前列腺素类及其受体在动物慢性炎症中的促炎及指示作用
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摘要
动物慢性炎症是各种慢性疾病的基础,包括慢性乳腺炎、代谢综合征、关节炎、伤口感染、血管疾病和癌症等。前列腺素类(PGs)作为一种典型的急性炎症介质在近年来的动物试验研究中被证明在慢性炎症的过渡和维持中发挥着重要作用,主要包括:1)细胞因子信号传导扩增; 2)促进获得性免疫并诱导长期免疫炎症; 3)募集炎性细胞以在炎症部位交替活性细胞群; 4)参与组织重塑。因此,PGs信号传导可能作为慢性炎症的治疗靶点。鉴于慢性炎症对动物健康的影响以及PGs在动物慢性炎症中的重要性,本文总结了PGs及其受体的分类以及PGs作为典型急性炎症介质的特点,重点描述了PGs在动物慢性炎症过程中发挥的促炎作用,并概述了前列腺素H_2D-异构酶(PTGDS)与脂质运载蛋白型前列腺素D合成酶(L-PGDS)对奶牛慢性乳腺炎的指示作用。
Chronic inflammation of animals is the basis of a variety of chronic diseases,including chronic mastitis,metabolic syndrome,arthritis,wound infections,vascular diseases and cancer. Prostaglandins( PGs),as a typical acute inflammatory mediator,have also been shown to play an important role in the transition and maintenance of chronic inflammation including: 1) cytokine signal transduction amplification; 2) promote acquired immunity and induce long-term immune inflammation; 3) recruit inflammatory cells; 4) participate in tissue remodeling. Therefore,PGs signaling may be a therapeutic target for chronic inflammation. Due to the impact of chronic inflammation on animal health and the importance of PGs in chronic inflammation in animals,this reviewsummarized the classification of PGs and their receptors and the characteristics of PGs as a typical acute inflammatory mediator,focused on the pro-inflammatory effect of PGs in the chronic inflammation and the indicative effect of prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase( PTGDS) and lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthetase( L-PGDS) in chronic mastitis in dairy cows.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31( 6) : 2495-2501]
Chronic inflammation of animals is the basis of a variety of chronic diseases,including chronic mastitis,metabolic syndrome,arthritis,wound infections,vascular diseases and cancer. Prostaglandins( PGs),as a typical acute inflammatory mediator,have also been shown to play an important role in the transition and maintenance of chronic inflammation including: 1) cytokine signal transduction amplification; 2) promote acquired immunity and induce long-term immune inflammation; 3) recruit inflammatory cells; 4) participate in tissue remodeling. Therefore,PGs signaling may be a therapeutic target for chronic inflammation. Due to the impact of chronic inflammation on animal health and the importance of PGs in chronic inflammation in animals,this reviewsummarized the classification of PGs and their receptors and the characteristics of PGs as a typical acute inflammatory mediator,focused on the pro-inflammatory effect of PGs in the chronic inflammation and the indicative effect of prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase( PTGDS) and lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthetase( L-PGDS) in chronic mastitis in dairy cows.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31( 6) : 2495-2501]
引文
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[2]AOKI T,NARUMIYA S.Prostaglandins and chronic inflammation[J].Trends in Pharmacological Sciences,2012,33(6):304-311.
[3]BAEKER R,HAEBEL S,SCHLATTERER K,et al.Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase in milk:a new biomarker for bovine mastitis[J].Prostaglandins&Other Lipid M ediators,2002,67(1):75-88.
[4]ZHANG L,BOEREN S,VAN HOOIJDONK A C M,et al.A proteomic perspective on the changes in milk proteins due to high somatic cell count[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(8):5339-5351.
[5]MURAKAMI M,KUDO I.Prostaglandin E synthase:a novel drug target for inflammation and cancer[J].Current Pharmaceutical Design,2006,12(8):943-954.
[6]HONDA T,SEGI-NISHIDA E,MIYACHI Y,et al.Prostacyclin-IP signaling and prostaglandin E2-EP2/EP4signaling both mediate joint inflammation in mouse collagen-induced arthritis[J].Journal of Experimental M edicine,2006,203(2):325-335.
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[8]NARUMIYA S,FURUYASHIKI T.Fever,inflammation,pain and beyond:prostanoid receptor research during these 25 years[J].The FASEB Journal,2011,25(3):813-818.
