中国数控机床产业国际竞争力比较研究——兼谈产业竞争力提升的价值链路径与平台路径
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摘要
数控机床产业国际竞争力的强弱是影响制造业整体发展的"卡脖子"环节。文章首先采用国际市场占有率、贸易竞争指数和价格比率等指标量化呈现我国数控机床产业国际竞争力现状。结果表明:尽管我国已是一个数控机床制造大国,但是大部分数控机床产品国际竞争力仍不强。数控机床制造大国体现在我国不少机床产品的国际市场占有率较高,但是在以贸易竞争指数和价格比率构建的二维矩阵中,国际市场占有率高的数控机床产品基本都落入"低附加值—低竞争力"象限。文章尝试通过量化数据搜寻我国数控机床产业竞争力提升可以参考的对标国及其发展路径。研究表明意大利和瑞士采用两条不同轨迹均实现从"低附加值—低竞争力"向"高附加值—高竞争力"的攀升。意大利代表数控机床产业竞争力提升的价值链路径,特点是适合低附加值产品向高附加值产品的渐进式攀升;瑞士代表数控机床产业竞争力提升的平台路径,特点是适合低竞争力产品向高竞争力产品的突破式发展。文章为产业升级研究提供一个整合性框架,特别是提出中国数控机床产业发展需要"梯度演进"思维,相对美日德发展经验,意大利和瑞士的发展策略或将具有更强的参考价值,数控机床产业升级需要立足价值链路径和平台路径的适用情境做相机选择。
The international competitiveness of the CNC machine tool industry is the bottleneck that affects the overall development of the manufacturing industry. This paper firstly uses the international market share, trade competition index and price ratio to quantify the current status of Chinese CNC machine tool industry's international competitiveness. The analysis results show that although China is already a large CNC machine tool manufacturing country, the international competitiveness of most CNC machine tools is still not strong. Specifically, as a large-scale CNC machine tool manufacturing country, China has a high international market share in CNC machine products, but in the two-dimensional matrix constructed by the trade competition index and price ratio, China basically fall into the "low added value-low competitiveness" quadrant. This paper, on the basis of the quantitative data, attempts to search for the standard country and development path that can be referenced for promoting the competitiveness of China's CNC machine tool industry.The results show that Italy and Switzerland have adopted two different trajectories to achieve a rise from "low added value-low competitiveness" to "high added value-high competitiveness". Italy represents the value chain path for the enhancement of the competitiveness of the CNC machine tool industry, Its value chain path is appropriate for the promotion of low value-added products; Switzerland represents the platform path for the enhancement of the competitiveness of the CNC machine tool industry and its platform path is suitable for breakthrough development of lowcompetitive products. This paper provides an integrated framework for industrial upgrading research, especially it needs "gradient evolution" on the development of China's CNC machine tool industry, relative to the development of the United States and Japan, the development strategy of Italy and Switzerland has a stronger reference value. Based on the applicable situation of value chain path and platform path, China upgrades the CNC machine tool industry.
The international competitiveness of the CNC machine tool industry is the bottleneck that affects the overall development of the manufacturing industry. This paper firstly uses the international market share, trade competition index and price ratio to quantify the current status of Chinese CNC machine tool industry's international competitiveness. The analysis results show that although China is already a large CNC machine tool manufacturing country, the international competitiveness of most CNC machine tools is still not strong. Specifically, as a large-scale CNC machine tool manufacturing country, China has a high international market share in CNC machine products, but in the two-dimensional matrix constructed by the trade competition index and price ratio, China basically fall into the "low added value-low competitiveness" quadrant. This paper, on the basis of the quantitative data, attempts to search for the standard country and development path that can be referenced for promoting the competitiveness of China's CNC machine tool industry.The results show that Italy and Switzerland have adopted two different trajectories to achieve a rise from "low added value-low competitiveness" to "high added value-high competitiveness". Italy represents the value chain path for the enhancement of the competitiveness of the CNC machine tool industry, Its value chain path is appropriate for the promotion of low value-added products; Switzerland represents the platform path for the enhancement of the competitiveness of the CNC machine tool industry and its platform path is suitable for breakthrough development of lowcompetitive products. This paper provides an integrated framework for industrial upgrading research, especially it needs "gradient evolution" on the development of China's CNC machine tool industry, relative to the development of the United States and Japan, the development strategy of Italy and Switzerland has a stronger reference value. Based on the applicable situation of value chain path and platform path, China upgrades the CNC machine tool industry.
