不同要素谱逼近对高分辨区域数值模式梅雨模拟的改进
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摘要
为改进高分辨率区域数值天气预报模式雨带模拟偏差,利用WRF模式探讨了不同要素及其组合谱逼近方法对2015年浙江典型梅雨天气预报性能的影响。结果表明:(1)不同单要素逼近对梅雨模拟效果影响差异明显,风场逼近对模拟结果改进较大,高度场逼近对结果略有改善,而温度场逼近主要表现为负效应;风场组合了其他要素的逼近效果与单要素类似,故将水平风场谱逼近确定为最优方案。(2)最优方案对梅雨期间形势场各要素改进程度的排序为纬向风、经向风、相对湿度、温度场和高度场;三个特征层850、500、200 hPa各要素平均的均方根误差(相关系数)分别降低了(增加了)24. 1%(13.6%)、22.7%(21.7%)和13.0%(12.2%);且改进幅度随预报时效的延长而增加,这主要与区域模式内部大尺度系统的误差随积分时间增长有关。(3)典型个例分析显示,最优方案在较好订正低层风场及切变线动力条件的基础上,经过数值模式各物理过程的协同积分也修正了高湿区等关键热力因子,最终改进了高分辨率区域模式的梅雨模拟。
To improve the simulation in precipitation location, the impact from spectral nudging(SN) technique of single-element and multi-elements on the Meiyu weather simulation are investigated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model. The results show that:(1) the contributions of SN with different meteorological elements and their combination to Meiyu simulation are obviously different.On the whole, the SN with wind field obviously improves Meiyu precipitation simulation, while there is a little benefit and even deterioration in SN with geopotential height and temperature, respectively. Also,it is the similar effect in simulations with multi-elements SN. Therefore, the spectral nudging with wind field is chosen as the optimal scheme for the following analysis.(2) During Meiyu period, the sort of improvement in synoptic elements is zonal wind, meridional wind, humidity, temperature and geopotential height.On average, compared to the control experiment, the root mean square error(correlation coefficient) of all elements decreases(increases) by about 24. 1%(13. 6%), 22. 7%(21. 7%) and 13. 0%(12. 2%) at 850 hPa, 500 hPa, and 200 hPa in the optimal experiment respectively. Meanwhile, the longer lead time is, the better improvement could be in the simulation, which is related to larger-scale error growth in interior domain with the integration time.(3) Typical case diagnosis illustrates that wind field spectral nudging can amend efficiently the dynamic factors such as low-level wind shear line, and thus correct the key thermodynamic factors like high humidity region by physical process interaction and modulation during integration, which could result in the better simulation in Meiyu event finally.
To improve the simulation in precipitation location, the impact from spectral nudging(SN) technique of single-element and multi-elements on the Meiyu weather simulation are investigated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model. The results show that:(1) the contributions of SN with different meteorological elements and their combination to Meiyu simulation are obviously different.On the whole, the SN with wind field obviously improves Meiyu precipitation simulation, while there is a little benefit and even deterioration in SN with geopotential height and temperature, respectively. Also,it is the similar effect in simulations with multi-elements SN. Therefore, the spectral nudging with wind field is chosen as the optimal scheme for the following analysis.(2) During Meiyu period, the sort of improvement in synoptic elements is zonal wind, meridional wind, humidity, temperature and geopotential height.On average, compared to the control experiment, the root mean square error(correlation coefficient) of all elements decreases(increases) by about 24. 1%(13. 6%), 22. 7%(21. 7%) and 13. 0%(12. 2%) at 850 hPa, 500 hPa, and 200 hPa in the optimal experiment respectively. Meanwhile, the longer lead time is, the better improvement could be in the simulation, which is related to larger-scale error growth in interior domain with the integration time.(3) Typical case diagnosis illustrates that wind field spectral nudging can amend efficiently the dynamic factors such as low-level wind shear line, and thus correct the key thermodynamic factors like high humidity region by physical process interaction and modulation during integration, which could result in the better simulation in Meiyu event finally.