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[10]MURATA T,USHIKUBI F,MATSUOKA T,et al.Altered pain perception and inflammatory response in mice lacking prostacyclin receptor[J].Nature,1997,388(6643):678-682.
[11]YUHKI K I,UENO A,NARABA H,et al.Prostaglandin receptors EP2,EP3,and IP mediate exudate formation in carrageenin-induced mouse pleurisy[J].Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,2004,311(3):1218-1224.
[12]GIRI S N,CHEN Z,CARROLL E J,et al.Role of prostaglandins in pathogenesis of bovine mastitis induced by Escherichia coli endotoxin[J].American Journal of Veterinary Research,2013,45(3):586-591.
[13]ATROSHI F,PARANTAINEN J,KANGASNIEMIR,et al.M ilk prostaglandins and electrical conductivity in bovine mastitis[J].Veterinary Research Communications,1987,11(1):15-22.
[14]MORIYAMA T,HIGASHI T,TOGASHI K,et al.Sensitization of TRPV1 by EP1and IP reveals peripheral nociceptive mechanism of prostaglandins[J].M olecular Pain,2005,1:3.
[15]CHOI I S,NAKAMURA M,CHO J H,et al.Cyclic AM P-mediated long-term facilitation of glycinergic transmission in developing spinal dorsal horn neurons[J].Journal of Neurochemistry,2010,110(5):1695-1706.
[16]REINOLD H,AHMADI S,DEPNER U B,et al.Spinal inflammatory hyperalgesia is mediated by prostaglandin E receptors of the EP2subtype[J].Journal of Clinical Investigation,2005,115(3):673-679.
[17]MELEGOS D N,GRASS L,PIERRATOS A,et al.Highly elevated levels of prostaglandin D synthase in the serum of patients w ith renal failure[J].Urology,2011,53(1):32-37.
[18]ADAMS J W,MIGITA D S,YU M K,et al.Prostaglandin F2αstimulates hypertrophic grow th of cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,2013,271(2):1179-1186.
[19]DEVILLIER P,BESSARD G.Thromboxane A2and related prostaglandins in airw ays[J].Fundamental&Clinical Pharmacology,1997,11(1):2-18.
[20]NARUMIYA S.Prostanoids and inflammation:a new concept arising from receptor knockout mice[J].Journal of M olecular M edicine,2009,87(10):1015-1022.
[21]HATA A N,BREYER R M.Pharmacology and signaling of prostaglandin receptors:multiple roles in inflammation and immune modulation[J].Pharmacology&Therapeutics,2004,103(2):147-166.
[22]ATROSHI F,RIZZO A,KANGASNIEMI R,et al.Role of plasma fatty acids,prostaglandins and antioxidant balance in bovine mastitis[J].Transboundary and Emerging Diseases,1989,36(1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10):702-711.
[23]CHEN M,BOILARD E,NIGROVIC P A,et al.Predominance of cyclooxygenase 1 over cyclooxygenase 2 in the generation of proinflammatory prostaglandins in autoantibody-driven K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis[J].Arthritis&Rheum,2010,58(5):1354-1365.
[24]SCHULTZE W D,THOMPSON P D,BRIGHT S A.Inflammatory response of the bovine mammary gland to an irritant in the streak canal[J].American Journal of Veterinary Research,1978,39(5):785-790.
[25]AOKI T,NISHIMURA M,MATSUOKA T,et al.PGE2-EP2signalling in endothelium is activated by haemodynamic stress and induces cerebral aneurysm through an amplifying loop via NF-κB[J].British Journal of Pharmacology,2011,163(6):1237-1249.
[26]OSHIMA H,HIOKI K,POPIVANOVA B K,et al.Prostaglandin E2signaling and bacterial infection recruit tumor-promoting macrophages to mouse gastric tumors[J].Gastroenterology,2011,140(2):596-607.e7.
[27]MATSUOKA T,HIRATA M,TANAKA H,et al.Prostaglandin D2as a mediator of allergic asthma[J].Science,2000,287(5460):2013-2017.
[28]BELLEMORE S M,NIKOOPOUR E,SCHWARTZ JA,et al.Preventative role of interleukin-17 producing regulatory T helper type 17(Treg17)cells in type 1diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice[J].Clinical&Experimental Immunology,2015,182(3):261-269.