引文
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[31]王乃静,张炳清,张华胜.中国数控机床产业自主创新发展战略研究——基于济南二机床自主创新的分析[J].中国软科学,2005(4):23-29.
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(1)由于瑞士较意大利更早发展数控机床产业,所以数据库中有瑞士1990年的数据而缺少意大利1995年前的数据。
(2)企业措施部分按照各国国际竞争力提升的数控机床产品分类进行整理。意大利国际竞争力提升的数控机床编码为845610、846011、845620、845931、846231、846150。瑞士国际竞争力提升的数控机床编码为845710、845811、845961、846231。
(1)来源于专业的数控机床网站——数控机床市场(http://www.skjcsc.com/)。
(2)来源于2018年8月29日中国组织人事报:瑞士注重“实用创新”。
(3)平台路径中从第三象限向第二象限升级路径为虚线,代表该路径理论上存在,由于数据库数据缺失,没有直接从数据中得到体现,但这并不影响本文对完整路径的分析。
[2]郭玉琼.陕西数控机床行业竞争力与政策研究[J].制造技术与机床,2010(11):101-103.
[3]胡兴军,屈平.我国数控机床产业发展现状[J].中国设备工程,2005(2):26-28.
[4]关锡友.数控机床产业自主创新体系的构建[J].中国软科学,2005(7):37-38.
[5]黄晓莉,郑佳,王莹,等.基于专利情报分析的中国数控机床产业研究[J].情报杂志,2012(9):25-29.
[6] Porter M E. The Competitive Advantage of Nations[M]. London:Macmillan,1990.
[7] Krugman P. Competitiveness:A Dangerous Obsession[J]. Foreign Affairs,1994,73(2):28-44.
[8]曹远征,孙安琴.国际竞争力比较[J].经济学动态,1995(11):63-67.
[9]狄昂照,吴照录,韩松,等.国际竞争力[M].北京:改革出版社,1992.
[10]张超.提升产业竞争力的理论与对策探微[J].宏观经济研究,2002(5):51-54.
[11]金碚.中国工业国际竞争力:理论、方法与实证研究[M].北京:经济管理出版社,1997.
[12]陈立敏,谭立文.产业国际竞争力的评价方法研究——兼论波特体系的内在矛盾[J].经济管理,2003(24):4-11.
[13] Karaalp H S,Yilmaz N D. Assessment of Trends in the Comparative Advantage and Competitiveness of the Turkish Textile and Clothing Industry in the Enlarged EU Market[J]. Fibres&Textiles in Eastern Europe,2012,2(3):8-11.
[14] Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry. Eu Industrial Structure Report 2013:Competing in Global Value Chains[R].Brussels:European Commission,2014.
[15]金碚,李鹏飞,廖建辉.中国产业国际竞争力现状及演变趋势——基于出口商品的分析[J].中国工业经济,2013(5):5-17.
[16]郭京京,穆荣平,张婧婧,等.中国产业国际竞争力演变态势与挑战[J].中国科学院院刊,2018(1):56-67.
[17]张金昌.用出口数据评价国际竞争力的方法研究[J].经济管理,2001(20):17-25.
[18] Vanark B. Productivity and competitiveness in manufacturing:A comparison of Europe,Japan and the United State[M]. Amsterdam:Elsevier,1996.
[19] Wagner K,Ark B V. International productivity differences:measurement and explanations[M]. Amsterdam:Elsevier,1996.
[20] Jorgenson D W,Kuroda M. Productivity and international competitiveness in Japan and the United States,1960-1985[J].Economic Studies Quarterly,1991,43(11):2 237-2 246.
[21]任若恩.关于中国制造业国际竞争力的初步研究[J].中国软科学,1996(9):74-82.
[22]任若恩.关于中国制造业国际竞争力的进一步研究[J].经济研究,1998(2):3-13.
[23]穆荣平.高技术产业国际竞争力评价方法初步研究[J].科研管理,2000,21(1):50-57.
[24]陈立敏,王璇,饶思源.中美制造业国际竞争力比较:基于产业竞争力层次观点的实证分析[J].中国工业经济,2009(6):57-66.
