农业补贴类型、农业生产及农户行为的理论分析
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摘要
本文通过构建新古典经济学理论模型,分析价格补贴、直接补贴和农机购置补贴对农户生产行为及农业产量的影响。研究发现:(1)提高三类农业补贴力度,不仅有利于降低农户到非农部门兼业可能性,刺激农户从事农业专业化生产,推动农业生产增产;还有利于以直接或间接的方式刺激农户增加农机购置,促进农业生产发展,但三类农业补贴率均有门槛限制,故补贴力度需要适度调整;(2)价格补贴对农机购置的影响与农业和非农业两部门劳动要素投入的产量弹性和参数有关,但价格补贴和直接补贴对农业部门农机购置的影响类似,二者均呈现倒"U"形变化关系;(3)当农机购置补贴和价格补贴率满足一定条件时,三类农业补贴政策对农业产量的增量效应排序是价格补贴最优、农机购置补贴次之、农户收入直接补贴效果最低。因此,建议以"价格补贴"改革为重点,适度兼顾其他类型农业补贴改革,协同促进农业生产发展。
Agricultural subsidy is an important factor that affects farmers' agricultural production behavior,but there exists difference in its respective affecting factors.On the basis of analyzing the influential mechanism,the paper constructs a theoretical model to analyze the influence of agricultural subsidy on the whole farmers' production behavior and agricultural outputs,then we can get several conclusions:( 1) The agricultural protection subsidy policies are conducive to stimulating farmers to be more professional in agricultural production,reducing the possibility of farmers to non-agricultural sectors,promote agricultural production and increase production. It is also conducive to directly or indirectly stimulating farmers to increase the purchase of agricultural machinery and promote the development of agricultural production. However,the three types of agricultural subsidy rates have thresholds,so the subsidy needs to be moderate;( 2) The influence of agricultural capital price subsidy on the purchase of agricultural capital equipment is related to the output elasticity parameters. However,the effect of agricultural products price subsidy and peasant household income subsidy on the purchase of agricultural capital equipment in the agricultural sector is similar to own the invert "U"shapes;( 3) When the agricultural price subsidy rate and agricultural product price subsidy rate κmeet the conditions γ/( 1-γ)
Agricultural subsidy is an important factor that affects farmers' agricultural production behavior,but there exists difference in its respective affecting factors.On the basis of analyzing the influential mechanism,the paper constructs a theoretical model to analyze the influence of agricultural subsidy on the whole farmers' production behavior and agricultural outputs,then we can get several conclusions:( 1) The agricultural protection subsidy policies are conducive to stimulating farmers to be more professional in agricultural production,reducing the possibility of farmers to non-agricultural sectors,promote agricultural production and increase production. It is also conducive to directly or indirectly stimulating farmers to increase the purchase of agricultural machinery and promote the development of agricultural production. However,the three types of agricultural subsidy rates have thresholds,so the subsidy needs to be moderate;( 2) The influence of agricultural capital price subsidy on the purchase of agricultural capital equipment is related to the output elasticity parameters. However,the effect of agricultural products price subsidy and peasant household income subsidy on the purchase of agricultural capital equipment in the agricultural sector is similar to own the invert "U"shapes;( 3) When the agricultural price subsidy rate and agricultural product price subsidy rate κmeet the conditions γ/( 1-γ)
引文
1.Anderson K,Cockburn J,Martin W.Agricultural Price Distortions,Inequality,and Poverty.World Bank Publications,2010,17(5):357~363
2.Burfisher M E,Hopkins J.Decoupled payments:household income transfers in contemporary U.S.agriculture.Agricultural Economics Reports,2012,3(822):25~35
3.O’Toole C,Hennessy T.Do decoupled payments affect investment financing constraints?Evidence from Irish agriculture.Trinity Economics Papers,2013,56:67~75
