中国人地关系综合评价的理论模型与实证
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摘要
人地关系是地理学研究的经典问题,也是中国人文—经济地理学在国际地理学研究中具有突出贡献的命题。人地关系在动态演变过程中不断出现新的时代内涵,如何科学表征中国现代人地关系的状态,是精准认知现代人地关系进而寻求协调人地矛盾路径的基础。基于人地关系地域系统理论,在梳理中国现代人地关系时代特征的基础上,构建人地关系综合评价的理论框架,从人类活动的施压强度、核心资源要素的承压能力、生态环境系统的约束力度以及人—地系统的开放程度4个层面选取表征指标,秉承分级评价、逐级修正的思想,以县级单元为基础对全国层面的人地关系状态进行综合评价。结果发现:中国的人类活动强度具有明显的东西分异性及依托核心城市群布局的特征,而核心资源要素的综合支撑能力空间布局较为分散,且土地、水、核心能矿资源以及人类活动强度四者之间的空间错配度较高,在一定程度上增加了区域人地关系的紧张状态。生态环境系统的约束紧密区多集中在胡焕庸线两侧及青藏高原西南部,全国层面上人—地系统的开放程度不高,开放程度较高的区域主要集中在中国经济发达地区。综合评价结果显示,全国大约85.56%的区域人地关系状态以宽松为主,但是局部地区尤其是东南沿海地区人地矛盾突出,西部地区人地关系相对宽松,但人地系统演进的等级也相对较低。
Relationship is a classic concern of geographical research, which is also a research field where China's human and economic geography has made notable contributions to international geographical research. The connotation of man-land relationship changes constantly during its dynamic evolution process. Therefore, a scientific evaluation on the status of modern man-land relationship in China is the basis for an accurate understanding of it with which paths of coordinating conflicts between man and land can be sought. Based on the territorial system theory of man-land relationship and a review of the new characteristics of modern man-land relationship in China, this study constructs a theoretical framework to make a comprehensive evaluation on man-land relations using the following four indicators: intensity of human activities, carrying capacity of core resources, ecological and environmental constraints, and openness of man-land system. Counties are taken as the basic spatial units in the evaluation. The following results are found: there are apparent differences between eastern and western China in terms of intensity of human activities and the distribution pattern of it follows the layout of core urban agglomerations; the carrying capacities of core resources take on a relatively dispersed spatial distribution; there is a high level of spatial mismatch between land, water, core energy resources, and the intensity of human activities, which intensifies the tension of regional man-land relationship; areas with strong ecological and environmental constrains are concentrated on both sides of the Heihe-Tengchong Line(also known as the Hu Huanyong Line) and in the southwestern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; overall, the level of openness of China's man-land system is not high, with relatively open areas mainly concentrated in economically developed regions. The evaluation results show that about 86%of the regions in China are faced an unstrained man-land relationship, but noticeable man-land conflicts are found in some areas, particularly in southeastern coastal areas. In the western region of China, man-land relationship is relatively unstrained though the level of man-land system evolution is low.
Relationship is a classic concern of geographical research, which is also a research field where China's human and economic geography has made notable contributions to international geographical research. The connotation of man-land relationship changes constantly during its dynamic evolution process. Therefore, a scientific evaluation on the status of modern man-land relationship in China is the basis for an accurate understanding of it with which paths of coordinating conflicts between man and land can be sought. Based on the territorial system theory of man-land relationship and a review of the new characteristics of modern man-land relationship in China, this study constructs a theoretical framework to make a comprehensive evaluation on man-land relations using the following four indicators: intensity of human activities, carrying capacity of core resources, ecological and environmental constraints, and openness of man-land system. Counties are taken as the basic spatial units in the evaluation. The following results are found: there are apparent differences between eastern and western China in terms of intensity of human activities and the distribution pattern of it follows the layout of core urban agglomerations; the carrying capacities of core resources take on a relatively dispersed spatial distribution; there is a high level of spatial mismatch between land, water, core energy resources, and the intensity of human activities, which intensifies the tension of regional man-land relationship; areas with strong ecological and environmental constrains are concentrated on both sides of the Heihe-Tengchong Line(also known as the Hu Huanyong Line) and in the southwestern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; overall, the level of openness of China's man-land system is not high, with relatively open areas mainly concentrated in economically developed regions. The evaluation results show that about 86%of the regions in China are faced an unstrained man-land relationship, but noticeable man-land conflicts are found in some areas, particularly in southeastern coastal areas. In the western region of China, man-land relationship is relatively unstrained though the level of man-land system evolution is low.
引文
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[2] Yang Qingshan, Mei Lin. Human-activity-geographical-environment relationship, its system and its regional system.Economic Geography, 2001, 21(5):532-537.[杨青山,梅林.人地关系、人地关系系统与人地关系地域系统.经济地理, 2001, 21(5):532-537.]
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[4] Turner II B L, Kasperson R E, Matson P A, et al. A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2003, 100(14):8074-8079.
[5] Galvani A P, Bauch C T, Anand M, et al. Human-environment interactions in population and ecosystem health.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016, 113(51):14502-14506.
[6] National Research Council of the National Academies, US. Understanding the Changing Planet Strategic Directions for the Geographical Sciences. California:National Academies Press, 2010.
[7] Turner II B L, Matsond P A, McCarthye J J. Illustrating the coupled human-environment system for vulnerability analysis:Three case studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2003,100(14):8080-8085.