[25] Marpaung S. Quantitative SWOT analysis on global competitiveness of machine tool industry[J]. Journal of Engineering Design,2006,17(3):251-258.
[26]刘立,王博.基于专利情报分析的数控机床产业研究[J].科技管理研究,2010,30(15):149-152.
[27] Kalafsky R V,Macpherson A D. Recent trends in the export performance of US machine tool companies[J]. Technovation,2001,21(11):709-717.
[28] Kalafsky R V,Macpherson A D. The Competitive Characteristics of U. S Manufacturers in the Machine Tool Industry[J].Small Business Economics,2002,19(4):355-369.
[29]丁卓.我国数控机床行业关键成功因素分析[D].北京:清华大学,2009.
[30]张欣,路漫.把脉我国数控机床产业[J].中国经贸,2010(10):82-83.
[31]王乃静,张炳清,张华胜.中国数控机床产业自主创新发展战略研究——基于济南二机床自主创新的分析[J].中国软科学,2005(4):23-29.
[32] Humphrey J,Schmitz H. How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters?[J]. Regional Studies,2002,36(9):1 017-1 027.
[33] Taglioni D,Winkler D. Making Global Value Chains Work for Development[J]. World Bank Other Operational Studies,2014(143):1-10.
[34]许树辉.基于全球价值链视角的欠发达地区产业升级研究——以韶关汽车零部件产业为例[J].经济地理,2011,31(4):631-635.
[35]千庆兰,陈颖彪.经济发达地区现代制造业竞争力培育——以北京市朝阳区为例[J].经济地理,2007,27(1):117-121.
[36]施振荣.微笑曲线:缔造永续企业的王道[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2014.
[37] Rungi A,Prete D D. The smile curve at the firm level:Where value is added along supply chains[J]. Economics Letters,2018,164:38-42.
[38]朱志砺.微笑曲线,还是武藏曲线?[J].董事会,2005(7):96-97.
[39]徐康宁.开放经济中的产业集群与竞争力[J].中国工业经济,2001(11):22-27.
[40]曹休宁.基于产业集群的工业园区发展研究[J].经济地理,2004,24(4):440-443.
[41] Batheit H,Malmberg A,Maskell P. Clusters and knowledge:local buzz,global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation[J]. Progress in Human Geography,2004,28(1):31-56.
[42]向一波,郑春芳.提高我国装备制造业国际竞争力的对策[J].经济纵横,2013(4):74-76.
[43] Grubel h G,Lloyd P J. Intra-ndustry trade:the theory and measurement of international trade in differentiated products[J].Journal of International Economics,1975,6(3):312-314.
[44]张金昌.用出口数据评价国际竞争力的方法研究[J].经济管理,2001(20):17-25.
[45]郑明身,田兰章,王俊杰.中国IT制造业国际竞争力的实证研究[J].管理世界,2005(2):68-76.
[46]陈虹,章国荣.中国服务贸易国际竞争力的实证研究[J].管理世界,2010(10):13-23.
[47]张向阳,朱有为.基于全球价值链视角的产业升级研究[J].外国经济与管理,2005,27(5):21-27.
[48]俞荣建.全球价值链升级视角下长三角国际代工产业自主价值体系构建[J].商业经济与管理,2009,1(11):53-58.
[49]张劲辉.全球价值链下中国装备制造业转型升级路径研究[D].南京:南京大学,2017.
[50]黄群慧,贺俊.“第三次工业革命”与中国经济发展战略调整——技术经济范式转变的视角[J].中国工业经济,2013(1):5-18.
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(1)由于瑞士较意大利更早发展数控机床产业,所以数据库中有瑞士1990年的数据而缺少意大利1995年前的数据。
(2)企业措施部分按照各国国际竞争力提升的数控机床产品分类进行整理。意大利国际竞争力提升的数控机床编码为845610、846011、845620、845931、846231、846150。瑞士国际竞争力提升的数控机床编码为845710、845811、845961、846231。
(1)来源于专业的数控机床网站——数控机床市场(http://www.skjcsc.com/)。
(2)来源于2018年8月29日中国组织人事报:瑞士注重“实用创新”。
(3)平台路径中从第三象限向第二象限升级路径为虚线,代表该路径理论上存在,由于数据库数据缺失,没有直接从数据中得到体现,但这并不影响本文对完整路径的分析。
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