4.Adams,Gary,Westhoff,Patrick,Willott,Brian,et al.Do“Decoupled”Payments Affect U.S.Crop Area?Preliminary Evidence from1997-2000.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2001,83(5):1190~1195
5.Becker G S.A Theory of the Allocation of Time.Economic Journal,1965,75(299):493~517
6.钟甫宁,顾和军,纪月清.农民角色分化与农业补贴政策的收入分配效应---江苏省农业税减免、粮食直补收入分配效应的实证研究.管理世界,2008(5):65~70
7.程国强,朱满德.中国工业化中期阶段的农业补贴制度与政策选择.管理世界,2012(1):9~20
8.王海燕,闫磊.粮食供给侧:“按量补贴”与“按质补贴”.中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(9):1~7
9.彭炎辉.农业补贴溢出效应国外研究进展及启示.现代经济探讨,2016(12):78~80
10.吴连翠.基于农户生产行为视角的粮食补贴政策绩效研究---以安徽省为例.浙江大学硕士学位论文,2011.73
11.吴银毫,苗长虹.我国农业支持政策的环境效应研究:理论与实证.现代经济探讨,2017(9):101~107
12.吕新业,胡向东.农业补贴、非农就业与粮食生产---基于黑龙江、吉林、河南和山东四省的调研数据.农业经济问题,2017(9):85~91
13.黄季焜,王晓兵,智华勇,等.粮食直补和农资综合补贴对农业生产的影响.农业技术经济,2011(1):4~12
14.朱满德,程国强.中国农业政策:支持水平、补贴效应与结构特征.管理世界,2011(7):52~60
15.王玉珏.粮食直接补贴政策与农户种粮决策行为研究.南京农业大学硕士学位论文,2013
16.吴海涛,霍增辉,臧凯波.农业补贴对农户农业生产行为的影响分析---来自湖北农村的实证.华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2015(5):25~31
17.汤敏.中国农业补贴政策调整优化问题研究.农业经济问题,2017(12):17~21
18.高鸣,宋洪远,Michael Carter.补贴减少了粮食生产效率损失吗?---基于动态资产贫困理论的分析.管理世界,2017(9):85~100
19.钟春平,陈三攀,徐长生.结构变迁、要素相对价格及农户行为---农业补贴的理论模型与微观经验证据.金融研究,2013(5):167~180
20.柯柄生.三种农业补贴的原理与效果分析.农业经济问题,2018(8):4~10
21.杨小凯.经济学:新兴古典与新古典框架.社会科学文献出版社,2003
22.向国成.小农经济效率改进论纲:超边际经济学之应用研究.社会科学战线,2005(4):75~86
23.庞春.一体化、外包与经济演进:超边际-新兴古典一般均衡分析.经济研究,2010(3):114~128
*这里假定,非农业部门的现代化机器工具的使用外生,并进一步假定其m=1
**具体计算过程略;其中,设定θ=1/(1-),μ=1/(1-β),0≤θ,u≤1
(1)当≤β时,表明农业部门劳动要素的产量贡献大于非农部门,这显然与我国的现实国情不符合,这里我们不做讨论,当然此贡献份额同样代表相应要素投入的专业化经济程度大小(庞春,2010)
*现实是很多农民转移至城市非农部门务工,却仍领取大量农业补贴,而农村大量土地丢荒;此外,我国农业生产因长期依赖政府财政补贴而逐渐丧失国际竞争力,以至于政府不得不对农产品实行贸易保护政策
*潜在的农资补贴率的取值范围是0≤γ≤0. 5,这与现实国情相符
2.Burfisher M E,Hopkins J.Decoupled payments:household income transfers in contemporary U.S.agriculture.Agricultural Economics Reports,2012,3(822):25~35
3.O’Toole C,Hennessy T.Do decoupled payments affect investment financing constraints?Evidence from Irish agriculture.Trinity Economics Papers,2013,56:67~75
4.Adams,Gary,Westhoff,Patrick,Willott,Brian,et al.Do“Decoupled”Payments Affect U.S.Crop Area?Preliminary Evidence from1997-2000.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2001,83(5):1190~1195
5.Becker G S.A Theory of the Allocation of Time.Economic Journal,1965,75(299):493~517
6.钟甫宁,顾和军,纪月清.农民角色分化与农业补贴政策的收入分配效应---江苏省农业税减免、粮食直补收入分配效应的实证研究.管理世界,2008(5):65~70
7.程国强,朱满德.中国工业化中期阶段的农业补贴制度与政策选择.管理世界,2012(1):9~20
8.王海燕,闫磊.粮食供给侧:“按量补贴”与“按质补贴”.中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(9):1~7
9.彭炎辉.农业补贴溢出效应国外研究进展及启示.现代经济探讨,2016(12):78~80
10.吴连翠.基于农户生产行为视角的粮食补贴政策绩效研究---以安徽省为例.浙江大学硕士学位论文,2011.73
11.吴银毫,苗长虹.我国农业支持政策的环境效应研究:理论与实证.现代经济探讨,2017(9):101~107
12.吕新业,胡向东.农业补贴、非农就业与粮食生产---基于黑龙江、吉林、河南和山东四省的调研数据.农业经济问题,2017(9):85~91
13.黄季焜,王晓兵,智华勇,等.粮食直补和农资综合补贴对农业生产的影响.农业技术经济,2011(1):4~12
14.朱满德,程国强.中国农业政策:支持水平、补贴效应与结构特征.管理世界,2011(7):52~60
15.王玉珏.粮食直接补贴政策与农户种粮决策行为研究.南京农业大学硕士学位论文,2013
16.吴海涛,霍增辉,臧凯波.农业补贴对农户农业生产行为的影响分析---来自湖北农村的实证.华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2015(5):25~31
17.汤敏.中国农业补贴政策调整优化问题研究.农业经济问题,2017(12):17~21
18.高鸣,宋洪远,Michael Carter.补贴减少了粮食生产效率损失吗?---基于动态资产贫困理论的分析.管理世界,2017(9):85~100
19.钟春平,陈三攀,徐长生.结构变迁、要素相对价格及农户行为---农业补贴的理论模型与微观经验证据.金融研究,2013(5):167~180
20.柯柄生.三种农业补贴的原理与效果分析.农业经济问题,2018(8):4~10
21.杨小凯.经济学:新兴古典与新古典框架.社会科学文献出版社,2003
22.向国成.小农经济效率改进论纲:超边际经济学之应用研究.社会科学战线,2005(4):75~86
23.庞春.一体化、外包与经济演进:超边际-新兴古典一般均衡分析.经济研究,2010(3):114~128
*这里假定,非农业部门的现代化机器工具的使用外生,并进一步假定其m=1
**具体计算过程略;其中,设定θ=1/(1-),μ=1/(1-β),0≤θ,u≤1
(1)当≤β时,表明农业部门劳动要素的产量贡献大于非农部门,这显然与我国的现实国情不符合,这里我们不做讨论,当然此贡献份额同样代表相应要素投入的专业化经济程度大小(庞春,2010)
*现实是很多农民转移至城市非农部门务工,却仍领取大量农业补贴,而农村大量土地丢荒;此外,我国农业生产因长期依赖政府财政补贴而逐渐丧失国际竞争力,以至于政府不得不对农产品实行贸易保护政策
*潜在的农资补贴率的取值范围是0≤γ≤0. 5,这与现实国情相符
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