引文
陈葆德,王晓峰,李泓,等,2013.快速更新同化预报的关键技术综述[J].气象科技进展,3(2):29-35. Chen B D,Wang X F,Li H,et al,2013. An overview of the key techniques in rapid refresh assimilation and forecast[J]. Adv Meteor Sci Technol,3(2):29-35(in Chinese).
陈锋,董美莹,冀春晓,等,2012. WRF模式对浙江2011年夏季降水和温度预报评估及其湿过程敏感性分析[J].浙江气象,33(3):3-12. Chen F,Dong M Y,Ji C X,et al,2012. Evaluation of the precipitation and temperature prediction in summer over Zhe-jiang Province and sensitivity analysis to moist physics process in the WRF model[J]. Zhejiang Meteor, 33(3):3-12(in Chinese).
丁金才,1995.天气预报评分方法评述[J].南京气象学院学报,18(1):143-150. Ding J C, 1995. Comment on evaluation methods of weather prediction[J]. J Nanjing Insititute Meteor, 18(1):143-150(in Chinese).
段旭,王曼,陈新梅,等,2011.中尺度WRF数值模式系统本地化业务试验[J].气象,37(1):39-47. Duan X,Wang M,Chen X M,et al,2011. Localization of operational experiment on the WRF mesoscale numerical modeling system[J]. Meteor Mon,37(1):39-47(in Chinese).
范水勇,郭永润,陈敏,等,2008.高分辨率WRF三维变分同化在北京地区降水预报中的应用[J].高原气象,27(6):1181-1188. Fan S Y,Guo Y R,Chen M,et al,2008. Application of WRF 3DVar to a high resolution model over Beijing Area[J]. Plateau Meteor,27(6):1181-1188(in Chinese).
李泽椿,毕宝贵,金荣花,等,2014.近10年中国现代天气预报的发展与应用[J].气象学报,72(6):1069-1078. Li Z C,Bi B G,Jin R H,et al, 2014. The development and application of the modern weather forecast in China for the recent 10 years[J].Acta Meteor Sin,72(6):1069-1078(in Chinese).
邱金晶,陈锋,董美莹,等,2015.浙江省快速更新同化系统的建立与检验评估[J].气象科技进展,5(6):6-12. Qiu J J,Chen F,Dong M Y, et al, 2015. Establishment and evaluation of Zhejiang WRF-ADAS Rapid Refresh System[J]. Adv Meteor Sci Technol[J],5(6):6-12(in Chinese).
宋寔,汤剑平,2011.谱逼近方法在东亚夏季降水区域模式模拟中的适用性研究:区域大小和位置的影响[J].气象学报,69(2):297-309. Song S,Tang J P,2011. An application of the spectral nudging technique to the simulation of summer precipitation over East Asia using a regional climate model:the impact of domain size and position[J]. Acta Meteor Sin, 69(2):297-309(in Chinese).
王佳,梅钦,陈钰文,2017. WRF模式不同微物理方案水凝物的预报能力检验与集成试验[J].气象,43(5):552-559. Wang J,Mei Q,Chen Y W,2017. Performance verification and ensemble experiments of hydrometeors forecasting by different microphysical schemes in WRF model[J]. Meteor Mon, 43(5):552-559(in Chinese).
王淑莉,徐祥德,康红文,等,2016.应用谱逼近方法模拟2008年初南方持续性降水过程及其水汽通道周期特征分析[J].大气科学,40(3):476-488. Wang S L,Xu X D,Kang H W,et al,2016. Simulation of conti-nuous rainfall over south china in early 2008with the spectral nudging method and the periodicity characteristics of the water vapor channel[J]. Chin J Atmos Sci,40(3):476-488(in Chinese).
