[J].工程地质学报,2012,20(2):160-169.[XU J S,PENG J B,MA X J,et al. Analysis of the development characteristics and causes of Longyao ground fissures in Xingtai City[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2012,20(2):160-169.(in Chinese)]
[7]邵长庆.地裂缝构造背景与坳陷伸展构造环境的关系[J].中国水土保持,2015,25(4):53-56.[SHAO C Q. The relationship between the tectonic setting of ground fissures and the extensional tectonic environment of depressions[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China,2015,25(4):53-56.(in Chinese)]
[8]孙强,杨继红,秦四清,等.河北平原地裂缝产生的微观机理研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(2):201-205.[SUN Q,YANG J H,QIN S Q,et al.Micro-structural analysis of the ground fissures in Hebei plains[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(2):201-205.(in Chinese)]
[9]李昌存.河北平原地裂缝研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2003.[LI C C. Study on the ground fissures in Hebei Plain[D]. Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing),2003.(in Chinese)]
[10]王景明,马广达.河北平原地裂缝及其危害[J].水土保持学报,1990,4(4):61-66.[WANG J M,MA G D. Ground fissures and their hazards in Hebei Plain[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1990,4(4):61-66.(in Chinese)]
[11]杨理华,李钦祖.华北地区地壳应力场[M].北京:地震出版社,1980:88-91.[YANG L H,LI Q Z.The crustal stress field in North China[M]. Beijing:Seismological Press,1980:88-91.(in Chinese)]
[12] SHENG Zhuping, Donald CHELM. Conceptunal models for earth fissuring in Las Vegas Valley[C]//Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Land Subsidence. Hague:IAHS Publ,1995:381-387.
[13]黄强兵,马玉杰,姜紫看,等.地裂缝活动作用下地层应力和位移传递规律研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2018,45(1):144-150.[HUANG Q B,MA Y J,JIANG Z K,et al. 1 A study of the transfer law of formation stress and displacement induced by active ground fissures[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2018,45(1):144-150.(in Chinese)]
[14]陈望和,倪明云.河北第四纪地质[M].北京:地质出版社,1987:468.[CHEN W H, NI M Y.Quaternary geology in Hebei[M]. Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1987:4-68.(in Chinese)]
[15]郭慧,王鑫.河北隆尧现今地裂缝与1966年邢台地震关系[J].华北地震科学,2017,35(1):10-16.[GUO H,WANG X. The relationship between the present ground fissures in Longyao,Hebei Province and the 1966 Xingtai earthquake[J]. Seismological Science of North China,2017,35(1):10-16.(in Chinese)]
[16]彭远黔,杨家亮,何春贵,等.隆尧临城间4. 7级地震考察[J].华北地震科学,2002,20(4):56-59.[PENG Y Q,YANG J L,HE C G,et al. 4. 7 Scales of magnitude between Longyao and Lincheng[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,2002,20(4):56-59.(in Chinese)]
[17]彭建兵,苏生瑞,米丰收,等.渭河盆地活动断裂与地质灾害[M].西安:西北大学出版社,1992:214.[PENG J B,SU S R,MI F S,et al. The Active faults and geologic hazards in Weihe Basin[M].Xi'an:Northwest University Press,1992:214.(in Chinese)]
[18]郭淑君,任政委,龙慧,等.隆尧地裂缝调查中的物探关键技术[J].物探与化探,2015,39(2):401407.[GUO S J,REN Z W,LONG H,et al. Key techniques of geophysical exploration in Longyao ground fissure investigation[J]. Geophysical and geochemical exploration,2015,39(2):401-407.(in Chinese)]
[19]曹建玲,白淑芳,姜正义.隆尧地裂缝形变特征及成因分析[J].华北地震科学,2015,33(2):13-19.[CAO J L,BAI S F,JIANG Z Y. Deformation characteristics and genetic analysis of Longyao ground fissures[J]. Seismological Science of North China,2015,33(2):13-19.(in Chinese)]
[20]建筑抗震设计规范:GB50011-2010[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2016.[Code for Seismic Design of Buildings:GB50011-2010[S]. Beijing:China Construction Industry Press,2016.(in Chinese)]
[21]刘国昌.刘国昌工程地质文集[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1992:266.[LIU G C. Collected works of LIU Guochang[M]. Xi'an:Science and Technology Press of Shaanxi,1992:266.(in Chinese)]
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |