复合雷达后向散射模型与合成孔径雷达、散射计和高度计海面雷达后向散射观测的比较分析
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摘要
海洋微波散射模型相比于以经验统计建立的地球物理模式函数具有不受特定微波频率限制的优势。组合布拉格散射模型和几何光学模型形成了复合雷达后向散射模型。利用南海北部气象浮标2014年海面风速风向实测值作为散射模型输入,分别比较了复合雷达后向散射模型与RADARSAT-2卫星C波段SAR、HY-2A卫星Ku波段微波散射计的海面后向散射系数,偏差分别为(-0.22±1.88) dB(SAR)、(0.33±2.71) dB (散射计VV极化)和(-1.35±2.88) dB (散射计HH极化);以美国浮标数据中心(NDBC)浮标2011年10月1日至2014年9月30日共3年的海面风速、风向实测值作为散射模型输入,分别比较了复合雷达后向散射模型与Jason-2、HY-2A卫星Ku波段高度计海面后向散射系数,偏差分别为(1.01±1.15) dB和(1.12±1.29) dB。中等入射角和垂直入射下的卫星传感器后向散射系数观测值与复合雷达后向散射模型模拟值比较,具有不同的偏差,但具有相同的海面风速检验精度,均方根误差小于1.71 m/s。结果表明,复合雷达后向散射模型可模拟计算星载SAR、散射计和高度计观测条件下的海面雷达后向散射系数,且与CMOD5、NSCAT-2、高度计业务化海面风速反演的地球物理模式函数的计算结果具有一致性;复合雷达后向散射模型可用于微波遥感器的定标与检验、海面雷达后向散射的模拟。
Comparison with Geophysical Model Function(GMF) developed by methods of empirical statistics,ocean microwave scattering model works well at all microwave frequency.Composite radar backscattering model is comprised of Bragg scattering model and geometrical optics model.We calculated the normalized radar cross sections(NRCSs) from the composite scattering model by using the sea surface wind speeds and directions measured by buoys moored in the northern of South China Sea in the whole year of 2014,and then compared them with SAR on board RADARSAT-2 at C-band,microwave scatterometer on board HY-2 A satellite(HSCAT) at Ku-band,respectively.The biases of comparison are(–0.22±1.88) dB(for SAR),(0.33±2.71) dB(for HSCAT in VV polarization) and(–1.35±2.88) dB(for HSCAT in HH polarization),respectively.We also calculated the NRCSs from the model by using the sea surface wind speeds and directions measured by NDBC buoys in the time period from October 1,2011 to September 30,2014,and then compared them with radar altimeter on board Jason-2 and HY-2 A both at Ku-band with the bias of(1.01±1.15) dB and(1.12±1.29) dB,respectively.Although the biases of NRCSs between space-borne sensors and composite scattering model in medium and normal incidence are different each other,the accuracies of their sea surface wind speed products are the same(i.e.the root mean square errors are all less than 1.71 m/s).The results show that we can simulate the sea surface radar NRCSs of satellite-borne SAR,microwave scatterometer,and altimeter by using the composite radar backscattering model,and the simulations are consistent with that of CMOD5,NSCAT-2 and the GMF of operational wind retrieval for altimeter.It also indicates that the composite radar backscattering model could be used in calibration and validation of microwave sensors and simulation of radar backscatter from sea surface.
Comparison with Geophysical Model Function(GMF) developed by methods of empirical statistics,ocean microwave scattering model works well at all microwave frequency.Composite radar backscattering model is comprised of Bragg scattering model and geometrical optics model.We calculated the normalized radar cross sections(NRCSs) from the composite scattering model by using the sea surface wind speeds and directions measured by buoys moored in the northern of South China Sea in the whole year of 2014,and then compared them with SAR on board RADARSAT-2 at C-band,microwave scatterometer on board HY-2 A satellite(HSCAT) at Ku-band,respectively.The biases of comparison are(–0.22±1.88) dB(for SAR),(0.33±2.71) dB(for HSCAT in VV polarization) and(–1.35±2.88) dB(for HSCAT in HH polarization),respectively.We also calculated the NRCSs from the model by using the sea surface wind speeds and directions measured by NDBC buoys in the time period from October 1,2011 to September 30,2014,and then compared them with radar altimeter on board Jason-2 and HY-2 A both at Ku-band with the bias of(1.01±1.15) dB and(1.12±1.29) dB,respectively.Although the biases of NRCSs between space-borne sensors and composite scattering model in medium and normal incidence are different each other,the accuracies of their sea surface wind speed products are the same(i.e.the root mean square errors are all less than 1.71 m/s).The results show that we can simulate the sea surface radar NRCSs of satellite-borne SAR,microwave scatterometer,and altimeter by using the composite radar backscattering model,and the simulations are consistent with that of CMOD5,NSCAT-2 and the GMF of operational wind retrieval for altimeter.It also indicates that the composite radar backscattering model could be used in calibration and validation of microwave sensors and simulation of radar backscatter from sea surface.