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[9] Fang Chuanglin. Recent progress of studies on man-land relationship and its prospects in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004, 59(SI):21-32.[方创琳.中国人地关系研究的新进展与展望.地理学报, 2004, 59(S1):21-32.]
[10] Fan Jie. Frontier approach of the sustainable progress and pattern of human-environment system. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(8):1060-1068.[樊杰.人地系统可持续过程、格局的前沿探索.地理学报, 2014, 69(8):1060-1068.]
[11] Fan Jie. Sun Wei. Recent progress and outlook of human-economic geography in China. Progress in Geography, 2011,30(12):1459-1469.[樊杰,孙威.中国人文—经济地理学科进展及展望.地理科学进展, 2011, 30(12):1459-1469.]
[12] Wang Liming. A theoretical and methodological study on the PRED oriented modeling of man-land relationship system.Geographical Research, 1997, 16(2):39-45.[王黎明.面向PRED问题的人地关系系统构型理论与方法研究.地理研究, 1997, 16(2):39-45.]
[13] Ye Daifu. The interactive mechanism of man-earth areal system and the sustainable development. Geographical Research, 2001, 20(3):307-314.[叶岱夫.人地关系地域系统与可持续发展的相互作用机理初探.地理研究, 2001,20(3):307-314.]
[14] Cai Yunlong. A paradigm of the research on man-earth relationship:Positive study of territorial system. Human Geography, 1998, 13(2):7-13.[蔡运龙.人地关系研究范型:地域系统实证.人文地理, 1998, 13(2):7-13.]
[15] Zhang Lei. Resources and environment foundation and man-land relationship in modern China. China Population,Resources and Environment, 1999, 9(4):32-37.[张雷.我国现代人地关系与资源环境基础.中国人口·资源与环境,1999, 9(4):32-37.]
[16] Wang Changzheng, Liu Yi. Analysis of the evolvement and optimization of costal area's human-natural relationship.China Population, Resources and Environment, 2003, 13(6):94-99.[王长征,刘毅.沿海地区人地关系演化及优化分析.中国人口·资源与环境, 2003, 13(6):94-99.]
[17] Zheng Du. Prospects of studies on man-land relationship in the 21st century. Geographical Research, 2002, 21(1):9-13.[郑度. 21世纪人地关系研究前瞻.地理研究, 2002, 21(1):9-13.]
[18] Qiao Jiajun. Quantitative research of regional man-land relationship. Human Geography, 2015, 30(1):81-85.[乔家君.区域人地关系定量研究.人文地理, 2015, 30(1):81-85.]
[19] Li Xiaoyun, Yang Yu, Liu Yi. Research progress in man-land relationship evolution and its resource-environment base in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(12):2067-2088.[李小云,杨宇,刘毅.中国人地关系演进及其资源环境基础研究进展.地理学报, 2016, 71(12):2067-2088.]
[20] Lu Chengpeng, Chen Xingpeng, Wang Hongjuan, et al. A study on dynamic simulation of human-natural relationship evolution in northwest ethic minority:Case of Gannan. Journal of Natural Resources, 2013, 28(7):1255-1263.[逯承鹏,陈兴鹏,王红娟,等.西北少数民族地区人地关系演变动态仿真研究:以甘南州为例.自然资源学报, 2013, 28(7):1255-1263.]
[21] Liu Kai, Ren Jianlan, Zhang Lijuan, et al. Urbanization's resource environmental bearing capacity response from man-land relationship perspective:Take Shandong province as an example. Economic Geography, 2016, 36(9):77-84.[刘凯,任建兰,张理娟,等.人地关系视角下城镇化的资源环境承载力响应:以山东省为例.经济地理, 2016, 36(9):77-84.]
[22] Wang Jianhua, Gu Yuanxun, Sun Linyan. Study on dynamic models about man-earth relationships. System EngineeringTheory&Practice, 2003(1):128-131.[王建华,顾元勋,孙林岩.人地关系的系统动力学模型研究.系统工程理论与实践, 2003(1):128-131.]
[23] Fan Jie. Draft of major function oriented zoning of China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(2):186-201.[樊杰.中国主体功能区划方案.地理学报, 2015, 70(2):186-201.]
[24] Fan Jie, Zhou Kan, Wang Yafei. Basic points and progress in technical methods of early-warning of the national resource and environmental carrying capacity(V2016). Progress in Geography, 2017, 36(3):266-276.[樊杰,周侃,王亚飞.全国资源环境承载能力预警(2016版)的基点和技术方法进展.地理科学进展, 2017, 36(3):266-276.]
[25] Fan Jie, Wang Yafei, Tang Qing, et al. Academic thought and technical progress of monitoring and earl-warning of the national resources and environment carrying capacity(V2014). Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(1):1-10.[樊杰,王亚飞,汤青,等.全国资源环境承载能力监测预警(2014版)学术思路与总体技术流程.地理科学, 2015, 35(1):1-10.]
[26] Fang C L, Wang J. A theoretical analysis of interactive coercing effects between urbanization and eco-environment.Chinese Geographical Science, 2013, 23(2):1-16.
[27] Li G D, Fang C L, Wang S J, Sun S A. The effect of economic growth, urbanization, and industrialization on fine particulate matter(PM2.5)concentrations in China. Environmental Science&Technology, 2016, 50(21):11452-11459.
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