油蔬两用油菜干物质积累及氮磷钾养分的吸收利用
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摘要
为了解油蔬两用生产方式下油菜养分吸收利用特性以合理施肥,通过两年定点取样,以不摘薹处理为对照,比较油菜现蕾摘薹后至成熟期间甘蓝型油菜品种的干物质积累、养分吸收与分配的差异。结果发现:摘薹后油菜生育期、分枝结构、干物质积累、养分吸收利用特性等均发生了改变。与不摘臺相比,摘薹后油菜籽粒产量降低,整株干物重增多,生育期延长8d,分枝发生提前,二次分枝增多(达每株19. 2枝),籽粒产量主要来自二次分枝。氮磷钾三种元素含量随生育进程降低,成熟时在角果中的含量大于根茎。摘薹后20d内,由于创伤的修复导致植株干物质积累量、氮磷钾养分吸收量增加缓慢。摘薹20d后,植株开始快速吸收养分;至成熟时,摘薹处理氮磷钾养分的积累更高。摘薹后油菜冠层结构以二次分枝为主、一次分枝为辅,二次分枝花果干物重、氮素积累量均高于一次分枝;而不摘薹处理一次分枝干物重和氮素积累量最高,主茎次之,二次分枝最低。油菜摘薹后生育期延长,干物质和养分积累持续时间变长。可见,油蔬两用的油菜需肥特性与常规油菜不同,需要结合特性研究具体的肥料运筹方式。
To achieve effective fertilizer rates on rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) for oilseed-vegetable dual purposes,plant nutrient traits were investigated on stalk-cut and stalk-free(CK) plants from bolting to mature.2 years data of dry matter accumulation,nutrient absorption and distribution were compared.Results showed that the growth period,branch structure,dry matter accumulation,nutrient absorption and utilization on stalk-cut rapeseed were changed dramatically.After cut,plants had lower seed yield but greater dry matter.It had 8 d extension on growth period.The plants were early branched,and had more secondary branches with an average of 19.2 per plant.The seed yield was mainly obtained from the secondary branches.The content of NPK(nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium) decreased with the growth processes,and the content in siliques was much higher than that in root and stem during maturing.Because of the wound,dry matter accumulation and NPK absorption were increased slowly during the first 20 d after cut.Then the absorption increased rapidly.NPK accumulation on stalk-cut plants was higher than that of stalk-free during maturing.For stalk-cut plants,the secondary branches were dominant in canopy,which had more flowers and greater silique dry matter as well as N accumulation than that of the primary branches.Because of longer growth period,the duration of dry matter and nutrient accumulation were prolonged after the cut.In summary,stalk-cut rapeseed had different characteristics on fertilizer requirement from oilseed-vegetable dual-purpose production of rapeseed,which suggested a very different fertilization management.
To achieve effective fertilizer rates on rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) for oilseed-vegetable dual purposes,plant nutrient traits were investigated on stalk-cut and stalk-free(CK) plants from bolting to mature.2 years data of dry matter accumulation,nutrient absorption and distribution were compared.Results showed that the growth period,branch structure,dry matter accumulation,nutrient absorption and utilization on stalk-cut rapeseed were changed dramatically.After cut,plants had lower seed yield but greater dry matter.It had 8 d extension on growth period.The plants were early branched,and had more secondary branches with an average of 19.2 per plant.The seed yield was mainly obtained from the secondary branches.The content of NPK(nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium) decreased with the growth processes,and the content in siliques was much higher than that in root and stem during maturing.Because of the wound,dry matter accumulation and NPK absorption were increased slowly during the first 20 d after cut.Then the absorption increased rapidly.NPK accumulation on stalk-cut plants was higher than that of stalk-free during maturing.For stalk-cut plants,the secondary branches were dominant in canopy,which had more flowers and greater silique dry matter as well as N accumulation than that of the primary branches.Because of longer growth period,the duration of dry matter and nutrient accumulation were prolonged after the cut.In summary,stalk-cut rapeseed had different characteristics on fertilizer requirement from oilseed-vegetable dual-purpose production of rapeseed,which suggested a very different fertilization management.
引文
[1]程泰.直播油菜油蔬两用高效栽培技术研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2015.
[2]黎兰献,程鹏飞,赵伟伟,等.优质油菜中油112“油蔬两用”试验结果简报[J].作物杂志,2015(4):166-168.
[3]李孟良.优质油菜“油蔬两用”栽培关键技术研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2007.
[4]黄华磊,石有明,杨涛,等.重庆主推油蔬两用油菜品种适宜性分析[J].南方农业学报,2015,46(7):1190-1194.
[5]王淑芬,吴晓芸,汤雷,等.黄山市“油蔬两用”油菜品种筛选[J].农学学报,2014,4(4):49-52.
[6]黎兰献,程鹏飞,梁楚荣.适宜“油蔬两用”的油菜品种筛选[J].湖北农业科学,2012,51(4):670-673.
[7]李孟良,郑琳,杨安中,等.江淮地区“油蔬两用”油菜品种的筛选[J].南京农业大学学报,2008,31(2):22-26.
[8]周燕,黄华磊,李艳花,等.摘薹时期对油蔬两用油菜产量和效益的影响[J].南方农业,2017,11(7):1-4.
[9]陆森林,陆亚琴,於永杰.稻茬地区油蔬两用油菜品种高效种植研究[J].上海农业科技,2015(6):63-64.
[10]王淑芬.播期和密度对甘蓝型双低油菜“油蔬两用”菜薹与菜籽产量的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2015,43(23):80-81,85.