姚爽,陈敏,王建捷,2015. L波段分钟数据在WRF模式中的变分同化应用试验[J].气象,41(6):695-706. Yao S,Chen M,Wang J J,2015. Variational assimilation experiment of L band minute level sounding data with WRF model[J]. Meteor Mon,41(6):695-706(in Chinese).
曾先锋,周天军,2012.谱逼近方法对区域气候模式性能的改进:不同权重函数的影响[J].气象学报,70(5):1084-1097. Zeng X F,Zhou T J,2012. Impact of the spectral nudging on the simulation of a regional climate model:different weight function[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,70(5):1084-1097(in Chinese).
章国材,2004.美国WRF模式的进展和应用前景[J].气象,30(12):27-31. Zhang G C,2004. Progress of weather research and forecast(WRF)mo-del and application in the United States[J].Meteor Mon,30(12):27-31(in Chinese).
郑永骏,金之雁,陈德辉,2008.半隐式半拉格朗日动力框架的动能谱分析[J].气象学报,66(2):143-157. Zheng Y J,Jin Z Y,Chen D H,2008. Kinetic energy spectrum analysis in a semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian dynamical framework[J]. Acta Meteor Sin, 66(2):143-157(in Chinese).
朱乾根,林锦瑞,寿绍文,等,2000.天气学原理和方法:第3版[M].北京:气象出版社.Zhu Q G,Lin J R,Shou S W,et al,2000. The theory and Methodology of Synoptic Meteorology(Version 3)[M]. Beijing,China Meteorological Press(in Chinese).
Aggarwal R, Kumar R,2013. A comprehensive review of numerical weather prediction models[J]. Int J Comput Appl,74(18):44-48.
Benjamin S G, Jamison B D, Moninger W R,et al,2010. Relative short-range forecast impact from aircraft, profiler, radiosonde,VAD, GPS-PW, METAR, and Mesonet observations via the RUC hourly assimilation cycle[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 138(4):1319-1343.
Benjamin S G,Smirnova T G,Brundage K,et al,2004. A 13-km RUC and beyond:recent developments and future plans[C]//Proceedings of Joint Session with 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms and 11th Conference on Aviation,Range,and Aerospace Meteorology. Hyannis:AMS.
Cavallo S M,Torn R D,Snyder C,et al,2013. Evaluation of the advanced hurricane WRF data assimilation system for the 2009Atlantic hurricane season[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 141(2):523-541.
Cha D H,Lee D K,2009. Reduction of systematic errors in regional climate simulations of the summer monsoon over East Asia and the western North Pacific by applying the spectral nudging technique[J].J Geophys Res,114(D14):D14108.
Cha D H,Jin C S,Lee D K,et al,2011. Impact of intermittent spectral nudging on regional climate simulation using weather research and forecasting model[J]. J Geophys Res, 116(D10):D10103.
Cha D H,Wang Y Q, 2013. A dynamical initialization scheme for real-time forecasts of tropical cyclones using the WRF model[J]. Mon Wea Rev,141(3):964-986.
Chen F,Dudhia J,2001. Coupling an advanced land surface-hydrology model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I:model implementation and sensitivity[J]. Mon Wea Rev,129(4):569-585.
Choi S J,Lee D K,2016. Impact of spectral nudging on the downscaling of tropical cyclones in regional climate simulations[J].Adv Atmos Sci,33(6):730-742.
Davies H C, 1976. A laterul boundary formulation for multi-level prediction models[J]. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc, 102(432):405-418. DOI:10. 1002/qJ. 49710243210.
Done J,Davis C A,Weisman M,2004. The next generation of NWP:explicit forecasts of convection using the weather research and forecasting(WRF)model[J]. Atmos Sci Lett,5(6):110-117.
Gotway J H,Holland L,Brown B,et al,2009. Model evaluation tools version 2. 0(METv2. 0)user's guide[R]. Boulder:Developmental Testbed Center.
Hong S Y,Chang E C,2012. Spectral nudging sensitivity experiments in a regional climate model[J]. Asia-Pac J Atmos Sci,48(4):345-355.