[29]MIOSSEC P,KORN T,KUCHROO V K.Interleukin-17 and type 17 helper T cells[J].The New England Journal of M edicine,2009,361(9):888-898.
[30]FUJINO S,ANDOH A,BAMBA S,et al.Increased expression of interleukin 17 in inflammatory bow el disease[J].Gut,2003,52(1):65-70.
[31]TZARTOS J S,FRIESE M A,CRANER M J,et al.Interleukin-17 production in central nervous system-infiltrating T cells and glial cells is associated w ith active disease in multiple sclerosis[J].American Journal of Pathology,2008,172(1):146-155.
[32]薛瑞,苗一非,杨吉春,等.前列腺素E2对免疫细胞及炎症相关疾病的调控作用[J].生理科学进展,2011,42(3):165-168.
[33]YAO C C,SAKATA D,ESAKI Y,et al.Prostaglandin E2-EP4signaling promotes immune inflammation through Th1 cell differentiation and Th17 cell expansion[J].Nature M edicine,2009,15(6):633-640.
[34]CHEN Q,MURAMOTO K,MASAAKI N,et al.Anovel antagonist of the prostaglandin E2EP4receptor inhibits Th1 differentiation and Th17 expansion and is orally active in arthritis models[J].British Journal of Pharmacology,2010,160(2):292-310.
[35]NAKAJIMA S,HONDA T,SAKATA D,et al.Prostaglandin I2-IP signaling promotes Th1 differentiation in a mouse model of contact hypersensitivity[J].The Journal of Immunology,2010,184(10):5595-5603.
[36]王洪玲.基于NF-κB/COX-2/PGE2信号通路探讨氧化槐定碱对慢性炎性疼痛的镇痛作用[D].硕士学位论文.银川:宁夏医科大学,2016.
[37]ST-GERMAIN M E,GAGNON V,PARENT S,et al.Regulation of COX-2 protein expression by Akt in endometrial cancer cells is mediated through NF-κB/IκBpathw ay[J].M olecular Cancer,2004,3:7.
[38]EREZ N,TRUITT M,OLSON P,et al.Cancer-associated fibroblasts are activated in incipient neoplasia to orchestrate tumor-promoting inflammation in an NF-κB-dependent manner[J].Cancer Cell,2010,17(2):135-147.
[39]KUNIKATA T,YAMANE H,SEGI E,et al.Suppression of allergic inflammation by the prostaglandin Ereceptor subtype EP3[J].Nature Immunology,2005,6(5):524-531.
[40]PARK S W,KIM H S,CHOI M S,et al.The effects of the stromal cell-derived cyclooxygenase-2 metabolite prostaglandin E2on the proliferation of colon cancer cells[J].Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,2011,336(2):516-523.
[41]WEISKIRCHEN R,WEISKIRCHEN S,TACKE F.Organ and tissue fibrosis:molecular signals,cellular mechanisms and translational implications[J].M olecular Aspects of M edicine,2019,65:2-15.
[42]LOVGREN A K,JANIA L A,HARTNEY J M,et al.COX-2-derived prostacyclin protects against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis[J].American Journal of Physiology.Lung Cellular and M olecular Physiology,2006,291(2):L144-L156.
[43]孙俊若男,李海明,苏韵,等.IFN-γ对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞转分化的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2017,45(4):99-101.
[44]丁旭娜.TGF-β1、bFGF和PDGF在奶牛乳腺纤维化中作用的研究[D].博士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2012.
[45]SMITH S K,ABEL M H,KELLY R W,et al.Prostaglandin synthesis in the endometrium of w omen w ith ovular dysfunctional uterine bleeding[J].British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,1981,88(4):434-442.
[46]郭红霞.胡金艳.胡水旺,等.尿液Lipocalin型前列腺素D合酶含量测定在妊娠期高血压疾病中的评估价值[J].实用妇产科杂志,2014,30(12):924-927.
[47]SMOLENSKI G A,WIELICZKO R J,PRYOR S M,et al.The abundance of milk cathelicidin proteins during bovine mastitis[J].Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology,2011,143(1/2):125-130.
