“7·26”暴雨下不同土地利用坡面浅沟沟槽发育特征及体积估算
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摘要
为明确黄土高原"7·26"特大暴雨下不同土地利用坡面浅沟沟槽形态发育特征,该文以黄土高原沟壑区岔巴沟流域为研究对象,采用实地的方法,研究休闲地、农地和撂荒地坡面浅沟沟槽侵蚀形态特征和沟槽体积估算。结果表明:1)休闲地、农地和撂荒地浅沟沟槽发育宽度集中分布在30～70cm、深度集中分布在20～60 cm、断面面积集中分布在0.05～0.25 m~2;沟槽平均宽度分别为46.46、47.41和43.11 cm,深度为47.11、36.06和41.47 cm,断面面积为0.23、0.17和0.19 m~2,其中,休闲地坡面沟槽深度和断面面积均显著高于农地(P<0.05)。2)休闲地和农地的宽深比均为浅沟上坡段>下坡段>中坡段,而撂荒地为下坡段>上坡段>中坡段;三者宽深比均大于1且农地平均宽深比显著高于休闲地和撂荒地(P<0.05),即3种土地利用坡面沟槽的横向侵蚀速率高于沟底下切速率。3)休闲地、农地和撂荒地坡面浅沟沟槽平均侵蚀体积分别为5.9、3.26和4.5m~3,其中,休闲地地侵蚀体积显著大于农地(P<0.05)。4)3种土地利用坡面浅沟沟槽侵蚀体积可分别采用浅沟长度的线性函数、幂函数和指数函数进行估算。
To clarify the morphological development characteristics of the ephemeral gully groove of different land use types under the "7·26" torrential rain on the Loess Plateau, and we took Chabagou watershed as the study area, which was a typical and representative region suffering from this extreme rain. The field investigation method was applied to study the morphological characteristics and erosion volume estimation of the ephemeral gully groove of three land uses(fallow land, farmland and abandoned land). A total of twelve typical small catchments in Chabagou watershed were selected to investigate the development characteristics of ephemeral gullies. The length of the ephemeral gully groove was measured with a laser rangefinder and a 50 m length tape. According to the length of the ephemeral gully, the cross-section was determined to measure the width of the top, the width of the bottom and the depth of the shallow trench with the steel tape, and the gradient of the slope was measured with the slope meter. The cross-section parameters(i.e. width and depth) of the ephemeral gully groove of all measured cross-sections were averaged as the values of the width and depth of each ephemeral gully groove, and the erosion volume of the ephemeral gully groove was the sum of the volume of all measuring sections. The results showed that: 1) the concentrated distribution range of width, depth and cross-section area of ephemeral gully in fallow land, farmland and abandoned land were 30-70 cm, 20-60 cm and 0.05-0.25 m~2, respectively. On average, the width of ephemeral gully groove of fallow land, farmland and abandoned land were 46.46, 47.41 and 43.11 cm, respectively; the depths were 47.11 cm, 36.06 cm and 41.47 cm, respectively; the sectional areas were 0.23, 0.17 and 0.19 m~2, respectively. Furthermore, the ephemeral gully groove depth and sectional area of fallow land were significantly higher than those of farmland(P<0.05). 2) The up-section of ephemeral gully groove of fallow land and farmland had the largest width-depth ratio, followed by down-section and middle-section, while for the abandoned land, the width-depth ratio followed the order of down-section > up-section > middle-section. The width-depth ratio for these three land types were all more than 1, which implied that the lateral erosion rate of the ephemeral gully groove was higher than the vertical incision rate. The ANOVA showed that the average width-depth ratio of the farmland was significantly higher than those of the fallow land and the abandoned land(P<0.05).3) The average erosion volumes of ephemeral gully of fallow land, farmland and abandoned land were 5.9, 3.26 and 4.5 m~3, respectively, and the erosion volumes of fallow land and abandoned land are significantly higher than that of farmland(P<0.05). 4) The erosion volume of the ephemeral gully groove for the three land use types could be estimated utilizing the linear function, power function and exponential function of the ephemeral gully length. The results can provide scientific references for the prevention and control of ephemeral gully groove erosion under extreme rainstorm events.