Hong S Y,Dudhia J,Chen S H,2004. A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation[J]. Mon Wea Rev,132(1):103-120.
Hong S Y,Noh Y,Dudhia J,2006. A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 134(9):2318-2341.
Iacono M J,Delamere J S,Mlawer E J,et al,2008. Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases:calculations with the AER radiative transfer models[J]. J Geophys Res, 113(D13):D13103.DOI:10.1029/2008JD009944.
Lee D K,Eom D Y,Kim J W,et al,2010. High-resolution summer rainfall prediction in the JHWC real-time WRF system[J]. AsiaPac J Atmos Sci,46(3):341-353.
Michalakes J,Chen S,Dudhia J,et al,2001. Development of a nextgeneration regional weather research and forecast model[C]//Developments in Teracomputing:Proceedings of the 9th ECMWF Workshop on the Use of High Performance Computing in Meteorology. Reading:World Scientific Publishing:269-276.
Miguez-Macho G,Stenchikov G L,Robock A,2004. Spectral nudging to eliminate the effects of domain position and geometry in regional climate model simulations[J]. J Geophys Res,109(D13):D13104.
Miguez-Macho G,Stenchikov G L,Robock A,2005. Regional climate simulations over North America:interaction of local processes with improved large-scale flow[J]. J Climate, 18(8):1227-1246.
Powers J G,Klemp J B,Skamarock W C,et al,2017. The weather research and forecasting model:overview,system efforts, and future directions[J]. Bull Amer Meteor Soc,98(8):1717-1737.
Shan H X,Guan Y P, Huang J P,2012. Effects of spectral nudging on the 2010 East Asia summer monsoon using WRF mode[J].Chin J Oceanol Limnol,30(6):1105-1115.
Skamarock W C,2004. Evaluating mesoscale NWP models using kinetic energy spectra[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 132(12):3019-3032.
Skamarock, W C,Klemp J B,Dudhia J,et al,2008. A description of the advanced research WRF version 3[R]. NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR, Boulder:National Center for Atmosphere Research.
Spero T L,Otte M J,Bowden J H,et al,2014. Improving the representation of clouds, radiation, and precipitation using spectral nudging in the Weather Research and Forecasting model[J]. J Geophys Res, 119(20):11682-11694.
Tang J P,Song S,Wu J,2010. Impacts of the spectral nudging technique on simulation of the East Asian summer monsoon[J].Theor Appl Climatol, 101(1-2):41-51. DOI:10. 1007/s00704-009-0202-1.
von Storch H,Langenberg H, Feser F, 2000. A spectral nudging technique for dynamical downscaling purposes[J]. Mon Wea Rev,128(10):3664-3673.
Waldron K M,Paegle J,Horel J D, 1996. Sensitivity of a spectrally filtered and nudged limited-area model to outer model options[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 124(3):529-547.
陈锋,董美莹,冀春晓,等,2012. WRF模式对浙江2011年夏季降水和温度预报评估及其湿过程敏感性分析[J].浙江气象,33(3):3-12. Chen F,Dong M Y,Ji C X,et al,2012. Evaluation of the precipitation and temperature prediction in summer over Zhe-jiang Province and sensitivity analysis to moist physics process in the WRF model[J]. Zhejiang Meteor, 33(3):3-12(in Chinese).
丁金才,1995.天气预报评分方法评述[J].南京气象学院学报,18(1):143-150. Ding J C, 1995. Comment on evaluation methods of weather prediction[J]. J Nanjing Insititute Meteor, 18(1):143-150(in Chinese).
段旭,王曼,陈新梅,等,2011.中尺度WRF数值模式系统本地化业务试验[J].气象,37(1):39-47. Duan X,Wang M,Chen X M,et al,2011. Localization of operational experiment on the WRF mesoscale numerical modeling system[J]. Meteor Mon,37(1):39-47(in Chinese).
