亏缺灌溉对藜麦光合特性、营养品质和产量的影响
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摘要
针对藜麦生产过程中合理水分管理措施缺乏的现实问题,探索亏缺灌溉对藜麦光合特性、营养品质和产量调节的生理基础,为藜麦节水高产优质栽培提供理论依据和技术支持。以‘青藜2号’为供试材料,通过设置充分灌溉、轻度亏缺灌溉和重度亏缺灌溉3个处理,探索不同灌溉处理对藜麦光合特性,籽粒蛋白质、氨基酸质量分数和产量性状的影响。亏缺灌溉使藜麦植株在不同生育期的P_n、T_r和G_s显著降低,但C_i和叶片水分利用效率(WUE)显著升高,且降、增幅随亏缺灌溉程度的加剧而增大;亏缺灌溉降低了藜麦籽粒的蛋白质质量分数、氨基酸总量和氨基酸各组分质量分数;亏缺灌溉显著降低藜麦的总分枝数、有效分枝数和主穗面积,相比于充分灌溉和重度亏缺灌溉处理,轻度亏缺灌溉可显著提升藜麦的主穗粒质量、单穗粒质量、千粒质量和产量。亏缺灌溉负面影响藜麦植株的光合特性,但有助于提高叶片WUE;亏缺灌溉不利于藜麦籽粒蛋白质、氨基酸和氨基酸各组分质量分数的提高;轻度亏缺灌溉可有效控制和提高藜麦的主穗面积、单穗粒质量、单株粒质量、千粒质量和最终产量;轻度亏缺灌溉在节约水资源和降低生产成本的同时,能显著提高藜麦的产量,且能维持相对较高的籽粒蛋白质和氨基酸质量分数。
In view of the lack of reasonable water management measures during quinoa production, the physiological basis of deficit irrigation for the regulation of photosynthetic characteristics, nutritional quality and yield of quinoa was explored to provide theoretical basis and technical support for water saving, high yield and good quality cultivation of quinoa. Quinoa cultivar ‘Qingli 2' was used as the experimental material. Experimental designed three treatments for adequate irrigation(75% field water capacity), mild deficit irrigation(50% field water capacity) and severe deficit irrigation(25% field water capacity). The effects of photosynthesis, grain protein, amino acid mass fraction and yield of quinoa were studied. The P_n, Tr and G_s of quinoa plants at different growth stages were significantly reduced by deficient irrigation, but the C_i and leaf water use efficiency were significantly increased. Rate of decline and growth increased with increase of the aggravation of irrigation deficit.The protein mass fraction, total amino acid mass fraction and amino acid components of quinoa seeds were reduced by lack of irrigation. Deficit irrigation significantly reduced the total branch number,effective branch number and main spike area of quinoa. Compared with full irrigation and severe deficit irrigation, mild deficit irrigation could significantly increase the main spike grain mass, single spike grain mass,1 000-grain mass and yield of quinoa. Deficit irrigation negatively affects the photosynthetic characteristics of quinoa plants, but it contributes to the improvement of leaf water use efficiency. Deficit irrigation is not conducive to the improvement of protein, amino acid and amino acid mass fraction in quinoa seeds. Mild deficit irrigation can effectively control and improve the main ear area, grain mass per ear, grain mass per plant, 1 000-grain mass and final yield of quinoa. Mild deficit irrigation can significantly increase quinoa yield and maintain relatively high protein and amino acid mass fraction while saving water resources and reducing production costs.