To clarify the morphological development characteristics of the ephemeral gully groove of different land use types under the "7·26" torrential rain on the Loess Plateau, and we took Chabagou watershed as the study area, which was a typical and representative region suffering from this extreme rain. The field investigation method was applied to study the morphological characteristics and erosion volume estimation of the ephemeral gully groove of three land uses(fallow land, farmland and abandoned land). A total of twelve typical small catchments in Chabagou watershed were selected to investigate the development characteristics of ephemeral gullies. The length of the ephemeral gully groove was measured with a laser rangefinder and a 50 m length tape. According to the length of the ephemeral gully, the cross-section was determined to measure the width of the top, the width of the bottom and the depth of the shallow trench with the steel tape, and the gradient of the slope was measured with the slope meter. The cross-section parameters(i.e. width and depth) of the ephemeral gully groove of all measured cross-sections were averaged as the values of the width and depth of each ephemeral gully groove, and the erosion volume of the ephemeral gully groove was the sum of the volume of all measuring sections. The results showed that: 1) the concentrated distribution range of width, depth and cross-section area of ephemeral gully in fallow land, farmland and abandoned land were 30-70 cm, 20-60 cm and 0.05-0.25 m~2, respectively. On average, the width of ephemeral gully groove of fallow land, farmland and abandoned land were 46.46, 47.41 and 43.11 cm, respectively; the depths were 47.11 cm, 36.06 cm and 41.47 cm, respectively; the sectional areas were 0.23, 0.17 and 0.19 m~2, respectively. Furthermore, the ephemeral gully groove depth and sectional area of fallow land were significantly higher than those of farmland(P<0.05). 2) The up-section of ephemeral gully groove of fallow land and farmland had the largest width-depth ratio, followed by down-section and middle-section, while for the abandoned land, the width-depth ratio followed the order of down-section > up-section > middle-section. The width-depth ratio for these three land types were all more than 1, which implied that the lateral erosion rate of the ephemeral gully groove was higher than the vertical incision rate. The ANOVA showed that the average width-depth ratio of the farmland was significantly higher than those of the fallow land and the abandoned land(P<0.05).3) The average erosion volumes of ephemeral gully of fallow land, farmland and abandoned land were 5.9, 3.26 and 4.5 m~3, respectively, and the erosion volumes of fallow land and abandoned land are significantly higher than that of farmland(P<0.05). 4) The erosion volume of the ephemeral gully groove for the three land use types could be estimated utilizing the linear function, power function and exponential function of the ephemeral gully length. The results can provide scientific references for the prevention and control of ephemeral gully groove erosion under extreme rainstorm events.
引文
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[3]Xu M,Li Q,Wilson G.Degradation of soil physicochemical quality by ephemeral gully erosion on sloping cropland of the hilly Loess Plateau,China[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2016,155:9-18.
[4]Li H,Cruse R M,Bingner R L,et al.Evaluating ephemeral gully erosion impact on Zea mays L.yield and economics using AnnAGNPS[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2016,155:157-165.
[5]郑粉莉,徐锡蒙,覃超.沟蚀过程研究进展[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(8):48-59.Zheng Fenli,Xu Ximeng,Qin Chao.A review of gully erosion process research[J].Transactions of The Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(8):48-59.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]郑粉莉,武敏,张玉斌,等.黄土陡坡裸露坡耕地浅沟发育过程研究[J].地理科学,2006,26(4):438-442.Zheng Fenli,Wu Min,Zhang Yubin,et al.Ephemeral gully development process at Loess steep hillslope[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2006,26(4):438-442.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]张科利,唐克丽,王斌科.黄土高原坡面浅沟侵蚀特征值的研究[J].水土保持学报,1991(2):8-13.Zhang Keli,Tang Keli,Wang Binke.A study on characteristic value of shallow gully erosion genesis on slope farmland in the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1991(2):8-13.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Foster G R.Understanding Ephemeral Gully erosion.In:Committee on Conservation Needs and Opportunities,Assessing the National Resources Inventory[M].Soil Conservation Service.Board on Agriculture,National Research Council.Washington D.C.National Academy Press,1986,90-125.