范水勇,郭永润,陈敏,等,2008.高分辨率WRF三维变分同化在北京地区降水预报中的应用[J].高原气象,27(6):1181-1188. Fan S Y,Guo Y R,Chen M,et al,2008. Application of WRF 3DVar to a high resolution model over Beijing Area[J]. Plateau Meteor,27(6):1181-1188(in Chinese).
李泽椿,毕宝贵,金荣花,等,2014.近10年中国现代天气预报的发展与应用[J].气象学报,72(6):1069-1078. Li Z C,Bi B G,Jin R H,et al, 2014. The development and application of the modern weather forecast in China for the recent 10 years[J].Acta Meteor Sin,72(6):1069-1078(in Chinese).
邱金晶,陈锋,董美莹,等,2015.浙江省快速更新同化系统的建立与检验评估[J].气象科技进展,5(6):6-12. Qiu J J,Chen F,Dong M Y, et al, 2015. Establishment and evaluation of Zhejiang WRF-ADAS Rapid Refresh System[J]. Adv Meteor Sci Technol[J],5(6):6-12(in Chinese).
宋寔,汤剑平,2011.谱逼近方法在东亚夏季降水区域模式模拟中的适用性研究:区域大小和位置的影响[J].气象学报,69(2):297-309. Song S,Tang J P,2011. An application of the spectral nudging technique to the simulation of summer precipitation over East Asia using a regional climate model:the impact of domain size and position[J]. Acta Meteor Sin, 69(2):297-309(in Chinese).
王佳,梅钦,陈钰文,2017. WRF模式不同微物理方案水凝物的预报能力检验与集成试验[J].气象,43(5):552-559. Wang J,Mei Q,Chen Y W,2017. Performance verification and ensemble experiments of hydrometeors forecasting by different microphysical schemes in WRF model[J]. Meteor Mon, 43(5):552-559(in Chinese).
王淑莉,徐祥德,康红文,等,2016.应用谱逼近方法模拟2008年初南方持续性降水过程及其水汽通道周期特征分析[J].大气科学,40(3):476-488. Wang S L,Xu X D,Kang H W,et al,2016. Simulation of conti-nuous rainfall over south china in early 2008with the spectral nudging method and the periodicity characteristics of the water vapor channel[J]. Chin J Atmos Sci,40(3):476-488(in Chinese).
姚爽,陈敏,王建捷,2015. L波段分钟数据在WRF模式中的变分同化应用试验[J].气象,41(6):695-706. Yao S,Chen M,Wang J J,2015. Variational assimilation experiment of L band minute level sounding data with WRF model[J]. Meteor Mon,41(6):695-706(in Chinese).
曾先锋,周天军,2012.谱逼近方法对区域气候模式性能的改进:不同权重函数的影响[J].气象学报,70(5):1084-1097. Zeng X F,Zhou T J,2012. Impact of the spectral nudging on the simulation of a regional climate model:different weight function[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,70(5):1084-1097(in Chinese).
章国材,2004.美国WRF模式的进展和应用前景[J].气象,30(12):27-31. Zhang G C,2004. Progress of weather research and forecast(WRF)mo-del and application in the United States[J].Meteor Mon,30(12):27-31(in Chinese).
郑永骏,金之雁,陈德辉,2008.半隐式半拉格朗日动力框架的动能谱分析[J].气象学报,66(2):143-157. Zheng Y J,Jin Z Y,Chen D H,2008. Kinetic energy spectrum analysis in a semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian dynamical framework[J]. Acta Meteor Sin, 66(2):143-157(in Chinese).
朱乾根,林锦瑞,寿绍文,等,2000.天气学原理和方法:第3版[M].北京:气象出版社.Zhu Q G,Lin J R,Shou S W,et al,2000. The theory and Methodology of Synoptic Meteorology(Version 3)[M]. Beijing,China Meteorological Press(in Chinese).
