数据分析在数据新闻生产中的应用、误区与提升路径
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摘要
数据新闻将数据科学与新闻报道结合,提升了新闻的专业性。由于部分记者在数据采集、数据分析等方面未达到专业水准,直接影响了数据新闻的专业性。文章探讨数据分析在数据新闻生产中应用的四种情况:描述问题、解释问题、预测问题、决策问题,并剖析记者在数据分析中的误区,包括忽视数据质量,对数据不加批判;忽视数据原初语境,再语境化扭曲数据本义;忽视分析方法适切性,结论得出不可靠;忽视逻辑关系,相关关系误作因果关系。文章认为提高记者数据分析能力和引入专家介入生产流程是提升数据分析水平的可行路径。
By combining data science with news reporting, data journalism improves professional standard of journalism.Many journalists, however, cannot collect and analyze data in a professional way, and thus the value of their data journalism is compromised. This article explores four applications of data analysis in data journalism production:description, interpretation, speculation and decision-making. It also makes an analysis of misconceptions about data analysis held by journalists, including using data uncritically and ignoring data quality, distorting the original meaning of data in recontextualization, making unreliable conclusions without adopting appropriate analytical methods and ignoring logical relationship when correlation is mistaken for causality. Therefore, this article argues that enhancing reporters' data analysis ability and involving experts in production process are feasible ways to improve data analysis.
By combining data science with news reporting, data journalism improves professional standard of journalism.Many journalists, however, cannot collect and analyze data in a professional way, and thus the value of their data journalism is compromised. This article explores four applications of data analysis in data journalism production:description, interpretation, speculation and decision-making. It also makes an analysis of misconceptions about data analysis held by journalists, including using data uncritically and ignoring data quality, distorting the original meaning of data in recontextualization, making unreliable conclusions without adopting appropriate analytical methods and ignoring logical relationship when correlation is mistaken for causality. Therefore, this article argues that enhancing reporters' data analysis ability and involving experts in production process are feasible ways to improve data analysis.
引文
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[27]Fletcher J.Spurious correlations:Margarine linked to divorce?[EB/OL].[2014-05-26].http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27537142.
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[30]方洁,胡文嘉.数据新闻教育的全球实践:特点、掣肘与趋势[C]//王琼,苏宏元.中国数据新闻发展报告(2016-2017).北京:社会科学文献出版社,2018:193.
[31]陈钟昊,王朋进.我国新闻网站数据新闻特征及问题[J].青年记者,2016(2):62-63.
[32]张超.论数据新闻的实用主义客观性原则[J].中州学刊,2018(9):166-172.
[2]周红丰,吴晓平.重思新闻业危机:文化的力量--杰弗里·亚历山大教授的文化社会学反思[J].新闻记者,2015(3):4-12.
[3]赵守香,唐胡鑫,熊海涛.大数据分析与应用[M].北京:航空工业出版社,2013.
[4]朝乐门.数据科学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2016:18.
[5]Heravi B,Ojo A.What makes a winning Data Story?[EB/OL].[2017-01-24].https://medium.com/@Bahareh/what-makes-awinning-data-story-7090e1b1d0fc#.3fbubynuo.
[6]张超,闪雪萌,刘娟.从去专业化到再专业化:数据新闻对数据科学的应用与趋势[J].中国出版,2019(9):25-28.
[7]巴特·贝森斯.大数据分析:数据科学应用场景与实践精髓[M].柯晓燕,张纪元,译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2016:35.
[8]麦克·沃森,德里克·内尔森.管理数据分析:原理、方法、工具及实践[M].王忠玉,王琼,译.北京:机械工业出版社,2017:128.
[9]徐端.大数据战略:个人、企业、政府的思维革命与红利洼地[M].北京:新世界出版社,2014:59.
[10]Howard A.The Art and Science of Data-Driven Journalism[EB/OL].[2014-05-30].http://towcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Tow-Center-Data-DrivenJournalism.pdf.
[11]Lee Yang W,Pipino Leo L,Funk James D,et al.数据质量征途[M].黄伟,王嘉寅,苏秦,等,译.北京:高等教育出版社,2015:44-47.
[12]Ornstein C.What to be Wary of in the Govt's New Site Detailing Industry Money to Docs[EB/OL].[2014-09-30].https://www.propublica.org/article/what-to-be-wary-of-inthe-govts-new-site-detailing-industry-money-to-docs.
[13]Bradshaw P.Ethics in data journalism:accuracy[EB/OL].[2017-01-24].https://onlinejournalismblog.com/2013/09/13/ethics-in-data-journalism-accuracy/.
[14]cindy.为什么2 0 1 6美国大选大数据预测普遍失灵[EB/OL].[2017-02-22].http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/6-B17oOEXdx0cwweYCG9fg.
[15]刘涛.语境论:释义规则与视觉修辞分析[J].西北师大学报(社会科学版),2018(1):5-15.
[16]王国凤.诗歌翻译的再语境化:从龙应台的译作《紫杜鹃》谈起[J].外语与外语教学,2015(2):80-85.
[17]Mitter S.The Cartography of Bullshit[EB/OL].[2016-05].http://africasacountry.com/2013/05/the-cartography-ofbullshit/.
[18]杨宇辰.The Quartz坏数据手册[EB/OL].[2016-07-21].http://djchina.org/2016/07/12/bad_data_guide/.
[19]Cohn N.We Gave Four Good Pollsters the Same Raw Data.They Had Four Different Results[EB/OL].[2016-09-20].http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/20/upshot/theerror-the-polling-world-rarely-talks-about.html?rref=col lection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fupshot&_r=0.
[20]Skeptical Science.Cherry picked and misrepresented climate science undermines FiveThirtyEight brand[EB/OL].[2014-03-25].https://skepticalscience.com/fivethirtyeightpielke-downplay-climate-damages.html.
[21]Whitby A.Data visualization and truth[EB/OL].[2016-09-26].https://andrewwhitby.com/2016/09/26/data-visualizationand-truth/.
[22]梁亚声,徐欣.数据挖掘原理、算法与应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2015:11.
[23]贾俊平,何晓群,金勇进.统计学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2015:264.
[24]李明.大数据时代新闻采编人员职业能力培训[J].中国出版,2013(17):26-30.
[25]Stray J.由数据得出结论[EB/OL].[2014-01-19].杨颖芝,方可成,译.http://fangkc.cn/2014/01/drawing-conclusionsfrom-data/.
[26]Whitby A.Guide to bad data journalism[EB/OL].[2014-05-08].https://prezi.com/pweevqs1hunh/guide-to-bad-datajournalism/.
[27]Fletcher J.Spurious correlations:Margarine linked to divorce?[EB/OL].[2014-05-26].http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27537142.
[28]Heravi.Data Journalism in 2017:A Summary of Results from the Global Data Journalism Survey[C]//Chowdhury McLeod,Gillet Willett.Transforming Digital Worlds.iConference,2018.
[29]Reid A.Guardian forms new editorial teams to enhance digital output[EB/OL].[2014-10-10].https://www.journalism.co.uk/news/guardian-forms-new-editorial-teams-toenhance-digital-output/s2/a562755/.
[30]方洁,胡文嘉.数据新闻教育的全球实践:特点、掣肘与趋势[C]//王琼,苏宏元.中国数据新闻发展报告(2016-2017).北京:社会科学文献出版社,2018:193.
[31]陈钟昊,王朋进.我国新闻网站数据新闻特征及问题[J].青年记者,2016(2):62-63.
[32]张超.论数据新闻的实用主义客观性原则[J].中州学刊,2018(9):166-172.
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