[9]秦伟,朱清科,赵磊磊,等.基于RS和GIS的黄土丘陵沟壑区浅沟侵蚀地形特征研究[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(6):58-64.Qing Wei,Zhu Qingke,Zhao Leilei,et al.Topographic characteristics of ephemeral gully erosion in loess hilly and gully region based on RS and GIS[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(6):58-64.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]武敏.坡面汇流汇沙与浅沟侵蚀过程研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2005.Wu Min.Effects of Up-slope Runoff Sediment on Ephemeral Gully Erosion Process at Loess Plateau[D].Yangling:Northwest Agriculture&Forestry University,2005.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Gong J G,Jia Y W,Zhou Z H,et al.An experimental study on dynamic processes of ephemeral gully erosion in loess landscapes[J].Geomorphology,2011,125(1):203-213.
[12]郭明明,王文龙,李建明,等.黄土区坡耕地耕作对浅沟径流产沙及其形态发育特征的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(15):114-123.Guo Mingming,Wang Wenlong,Li Jianming,et al.Effect of tillage on runoff and sediment yields and morphology development characteristic of ephemeral gully in loessial region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(15):114-123.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]董月群,雷廷武,张晴雯,等.集中水流冲刷条件下浅沟径流流速特征研究[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(5):96-100.Dong Yuequn,Lei Tingwu,Zhang Qingwen,et al.Ephemeral gully flow velocity under concentrated water flow[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(5):96-100.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]康宏亮,王文龙,薛智德,等.冲刷条件下黄土丘陵区浅沟侵蚀形态及产流产沙特征[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(20):161-170.Kang Hongliang,Wang Wenlong,Xue Zhide,et al.Erosion morphology and runoff generation and sediment yield on ephemeral gully in loess hilly region in field scouring experiment[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(20):161-170.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]Capra A,Mazzara L M,Scicolone B.Application of the EGEM model to predict ephemeral gully erosion in Sicily,Italy[J].Catena,2005,59(2):133-146.
[16]Nachtergaele J,Poesen J,Steegen A,et al.The value of a physically based model versus an empirical approach in the prediction of ephemeral gully erosion for loess-derived soils[J].Geomorphology,2001,40(3):237-252.
[17]栾勇.退耕还林对黄土高原小流域土壤侵蚀控制效果研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2008.Luan Yong.Study on the Soil Erosion Control Benefit of Converting Cropland to Forest for the Small Watershed in the Loss Plateau[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2008.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]时芳欣,王志慧,齐亮,等.2017年绥德“7·26”暴雨重现期分析[J].人民黄河,2018,40(7):11-14.Shi Fangxin,Wang Zhihui,Qi Liang,et al.Analysis of“July26”rainstorm return period of Suide station in 2017[J].Yellow River,2018,40(7):11-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]刘宝元,刘晓燕,杨勤科,等.黄土高原小流域水土流失综合治理抗暴雨能力考察报告[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(4):2,349-350.Liu Baoyuan,Liu Xiaoyan,Yang Qinke,et al.A survey report on comprehensive control of water and soil erosion in small watersheds in the Loess Plateau[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,37(4):2,349-350.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]徐建华,金双彦,高亚军,等.水保措施对“7·26”暴雨洪水减水减沙的作用[J].人民黄河,2017,39(12):22-26.Xu Jianhua,Jin Shuangyan,Gao Yajun,et al.Analysis of the effect of water and soil conservation measures on storm water and sediment reduction of the flood on July 26,2017[J].Yellow River,2017,39(12):22-26.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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