楚雄盆地北部桂花铜矿区晚白垩世含矿岩系沉积环境
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摘要
楚雄盆地是青藏高原东缘"三江"构造带与扬子地台西缘结合部重要的含矿沉积盆地之一,以白垩纪地层赋存多个层位的砂岩型铜矿床为特征而不同于其他沉积盆地,长期备受关注。前人曾从矿床学角度进行砂岩铜矿床成矿作用相关研究,相对缺乏沉积学方面工作,进而导致对含矿岩系沉积环境及盆地属性和矿床成因认识的分歧。对楚雄盆地北部包括大村铜矿区在内的桂花地区晚白垩世含矿岩系进行了系统的地表调查、坑道及钻孔观测和沉积环境研究,认为该区上白垩统马头山组和江底河组是一套连续沉积组合,由河道亚相和边滩亚相沉积共同组成,形成于相对干旱的气候环境;沉积物源区位于盆地的北侧,曾出露有基性火山岩、花岗质岩石、碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩以及少量的变质岩等;晚白垩世时期,楚雄盆地具有北高南低的古地理格局,且在江底河组沉积成岩过程中,盆地总体曾经历了区域挤压作用引起的隆升破坏,也是区内砂岩型铜矿床的主要成矿时期。
The Late Mesozoic Chuxiong Basin is located at the intersection of the western margin of the Yangtze platform and the Sanjiang orogenic belt in Yunnan province, SW China. Abundant strata-bound copper deposits and occurrences within multiple Cretaceous sandstones or mudstones have attracted considerable interest since the late 1970s. A significant amount of care was previously paid to the ore genesis of the sandstone-hosted copper deposits, but sedimentary environments and sources of their host rocks were overlooked, which seriously affects our understanding of their tectonic setting and ore-forming mechanism. Systematic geological surveying, tunnels, and drillhole logging demonstrate that the Upper Cretaceous Matoushan and Jiangdihe Formations were deposited in a braided river channel and marginal bank subfacies environment with a relatively dry climate. Detrital fragments of sandstone, conglomerate composition, and paleocurrent data demonstrate that the Chuxiong Basin developed in a southward facing paleogeography with a mixed source consisting of northern source rocks and basement uplift during the Late Cretaceous. Vast basic volcanics, granitoids, clastic rocks, carbonates, and minor metamorphic rocks should be exposed at the northern source area. The Upper Cretaceous Jiangdihe Formation also experienced the uplift and collapse events caused by syn-sedimentary compressional tectonics, and the sandstone-and mudstone-hosted copper mineralization was coeval with the growing tectonic events during the syn-sedimentation processes of the Late Cretaceous Jiangdihe Formation. This is a vital controlling factor of the major copper transport and deposition of the Guihua ore field in the Chuxiong Basin.
The Late Mesozoic Chuxiong Basin is located at the intersection of the western margin of the Yangtze platform and the Sanjiang orogenic belt in Yunnan province, SW China. Abundant strata-bound copper deposits and occurrences within multiple Cretaceous sandstones or mudstones have attracted considerable interest since the late 1970s. A significant amount of care was previously paid to the ore genesis of the sandstone-hosted copper deposits, but sedimentary environments and sources of their host rocks were overlooked, which seriously affects our understanding of their tectonic setting and ore-forming mechanism. Systematic geological surveying, tunnels, and drillhole logging demonstrate that the Upper Cretaceous Matoushan and Jiangdihe Formations were deposited in a braided river channel and marginal bank subfacies environment with a relatively dry climate. Detrital fragments of sandstone, conglomerate composition, and paleocurrent data demonstrate that the Chuxiong Basin developed in a southward facing paleogeography with a mixed source consisting of northern source rocks and basement uplift during the Late Cretaceous. Vast basic volcanics, granitoids, clastic rocks, carbonates, and minor metamorphic rocks should be exposed at the northern source area. The Upper Cretaceous Jiangdihe Formation also experienced the uplift and collapse events caused by syn-sedimentary compressional tectonics, and the sandstone-and mudstone-hosted copper mineralization was coeval with the growing tectonic events during the syn-sedimentation processes of the Late Cretaceous Jiangdihe Formation. This is a vital controlling factor of the major copper transport and deposition of the Guihua ore field in the Chuxiong Basin.
引文
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[12] 李勇,莫宣学,喻学惠,等.金沙江—哀牢山断裂带几个富碱斑岩体的锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义[J].现代地质,2011,25(2):189-200.[Li Yong,Mo Xuanxue,Yu Xuehui,et al.Zircon U-Pb dating of several selected alkali-rich porphyries from the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan fault zone and geological significance[J].Geoscience,2011,25(2):189-200.]