In view of the lack of reasonable water management measures during quinoa production, the physiological basis of deficit irrigation for the regulation of photosynthetic characteristics, nutritional quality and yield of quinoa was explored to provide theoretical basis and technical support for water saving, high yield and good quality cultivation of quinoa. Quinoa cultivar ‘Qingli 2' was used as the experimental material. Experimental designed three treatments for adequate irrigation(75% field water capacity), mild deficit irrigation(50% field water capacity) and severe deficit irrigation(25% field water capacity). The effects of photosynthesis, grain protein, amino acid mass fraction and yield of quinoa were studied. The P_n, Tr and G_s of quinoa plants at different growth stages were significantly reduced by deficient irrigation, but the C_i and leaf water use efficiency were significantly increased. Rate of decline and growth increased with increase of the aggravation of irrigation deficit.The protein mass fraction, total amino acid mass fraction and amino acid components of quinoa seeds were reduced by lack of irrigation. Deficit irrigation significantly reduced the total branch number,effective branch number and main spike area of quinoa. Compared with full irrigation and severe deficit irrigation, mild deficit irrigation could significantly increase the main spike grain mass, single spike grain mass,1 000-grain mass and yield of quinoa. Deficit irrigation negatively affects the photosynthetic characteristics of quinoa plants, but it contributes to the improvement of leaf water use efficiency. Deficit irrigation is not conducive to the improvement of protein, amino acid and amino acid mass fraction in quinoa seeds. Mild deficit irrigation can effectively control and improve the main ear area, grain mass per ear, grain mass per plant, 1 000-grain mass and final yield of quinoa. Mild deficit irrigation can significantly increase quinoa yield and maintain relatively high protein and amino acid mass fraction while saving water resources and reducing production costs.
引文
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[27]李彪,孟兆江,申孝军,等.隔沟调亏灌溉对冬小麦-夏玉米光合特性和产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(11):8-14.LI B,MENG ZH J,SHEN X J,et al.Improving photosynthesis and water use efficiency of winter wheat and summer maize by coupling alternate furrow irrigation and regulated water deficit[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2018,37(11):8-14.
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[2]BAZILE D,BERTERO D,NIETO C.State of the Art Report of Quinoa in the World in 2013[M].Rome:FAO&CIRAD,2015.
[3]GONZALEZ J A,GALLARDO M,HILAL M,et al.Physiological responses of quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)to drought and waterlogging stresses:dry matter partitioning[J].Botanical Studies,2009,50(1):35-42.
[4]JACOBSEN S E.The situation for quinoa and its production in southern Bolivia:From economic success to environmental disaster[J].Journal of Agronomy&Crop Science,2011,197(5):390-399.
[5]任贵兴,杨修仕,么杨.中国藜麦产业现状[J].作物杂志,2015(5):1-5.REN G X,YANG X SH,YAO Y.Current situation of quinoa industry in China[J].Crops,2015(5):1-5.
[6]刘洋,闫殿海,张玉清,等.青海藜麦的发展现状与发展中存在的问题[J].青海农林科技,2015(4):31-34.LIU Y,YAN D H,ZHANG Y Q,et al.The current situation and problems in development of Chenopodium quinoa in Qinghai[J].Science and Technology of Qinghai Agriculture and Forestry,2015(4):31-34.
[7]李红梅.柴达木盆地气候变化对植被的影响分析[J].草业学报,2018,27(3):13-23.LI H M.Analysis on the impact of climate change on vegetation in the Tsaidam Basin[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2018,27(3):13-23.
[8]GEERTS S,RAES D,GARDA M,et al.Introducing deficit irrigation to stabilize yields of quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa WiIld.)[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2008,28:427-436.
[9]TABOADA C,MAMANI A,RAES D,et al.Farmer’s willingness to adopt irrigation for quinoa in communities of the Central Altiplano of Bolivia[J].Revista Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Economico,2011,16:7-28.
[10]GARCIA M,RAES D,JACOBSEN S E.Evapotranspiration analysis and irrigation requirements of quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa)in the Bolivian highlands[J].Agricultural Water Management,2003,60:119-134.
[11]GEERTS S,RAES D,GARCIA M,et al.Agro-climatic suitability mapping for crop production in the Bolivian Altiplano:a case study for quinoa[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2006,139:399-412.
[12]VACHER J J.Responses of two main Andean crops,quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa WiIld.)and papa amarga(Solanum juzepczukii Buk)to drought on the Bolivian Altiplano:significance of local adaptation[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,1998,68:99-108.
[13]GEERTS S,RAES D.Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in dry areas[J].Agricultural Water Management,2009,96:1275-1284.