[48]SCHERPENZEEL C G M,DEN UIJL I E M,VANSCHAIK G,et al.Evaluation of the use of dry cow antibiotics in low somatic cell count cow s[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2014,97(6):3606-3614.
[49]GERENA R L,IRIKURA D,EGUCHI N,et al.Immunocytochemical localization of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase in the bull testis and epididymis and on ejaculated sperm[J].Biology of Reproduction,2000,62(3):547-556.
[50]URADE Y,HAYAISHI O.Biochemical,structural,genetic,physiological,and pathophysiological features of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase[J].Biochimica et Biophysica Acta:Protein Structure and M olecular Enzymology,2000,1482(1/2):259-271.
[51]PALKOWETZ K H,ROYER C L,GAROFALO R,et al.Production of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 by human mammary gland epithelial cells[J].Journal of Reproductive Immunology,1994,26(1):57-64.
[52]ZANK W,SCHLATTERER B.Assessment of subacute mammary inflammation by soluble biomarkers in comparison to somatic cell counts in quarter milk samples from dairy cow s[J].Transboundary and Emerging Diseases,2010,45(1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10):41-51.
[53]RIOLLET C,RAINARD P,POUTREL B.Cell subpopulations and cytokine expression in cow milk in response to chronic Staphylococcus aureus infection[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2001,84(5):1077-1084.
[54]MELEGOS D N,YU H,DIAMANDIS E P.Prostaglandin D2synthase:a component of human amniotic fluid and its association w ith fetal abnormalities[J].Clinical Chemistry,1996,42(7):1042-1050.
[2]AOKI T,NARUMIYA S.Prostaglandins and chronic inflammation[J].Trends in Pharmacological Sciences,2012,33(6):304-311.
[3]BAEKER R,HAEBEL S,SCHLATTERER K,et al.Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase in milk:a new biomarker for bovine mastitis[J].Prostaglandins&Other Lipid M ediators,2002,67(1):75-88.
[4]ZHANG L,BOEREN S,VAN HOOIJDONK A C M,et al.A proteomic perspective on the changes in milk proteins due to high somatic cell count[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(8):5339-5351.
[5]MURAKAMI M,KUDO I.Prostaglandin E synthase:a novel drug target for inflammation and cancer[J].Current Pharmaceutical Design,2006,12(8):943-954.
[6]HONDA T,SEGI-NISHIDA E,MIYACHI Y,et al.Prostacyclin-IP signaling and prostaglandin E2-EP2/EP4signaling both mediate joint inflammation in mouse collagen-induced arthritis[J].Journal of Experimental M edicine,2006,203(2):325-335.
[7]HIRATA T,NARUMIYA S.Prostanoid receptors[J].Chemical Review s,2011,111(10):6209-6230.
[8]NARUMIYA S,FURUYASHIKI T.Fever,inflammation,pain and beyond:prostanoid receptor research during these 25 years[J].The FASEB Journal,2011,25(3):813-818.
[9]MILNE M H.Characterisation of inflammation and pain thresholds to mechanical stimulation in dairy cow s w ith clinical mastitis and the effect of treatment w ith meloxicam[D].Ph.D.Thesis.Glasgow:University of Glasgow,2004.
[10]MURATA T,USHIKUBI F,MATSUOKA T,et al.Altered pain perception and inflammatory response in mice lacking prostacyclin receptor[J].Nature,1997,388(6643):678-682.
[11]YUHKI K I,UENO A,NARABA H,et al.Prostaglandin receptors EP2,EP3,and IP mediate exudate formation in carrageenin-induced mouse pleurisy[J].Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,2004,311(3):1218-1224.
[12]GIRI S N,CHEN Z,CARROLL E J,et al.Role of prostaglandins in pathogenesis of bovine mastitis induced by Escherichia coli endotoxin[J].American Journal of Veterinary Research,2013,45(3):586-591.
[13]ATROSHI F,PARANTAINEN J,KANGASNIEMIR,et al.M ilk prostaglandins and electrical conductivity in bovine mastitis[J].Veterinary Research Communications,1987,11(1):15-22.
[14]MORIYAMA T,HIGASHI T,TOGASHI K,et al.Sensitization of TRPV1 by EP1and IP reveals peripheral nociceptive mechanism of prostaglandins[J].M olecular Pain,2005,1:3.