[13] 严清高,江小均,吴鹏,等.滇中姚安老街子板内富碱火山岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学及火山机构划分[J].地质学报,2017,91(8):1743-1759.[Yan Qinggao,Jiang Xiaojun,Wu Peng,et al.Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology and volcanic edifice division of the Laojiezi intraplate alkali-rich volcanic rocks in Yao’an,central Yunnan province[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2017,91(8):1743-1759.]
[14] Folk R L,Ward W C.Brazos River bar:A study in the significance of grain size parameters[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1957,27(1):3-26.
[15] Miall A D.Architectural-element analysis:A new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits[J].Earth-Science Reviews,1985,22(4):261-308.
[16] Moretti M,Alfaro P,Owen G.The environmental significance of soft-sediment deformation structures:Key signatures for sedimentary and tectonic processes[J].Sedimentary Geology,2016,344:1-4.
[17] Storti F,Vannucchi P.Deformation of soft sediments in nature and laboratory-Preface[J].Sedimentary Geology,2007,196(1/4):1-3.
[18] Owen G,Moretti M,Alfaro P.Recognising triggers for soft-sediment deformation:current understanding and future directions[J].Sedimentary Geology,2011,235(3/4):133-140.
[19] Haughton P D W,Todd S P,Morton A C.Sedimentary provenance studies[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publication,1991,57(1):1-11.
[20] 闫臻,王宗起,王涛,等.秦岭造山带泥盆系形成构造环境:来自碎屑岩组成和地球化学方面的约束[J].岩石学报,2007,23(5):1023-1042.[Yan Zhen,Wang Zongqi,Wang Tao,et al.Tectonic setting of Devonian sediments in the Qinling orogen:Constraints from detrital modes and geochemistry of clastic rocks[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2007,23(5):1023-1042.]
[21] 闫臻,王宗起,李继亮,等.造山带沉积盆地构造原型恢复[J].地质通报,2008,27(12):2001-2013.[Yan Zhen,Wang Zongqi,Li Jiliang,et al.Restoring the original tectonic types of sedimentary basins in the orogenic belt[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2008,27(12):2001-2013.]
[22] Follo M F.Conglomerates as clues to the sedimentary and tectonic evolution of a suspect terrane:Wallowa Mountains,Oregon[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1992,104(12):1561-1576.
[23] Düerr S B.Quick estimation of pebble volumes[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1994,64(3a):677-679.
[24] Mueller W U,Corcoran P L.Late-orogenic basins in the Archaean Superior Province,Canada:characteristics and inferences[J].Sedimentary Geology,1998,120(1/4):177-203.
[25] Noda A,Takeuchi M,Adachi M.Provenance of the Murihiku Terrane,New Zealand:evidence from the Jurassic conglomerates and sandstones in Southland[J].Sedimentary Geology,2004,164(3/4):203-222.
[26] Yan Z,Xiao W J,Wang Z Q,et al.Integrated analyses constraining the provenance of sandstones,mudstones,and conglomerates,a case study:the Laojunshan Conglomerate,Qilian orogen,northwest China[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,2007,44(7):961-986.
[27] Yan Z,Xiao W J,Windley B F,et al.Silurian clastic sediments in the North Qilian Shan,NW China:chemical and isotopic constraints on their forearc provenance with implications for the Paleozoic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Sedimentary Geology,2010,231(3/4):98-134.
[28] Basu A,Young S W,Suttner L J,et al.Re-evaluation of the use of undulatory extinction and polycrystallinity in detrital quartz for provenance interpretation[J].Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,1975,45(4):873-882.
[29] Hitzman M W,Kirkham R V,Broughton D,et al.The sediment-hosted stratiform copper ore system[J].Economic Geology,2005,100:609-642.
[30] Hitzman M W,Selley D,Bull S.Formation of sedimentary rock-hosted stratiform copper deposits through earth history[J].Economic Geology,2010,105(3):627-639.
[31] Borg G,Piestrzyński A,Bachmann G H,et al.An overview of the European Kupferschiefer deposits[J].Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication,2012,16:455-486.
[32] Hayes T S,Cox D P,Piatak N M,et al.Sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposit model[R].Reston,VA,US:U.S.Geological Survey Scientific,2015:1-147.
[33] Zientek M L,Wintzer N E,Hayes T S,et al.Qualitative assessment of selected areas of the world for undiscovered sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits:chapter Y in Global mineral resource assessment[R].Reston,VA:U.S.Geological Survey,2015:1-143.
[2] 秦德先,孟清,杨明初.牟定郝家河铜矿床的沉积—改造成因[J].矿床地质,1993,12(2):97-108.[Qin Dexian,Meng Qing,Yang Mingchu.The sedimentary-reformation origin of the Haojiahe copper deposit,Mouding county,Yunnan province[J].Mineral Deposits,1993,12(2):97-108.]
[3] 庄汉平,冉崇英,何明勤,等.楚雄盆地铜、盐、有机质相互作用与砂岩铜矿生成[J].地质学报,1996,70(2):162-172.[Zhuang Hanping,Ran Chongying,He Mingqin,et al.Interactions of copper,evaporite,and organic matter and genesis of sandstone-hosted copper deposits in the Chuxiong Basin,Yunnan province[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,1996,70(2):162-172.]
[4] 庄汉平,冉祟英,何明勤,等.楚雄盆地有机质、膏盐与砂岩铜矿生成关系的有机地球化学证据与机理[J].沉积学报,1996,14(3):129-138.[Zhuang Hanping,Ran Chongying,He Mingqin,et al.Organic geochemical evidence and meachanism of the genetic relationship between organic matter,evaporite,and sandstone-hosted copper deposits in Chuxiong Basin,China[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,1996,14(3):129-138.]
[5] 冉崇英,张智筠,庄汉平.楚雄盆地铜、膏盐、有机矿床组合地球化学[J].成都理工学院学报,1998,25(2):241-245.[Ran Chongying,Zhang Zhijun,Zhuang Hanping.Geochemistry of the associated copper,saline and organic deposits in the Chuxiong Basin,Yunnan,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology,1998,25(2):241-245.]
[6] 陈根文,吴延之,夏斌,等.楚雄盆地砂岩铜矿床同位素特征及矿床成因[J].大地构造与成矿学,2002,26(3):279-284.[Chen Genwen,Wu Yanzhi,Xia Bin,et al.Isotopic characteristics and genesis of the sandstone-type copper deposits in the Chuxiong Basin,Yunnan province[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2002,26(3):279-284.]
[7] 陈根文,夏斌,王国强,等.楚雄盆地砂岩铜矿构造控矿分析[J].大地构造与成矿学,2002,26(2):167-171.[Chen Genwen,Xia Bin,Wang Guoqiang,et al.Anaysis on structural control for sandstone-type copper deposits in the Chuxiong Basin[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2002,26(2):167-171.]
[8] 陈根文,夏斌,吴延之,等.楚雄盆地砂岩铜矿成矿机理研究[J].中国科学(D辑):地球科学,2000,30(增刊1):169-175.[Chen Genwen,Xia Bin,Wu Yanzhi,et al.The metallogenic mechanism of the sandstone-type copper deposits in the Chuxiong Basin,Yunnan province[J].Science China (Seri.D):Earth Sciences,2000,30(Suppl.1):169-175.]
[9] 韩润生,邹海俊,吴鹏,等.楚雄盆地砂岩型铜矿床构造—流体耦合成矿模型[J].地质学报,2010,84(10):1438-1447.[Han Runsheng,Zou Haijun,Wu Peng,et al.Coupling tectonic-fluid metallogenic model of the sandstone-type copper deposit in the Chuxiong Basin,China[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2010,84(10):1438-1447.]
[10] 鲁文举,王学文,龙力辉.云南楚雄盆地砂(页)岩型铜矿床成矿规律及成矿模式[J].矿物学报,2013,33(4):566-572.[Lu Wenju,Wang Xuewen,Long Lihui.Metallogenic geological regularities and metallogenic model of sand (shale)-type copper deposits in the Chuxiong Basin,Yunnan province,China[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,2013,33(4):566-572.]
[11] 云南省地质矿产局.中华人民共和国地质矿产部地质专报-第21号-区域地质:云南省区域地质志[M].北京:地质出版社,1990.[Yunnan Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resource.Regional geology of Yunnan province[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1990.]
[12] 李勇,莫宣学,喻学惠,等.金沙江—哀牢山断裂带几个富碱斑岩体的锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义[J].现代地质,2011,25(2):189-200.[Li Yong,Mo Xuanxue,Yu Xuehui,et al.Zircon U-Pb dating of several selected alkali-rich porphyries from the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan fault zone and geological significance[J].Geoscience,2011,25(2):189-200.]
[13] 严清高,江小均,吴鹏,等.滇中姚安老街子板内富碱火山岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学及火山机构划分[J].地质学报,2017,91(8):1743-1759.[Yan Qinggao,Jiang Xiaojun,Wu Peng,et al.Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology and volcanic edifice division of the Laojiezi intraplate alkali-rich volcanic rocks in Yao’an,central Yunnan province[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2017,91(8):1743-1759.]
[14] Folk R L,Ward W C.Brazos River bar:A study in the significance of grain size parameters[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1957,27(1):3-26.
[15] Miall A D.Architectural-element analysis:A new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits[J].Earth-Science Reviews,1985,22(4):261-308.
[16] Moretti M,Alfaro P,Owen G.The environmental significance of soft-sediment deformation structures:Key signatures for sedimentary and tectonic processes[J].Sedimentary Geology,2016,344:1-4.
[17] Storti F,Vannucchi P.Deformation of soft sediments in nature and laboratory-Preface[J].Sedimentary Geology,2007,196(1/4):1-3.
[18] Owen G,Moretti M,Alfaro P.Recognising triggers for soft-sediment deformation:current understanding and future directions[J].Sedimentary Geology,2011,235(3/4):133-140.
[19] Haughton P D W,Todd S P,Morton A C.Sedimentary provenance studies[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publication,1991,57(1):1-11.
[20] 闫臻,王宗起,王涛,等.秦岭造山带泥盆系形成构造环境:来自碎屑岩组成和地球化学方面的约束[J].岩石学报,2007,23(5):1023-1042.[Yan Zhen,Wang Zongqi,Wang Tao,et al.Tectonic setting of Devonian sediments in the Qinling orogen:Constraints from detrital modes and geochemistry of clastic rocks[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2007,23(5):1023-1042.]
[21] 闫臻,王宗起,李继亮,等.造山带沉积盆地构造原型恢复[J].地质通报,2008,27(12):2001-2013.[Yan Zhen,Wang Zongqi,Li Jiliang,et al.Restoring the original tectonic types of sedimentary basins in the orogenic belt[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2008,27(12):2001-2013.]
[22] Follo M F.Conglomerates as clues to the sedimentary and tectonic evolution of a suspect terrane:Wallowa Mountains,Oregon[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1992,104(12):1561-1576.
[23] Düerr S B.Quick estimation of pebble volumes[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1994,64(3a):677-679.
[24] Mueller W U,Corcoran P L.Late-orogenic basins in the Archaean Superior Province,Canada:characteristics and inferences[J].Sedimentary Geology,1998,120(1/4):177-203.
[25] Noda A,Takeuchi M,Adachi M.Provenance of the Murihiku Terrane,New Zealand:evidence from the Jurassic conglomerates and sandstones in Southland[J].Sedimentary Geology,2004,164(3/4):203-222.
[26] Yan Z,Xiao W J,Wang Z Q,et al.Integrated analyses constraining the provenance of sandstones,mudstones,and conglomerates,a case study:the Laojunshan Conglomerate,Qilian orogen,northwest China[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,2007,44(7):961-986.
[27] Yan Z,Xiao W J,Windley B F,et al.Silurian clastic sediments in the North Qilian Shan,NW China:chemical and isotopic constraints on their forearc provenance with implications for the Paleozoic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Sedimentary Geology,2010,231(3/4):98-134.
[28] Basu A,Young S W,Suttner L J,et al.Re-evaluation of the use of undulatory extinction and polycrystallinity in detrital quartz for provenance interpretation[J].Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,1975,45(4):873-882.
[29] Hitzman M W,Kirkham R V,Broughton D,et al.The sediment-hosted stratiform copper ore system[J].Economic Geology,2005,100:609-642.
[30] Hitzman M W,Selley D,Bull S.Formation of sedimentary rock-hosted stratiform copper deposits through earth history[J].Economic Geology,2010,105(3):627-639.
[31] Borg G,Piestrzyński A,Bachmann G H,et al.An overview of the European Kupferschiefer deposits[J].Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication,2012,16:455-486.
[32] Hayes T S,Cox D P,Piatak N M,et al.Sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposit model[R].Reston,VA,US:U.S.Geological Survey Scientific,2015:1-147.
[33] Zientek M L,Wintzer N E,Hayes T S,et al.Qualitative assessment of selected areas of the world for undiscovered sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits:chapter Y in Global mineral resource assessment[R].Reston,VA:U.S.Geological Survey,2015:1-143.
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