[14]GONZALEZ J A,GALLARDO M,HILAI M,et al.Physiological responses of quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa WiIld.)to drought and waterlogging stresses:dry matter partitioning[J].Botanical Studies,2009,50:35-42.
[15]GEERTS S,RAES D,GARCIA M,et al.Could deficit irrigation be a sustainable practice for quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa WiIld.)in the Southern Bolivian Altiplano[J].Agricultural Water Management,2008,95:909-917.
[16]BHARGAVA A,SHUKLA S,OHRI D.Chenopodium quinoa:an Indian perspective[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2006,23:73-87.
[17]ABUGOCHH L E.Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.):composition,chemistry,nutritional,and functional properties[J].Advances in Food Nutrition Research,2009,58:1-31.
[18]KARYOTIS T,ILIADIS C,NOULAS C,et al.Preliminary research on seed production and nutrient content for certain quinoa varieties in a saline-sodic soil[J].Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,2003,189:402-408.
[19]KONISHI Y,HIRANO S,TSUBOI H,et al.Distribution of minerals in quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa WiIld.)seeds[J].Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry,2004,68:231-234.
[20]郑志松,王晨阳,牛俊义,等.水肥耦合对冬小麦籽粒蛋白质及氨基酸质量分数的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(4):788-793.ZHENG ZH S,WANG CH Y,NIU J Y,et al.Effects of irrigation and fertilization coupling on protein and amino acids contents in grains of winter wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2011,19(4):788-793.
[21]李桂荣,赵宝平,胡跃高,等.灌溉制度对不同基因型燕麦籽粒植酸、蛋白质和矿质元素质量分数的影响[J].作物学报,2007,33(5):866-870.LI G R,ZHAO B P,HU Y G,et al.Effect of irrigation regimes on phytic acid,protein,and mineral element contents in two oat cultivars[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2007,33(5):866-870.
[22]HUSSEIR M M,ALVA A K.Growth,yield and water use efficiency of forage sorghum as affected by NPK fertilizer and deficit irrigation[J].American Journal of Plant Sciences,2014,5(13):2134.
[23]赵立琴.干旱胁迫对大豆抗旱生理指标及产量和品质影响[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2014.ZHAO L Q.Effects of drought stress on drought resistance physiological index,yield and quality of soybean[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2014.
[24]庞春花,张紫薇,张永清.水磷耦合对藜麦根系生长、生物量积累及产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(21):4107-4117.PANG CH H,ZHANG Z W,ZHANG Y Q.Effects of water and phosphorus coupling on root growth,biomass allocation and yield of quinoa[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(21):4107-4117.
[25]DAN G,RIMON D,GORMAT B.Drip Irrigation:Principles,Design and Agricultural Practices[M].Israel:Drip Irrigation Scientific Publications,1976.
[26]薛惠云,张永江,刘连涛,等.干旱胁迫与复水对棉花叶片光谱、光合和荧光参数的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(11):2386-2393.XUE H Y,ZHANG Y J,LIU L T,et al.Responses of spectral reflectance,photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in cotton during drought stress and rewatering[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(11):2386-2393.
[27]李彪,孟兆江,申孝军,等.隔沟调亏灌溉对冬小麦-夏玉米光合特性和产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(11):8-14.LI B,MENG ZH J,SHEN X J,et al.Improving photosynthesis and water use efficiency of winter wheat and summer maize by coupling alternate furrow irrigation and regulated water deficit[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2018,37(11):8-14.
[28]石洪亮,严青青,张巨松,等.氮肥对非充分灌溉下棉花花铃期光合特性及产量的补偿作用[J].作物学报,2018,44(8):1196-1204.SHI H L,YAN Q Q,ZHANG J S,et al.Compensation effect of nitrogen fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics and yield during cotton flowering boll-setting stage under non-sufficient drip irrigation[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2018,44(8):1196-1204.
[29]房玉林,孙伟,万力,等.调亏灌溉对酿酒葡萄生长及果实品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(13):2730-2738.FANG Y L,SUN W,WAN L,et al.Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on wine grape growth and fruit quality[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(13):2730-2738.
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