[15]CHOI I S,NAKAMURA M,CHO J H,et al.Cyclic AM P-mediated long-term facilitation of glycinergic transmission in developing spinal dorsal horn neurons[J].Journal of Neurochemistry,2010,110(5):1695-1706.
[16]REINOLD H,AHMADI S,DEPNER U B,et al.Spinal inflammatory hyperalgesia is mediated by prostaglandin E receptors of the EP2subtype[J].Journal of Clinical Investigation,2005,115(3):673-679.
[17]MELEGOS D N,GRASS L,PIERRATOS A,et al.Highly elevated levels of prostaglandin D synthase in the serum of patients w ith renal failure[J].Urology,2011,53(1):32-37.
[18]ADAMS J W,MIGITA D S,YU M K,et al.Prostaglandin F2αstimulates hypertrophic grow th of cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,2013,271(2):1179-1186.
[19]DEVILLIER P,BESSARD G.Thromboxane A2and related prostaglandins in airw ays[J].Fundamental&Clinical Pharmacology,1997,11(1):2-18.
[20]NARUMIYA S.Prostanoids and inflammation:a new concept arising from receptor knockout mice[J].Journal of M olecular M edicine,2009,87(10):1015-1022.
[21]HATA A N,BREYER R M.Pharmacology and signaling of prostaglandin receptors:multiple roles in inflammation and immune modulation[J].Pharmacology&Therapeutics,2004,103(2):147-166.
[22]ATROSHI F,RIZZO A,KANGASNIEMI R,et al.Role of plasma fatty acids,prostaglandins and antioxidant balance in bovine mastitis[J].Transboundary and Emerging Diseases,1989,36(1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10):702-711.
[23]CHEN M,BOILARD E,NIGROVIC P A,et al.Predominance of cyclooxygenase 1 over cyclooxygenase 2 in the generation of proinflammatory prostaglandins in autoantibody-driven K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis[J].Arthritis&Rheum,2010,58(5):1354-1365.
[24]SCHULTZE W D,THOMPSON P D,BRIGHT S A.Inflammatory response of the bovine mammary gland to an irritant in the streak canal[J].American Journal of Veterinary Research,1978,39(5):785-790.
[25]AOKI T,NISHIMURA M,MATSUOKA T,et al.PGE2-EP2signalling in endothelium is activated by haemodynamic stress and induces cerebral aneurysm through an amplifying loop via NF-κB[J].British Journal of Pharmacology,2011,163(6):1237-1249.
[26]OSHIMA H,HIOKI K,POPIVANOVA B K,et al.Prostaglandin E2signaling and bacterial infection recruit tumor-promoting macrophages to mouse gastric tumors[J].Gastroenterology,2011,140(2):596-607.e7.
[27]MATSUOKA T,HIRATA M,TANAKA H,et al.Prostaglandin D2as a mediator of allergic asthma[J].Science,2000,287(5460):2013-2017.
[28]BELLEMORE S M,NIKOOPOUR E,SCHWARTZ JA,et al.Preventative role of interleukin-17 producing regulatory T helper type 17(Treg17)cells in type 1diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice[J].Clinical&Experimental Immunology,2015,182(3):261-269.
[29]MIOSSEC P,KORN T,KUCHROO V K.Interleukin-17 and type 17 helper T cells[J].The New England Journal of M edicine,2009,361(9):888-898.
[30]FUJINO S,ANDOH A,BAMBA S,et al.Increased expression of interleukin 17 in inflammatory bow el disease[J].Gut,2003,52(1):65-70.
[31]TZARTOS J S,FRIESE M A,CRANER M J,et al.Interleukin-17 production in central nervous system-infiltrating T cells and glial cells is associated w ith active disease in multiple sclerosis[J].American Journal of Pathology,2008,172(1):146-155.
[32]薛瑞,苗一非,杨吉春,等.前列腺素E2对免疫细胞及炎症相关疾病的调控作用[J].生理科学进展,2011,42(3):165-168.
[33]YAO C C,SAKATA D,ESAKI Y,et al.Prostaglandin E2-EP4signaling promotes immune inflammation through Th1 cell differentiation and Th17 cell expansion[J].Nature M edicine,2009,15(6):633-640.
[34]CHEN Q,MURAMOTO K,MASAAKI N,et al.Anovel antagonist of the prostaglandin E2EP4receptor inhibits Th1 differentiation and Th17 expansion and is orally active in arthritis models[J].British Journal of Pharmacology,2010,160(2):292-310.