[11]石有明,张丕辉,石华娟,等.甘蓝型双低油菜油蔬两用栽培的产量、效益及菜薹营养研究初报[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(23):224-227.
[12]刘晓伟,鲁剑巍,李小坤,等.直播冬油菜干物质积累及氮磷钾养分的吸收利用[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(23):4823-4832.
[13]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.冬油菜施氮的增产和养分吸收效应及氮肥利用率研究[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(4):745-752.
[14]王寅,鲁剑巍,李小坤,等.长江流域直播冬油菜氮磷钾硼肥施用效果[J].作物学报,2013,39(8):1491-1500.
[15]王寅,李雅颖,鲁剑巍,等.栽培模式对直播油菜生长、产量和养分吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(3):597-607.
[16]王寅,鲁剑巍.中国冬油菜栽培方式变迁与相应的养分管理策略[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(15):2952-2966.
[17]邢烈火,刘波,吴海亚,等.摘薹前后追施氮肥对“一菜两用”油菜产量及氮肥利用率的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2018,57(8):47-50.
[18]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:263-271.
[19]刘秀秀.不同钾效率类型油菜干物质积累及钾素吸收利用差异研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2014.
[20]苏伟,鲁剑巍,周广生,等.免耕及直播密度对油菜生长、养分吸收和产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(7):1519-1526.
[21]刘晓伟.冬油菜养分吸收规律及不同养分效率品种特征比较研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2011.
[22] Leng S H,Zuo Q S,Sui D. Study on nitrogen mobilization of senescence leaves under different nitrogen rate in winter rapeseed(B. napus L.)[C]. Wuhan:The 12th International Rapeseed Congress,2007:1053-1057.
[23] Bélanger G,Ziadi N,Pageau D,et al. Shoot growth,phosphorus-nitrogen relationships,and yield of canola in response to mineral phosphorus fertilization[J].Agron J,2015,107(4):1458-1464.
[24] Ma B L,Zheng Z M. Relationship between plant nitrogen and phosphorus accumulations in a canola crop as affected by nitrogen management under ample phosphorus supply conditions[J]. Can J Plant Sci,2016,96:853-866.
[2]黎兰献,程鹏飞,赵伟伟,等.优质油菜中油112“油蔬两用”试验结果简报[J].作物杂志,2015(4):166-168.
[3]李孟良.优质油菜“油蔬两用”栽培关键技术研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2007.
[4]黄华磊,石有明,杨涛,等.重庆主推油蔬两用油菜品种适宜性分析[J].南方农业学报,2015,46(7):1190-1194.
[5]王淑芬,吴晓芸,汤雷,等.黄山市“油蔬两用”油菜品种筛选[J].农学学报,2014,4(4):49-52.
[6]黎兰献,程鹏飞,梁楚荣.适宜“油蔬两用”的油菜品种筛选[J].湖北农业科学,2012,51(4):670-673.
[7]李孟良,郑琳,杨安中,等.江淮地区“油蔬两用”油菜品种的筛选[J].南京农业大学学报,2008,31(2):22-26.
[8]周燕,黄华磊,李艳花,等.摘薹时期对油蔬两用油菜产量和效益的影响[J].南方农业,2017,11(7):1-4.
[9]陆森林,陆亚琴,於永杰.稻茬地区油蔬两用油菜品种高效种植研究[J].上海农业科技,2015(6):63-64.
[10]王淑芬.播期和密度对甘蓝型双低油菜“油蔬两用”菜薹与菜籽产量的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2015,43(23):80-81,85.
[11]石有明,张丕辉,石华娟,等.甘蓝型双低油菜油蔬两用栽培的产量、效益及菜薹营养研究初报[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(23):224-227.
[12]刘晓伟,鲁剑巍,李小坤,等.直播冬油菜干物质积累及氮磷钾养分的吸收利用[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(23):4823-4832.
[13]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.冬油菜施氮的增产和养分吸收效应及氮肥利用率研究[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(4):745-752.
[14]王寅,鲁剑巍,李小坤,等.长江流域直播冬油菜氮磷钾硼肥施用效果[J].作物学报,2013,39(8):1491-1500.
[15]王寅,李雅颖,鲁剑巍,等.栽培模式对直播油菜生长、产量和养分吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(3):597-607.
[16]王寅,鲁剑巍.中国冬油菜栽培方式变迁与相应的养分管理策略[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(15):2952-2966.
[17]邢烈火,刘波,吴海亚,等.摘薹前后追施氮肥对“一菜两用”油菜产量及氮肥利用率的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2018,57(8):47-50.
[18]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:263-271.
[19]刘秀秀.不同钾效率类型油菜干物质积累及钾素吸收利用差异研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2014.
[20]苏伟,鲁剑巍,周广生,等.免耕及直播密度对油菜生长、养分吸收和产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(7):1519-1526.
[21]刘晓伟.冬油菜养分吸收规律及不同养分效率品种特征比较研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2011.
[22] Leng S H,Zuo Q S,Sui D. Study on nitrogen mobilization of senescence leaves under different nitrogen rate in winter rapeseed(B. napus L.)[C]. Wuhan:The 12th International Rapeseed Congress,2007:1053-1057.
[23] Bélanger G,Ziadi N,Pageau D,et al. Shoot growth,phosphorus-nitrogen relationships,and yield of canola in response to mineral phosphorus fertilization[J].Agron J,2015,107(4):1458-1464.
[24] Ma B L,Zheng Z M. Relationship between plant nitrogen and phosphorus accumulations in a canola crop as affected by nitrogen management under ample phosphorus supply conditions[J]. Can J Plant Sci,2016,96:853-866.
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