引文
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[8]Valenzuela G R.Scattering of electromagnetic waves from a tilted slightly rough surface[J].Radio Science,1968,3(11):1057.
[9]Chan H L,Fung A K.A theory of sea scatter at large incident angles[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1977,82(24):3439-3444.
[10]Fung A K,Lee K.A semi-empirical sea-spectrum model for scattering coefficient estimation[J].IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering,1982,7(4):166-176.
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[14]郭立新,王运华,吴振森.修正双尺度模型在非高斯海面散射中的应用[J].电波科学学报,2007,22(2):212-218.Guo Lixin,Wang Yunhua,Wu Zhensen.Application of modified two-scale model for scattering from non-Gaussian sea surface[J].Chinese Journal of Radio Science,2007,22(2):212-218.
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[18]喻亮,丁晓松.利用星载ERS-2 SAR进行长江口海面风场反演研究[J].信息与电子工程,2005,3(3):172-175.Yu Liang,Ding Xiaosong.Ocean surface wind field retrieval of the Yangtze River outlet from spaceborne ERS-2 SAR Image[J].Information and Electronic Engineering,2005,3(3):172-175.
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[20]Lin Mingsen,Ye Xiaomin,Yuan Xinzhe.The first quantitative joint observation of typhoon by Chinese GF-3 SAR and HY-2A microwave scatterometer[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2017,36(11):1-3.
[21]魏士俨,杨晟,许德伟.星载微波散射计海面风场与海洋环境噪声的相关特性分析[J].海洋学报,2017,39(5):61-67.Wei Shiyan,Yang Sheng,Xu Dewei.Correlation analysis of satellite-borne microwave scatterometer wind and ocean ambient noise[J].Haiyang Xuebao,2017,39(5):61-67.
[22]叶小敏,林明森,梁超,等.基于SAR图像雨团足印的海面风向提取方法[J].海洋学报,2018,40(4):41-50.Ye Xiaomin,Lin Mingsen,Liang Chao,et al.Sea surface wind directions retrieval method based on footprints of rain cells on SAR images[J].Haiyang Xuebao,2018,40(4):41-50.
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[24]Zheng Quanan,Lin Hui,Meng Junmin,et al.Sub-mesoscale ocean vortex trains in the Luzon Strait[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2008,113(C4):977-990.
[25]Contreras R F,Plant W J.Surface effect of rain on microwave backscatter from the ocean:Measurements and modeling[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2006,111(C8):275-303.
[26]Xu Feng,Li Xiaofeng,Wang Peng,et al.A backscattering model of rainfall over Rough Sea surface for synthetic aperture radar[J].IEEETransactions on Geoscience&Remote Sensing,2015,53(6):3042-3054.
[27]Zhang Guosheng,Li Xiaofeng,Perrie W,et al.Rain effects on the hurricane observations over the ocean by C-band synthetic aperture radar[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,2016,121(1):14-26.
[28]Meissner T,Wentz F J.The complex dielectric constant of pure and sea water from microwave satellite observations[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2004,42(9):1836-1849.
[29]Cox C S,Munk W H.Statistics of the sea surface derived from sun glitter[J].Journal of Maritime Research,1954,13:198-227.
[30]Thomas B R,Kent E C,Swail V R.Methods to homogenize wind speeds from ships and buoys[J].International Journal of Climatology,2005,25(7):979-995.
[31]Elfouhaily T M,Chapron B,Katsaros K,et al.A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind-driven waves[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,1997,102(C7):15781-15794.
[32]Stofflen A,Anderson D.Scatterometer data interpretation:Measurement space and validation of the transfer function CMOD4[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102(6):5767-5780.
[33]Stoffelen A,Verspeek J A,Vogelzang J,et al.The CMOD7 geophysical model function for ASCAT and ERS wind retrievals[J].IEEEJournal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations&Remote Sensing,2017,10(5):2123-2134.
[34]Thompson D R,Elfouhaily T M,Chapron B.Polarization ratio for microwave backscattering from the ocean surface at low to moderate incidence angles[C]//Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings,1998.IEEE International,1998:1671-1673.
[35]赵中阔,刘春霞.华南近海两浮标点的波浪特征分析[J].广东气象,2013,35(6):17-22.Zhao Zhongkuo,Liu Chunxia.Wave characteristics of two buoy points in South China offshore[J].Guangdong Meteorology,2013,35(6):17-22.
[36]Morena L C,James K V,Beck J.An introduction to the RADARSAT-2 mission[J].Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing,2004,30(3):221-234.
[37]Jiang Xingwei,Lin Mingsen,Liu Jianqiang,et al.The HY-2 satellite and its preliminary assessment[J].International Journal of Digital Earth,2012,5(3):266-281.
[38]蒋兴伟,林明森,宋清涛.海洋二号卫星主被动微波遥感探测技术研究[J].中国工程科学,2013,15(7):4-11.Jiang Xingwei,Lin Mingsen,Song Qingtao.Active and passive microwave remote sensing technology of the HY-2A ocean satellite mission[J].Engineering Sciences,2013,15(7):4-11.
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