[35]NAKAJIMA S,HONDA T,SAKATA D,et al.Prostaglandin I2-IP signaling promotes Th1 differentiation in a mouse model of contact hypersensitivity[J].The Journal of Immunology,2010,184(10):5595-5603.
[36]王洪玲.基于NF-κB/COX-2/PGE2信号通路探讨氧化槐定碱对慢性炎性疼痛的镇痛作用[D].硕士学位论文.银川:宁夏医科大学,2016.
[37]ST-GERMAIN M E,GAGNON V,PARENT S,et al.Regulation of COX-2 protein expression by Akt in endometrial cancer cells is mediated through NF-κB/IκBpathw ay[J].M olecular Cancer,2004,3:7.
[38]EREZ N,TRUITT M,OLSON P,et al.Cancer-associated fibroblasts are activated in incipient neoplasia to orchestrate tumor-promoting inflammation in an NF-κB-dependent manner[J].Cancer Cell,2010,17(2):135-147.
[39]KUNIKATA T,YAMANE H,SEGI E,et al.Suppression of allergic inflammation by the prostaglandin Ereceptor subtype EP3[J].Nature Immunology,2005,6(5):524-531.
[40]PARK S W,KIM H S,CHOI M S,et al.The effects of the stromal cell-derived cyclooxygenase-2 metabolite prostaglandin E2on the proliferation of colon cancer cells[J].Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,2011,336(2):516-523.
[41]WEISKIRCHEN R,WEISKIRCHEN S,TACKE F.Organ and tissue fibrosis:molecular signals,cellular mechanisms and translational implications[J].M olecular Aspects of M edicine,2019,65:2-15.
[42]LOVGREN A K,JANIA L A,HARTNEY J M,et al.COX-2-derived prostacyclin protects against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis[J].American Journal of Physiology.Lung Cellular and M olecular Physiology,2006,291(2):L144-L156.
[43]孙俊若男,李海明,苏韵,等.IFN-γ对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞转分化的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2017,45(4):99-101.
[44]丁旭娜.TGF-β1、bFGF和PDGF在奶牛乳腺纤维化中作用的研究[D].博士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2012.
[45]SMITH S K,ABEL M H,KELLY R W,et al.Prostaglandin synthesis in the endometrium of w omen w ith ovular dysfunctional uterine bleeding[J].British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,1981,88(4):434-442.
[46]郭红霞.胡金艳.胡水旺,等.尿液Lipocalin型前列腺素D合酶含量测定在妊娠期高血压疾病中的评估价值[J].实用妇产科杂志,2014,30(12):924-927.
[47]SMOLENSKI G A,WIELICZKO R J,PRYOR S M,et al.The abundance of milk cathelicidin proteins during bovine mastitis[J].Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology,2011,143(1/2):125-130.
[48]SCHERPENZEEL C G M,DEN UIJL I E M,VANSCHAIK G,et al.Evaluation of the use of dry cow antibiotics in low somatic cell count cow s[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2014,97(6):3606-3614.
[49]GERENA R L,IRIKURA D,EGUCHI N,et al.Immunocytochemical localization of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase in the bull testis and epididymis and on ejaculated sperm[J].Biology of Reproduction,2000,62(3):547-556.
[50]URADE Y,HAYAISHI O.Biochemical,structural,genetic,physiological,and pathophysiological features of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase[J].Biochimica et Biophysica Acta:Protein Structure and M olecular Enzymology,2000,1482(1/2):259-271.
[51]PALKOWETZ K H,ROYER C L,GAROFALO R,et al.Production of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 by human mammary gland epithelial cells[J].Journal of Reproductive Immunology,1994,26(1):57-64.
[52]ZANK W,SCHLATTERER B.Assessment of subacute mammary inflammation by soluble biomarkers in comparison to somatic cell counts in quarter milk samples from dairy cow s[J].Transboundary and Emerging Diseases,2010,45(1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10):41-51.
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[54]MELEGOS D N,YU H,DIAMANDIS E P.Prostaglandin D2synthase:a component of human amniotic fluid and its association w ith fetal abnormalities[J].Clinical Chemistry,1996,42(7):1042-1050.
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