Aggarwal R, Kumar R,2013. A comprehensive review of numerical weather prediction models[J]. Int J Comput Appl,74(18):44-48.
Benjamin S G, Jamison B D, Moninger W R,et al,2010. Relative short-range forecast impact from aircraft, profiler, radiosonde,VAD, GPS-PW, METAR, and Mesonet observations via the RUC hourly assimilation cycle[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 138(4):1319-1343.
Benjamin S G,Smirnova T G,Brundage K,et al,2004. A 13-km RUC and beyond:recent developments and future plans[C]//Proceedings of Joint Session with 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms and 11th Conference on Aviation,Range,and Aerospace Meteorology. Hyannis:AMS.
Cavallo S M,Torn R D,Snyder C,et al,2013. Evaluation of the advanced hurricane WRF data assimilation system for the 2009Atlantic hurricane season[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 141(2):523-541.
Cha D H,Lee D K,2009. Reduction of systematic errors in regional climate simulations of the summer monsoon over East Asia and the western North Pacific by applying the spectral nudging technique[J].J Geophys Res,114(D14):D14108.
Cha D H,Jin C S,Lee D K,et al,2011. Impact of intermittent spectral nudging on regional climate simulation using weather research and forecasting model[J]. J Geophys Res, 116(D10):D10103.
Cha D H,Wang Y Q, 2013. A dynamical initialization scheme for real-time forecasts of tropical cyclones using the WRF model[J]. Mon Wea Rev,141(3):964-986.
Chen F,Dudhia J,2001. Coupling an advanced land surface-hydrology model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I:model implementation and sensitivity[J]. Mon Wea Rev,129(4):569-585.
Choi S J,Lee D K,2016. Impact of spectral nudging on the downscaling of tropical cyclones in regional climate simulations[J].Adv Atmos Sci,33(6):730-742.
Davies H C, 1976. A laterul boundary formulation for multi-level prediction models[J]. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc, 102(432):405-418. DOI:10. 1002/qJ. 49710243210.
Done J,Davis C A,Weisman M,2004. The next generation of NWP:explicit forecasts of convection using the weather research and forecasting(WRF)model[J]. Atmos Sci Lett,5(6):110-117.
Gotway J H,Holland L,Brown B,et al,2009. Model evaluation tools version 2. 0(METv2. 0)user's guide[R]. Boulder:Developmental Testbed Center.
Hong S Y,Chang E C,2012. Spectral nudging sensitivity experiments in a regional climate model[J]. Asia-Pac J Atmos Sci,48(4):345-355.
Hong S Y,Dudhia J,Chen S H,2004. A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation[J]. Mon Wea Rev,132(1):103-120.
Hong S Y,Noh Y,Dudhia J,2006. A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 134(9):2318-2341.
Iacono M J,Delamere J S,Mlawer E J,et al,2008. Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases:calculations with the AER radiative transfer models[J]. J Geophys Res, 113(D13):D13103.DOI:10.1029/2008JD009944.
Lee D K,Eom D Y,Kim J W,et al,2010. High-resolution summer rainfall prediction in the JHWC real-time WRF system[J]. AsiaPac J Atmos Sci,46(3):341-353.
Michalakes J,Chen S,Dudhia J,et al,2001. Development of a nextgeneration regional weather research and forecast model[C]//Developments in Teracomputing:Proceedings of the 9th ECMWF Workshop on the Use of High Performance Computing in Meteorology. Reading:World Scientific Publishing:269-276.
Miguez-Macho G,Stenchikov G L,Robock A,2004. Spectral nudging to eliminate the effects of domain position and geometry in regional climate model simulations[J]. J Geophys Res,109(D13):D13104.
Miguez-Macho G,Stenchikov G L,Robock A,2005. Regional climate simulations over North America:interaction of local processes with improved large-scale flow[J]. J Climate, 18(8):1227-1246.
Powers J G,Klemp J B,Skamarock W C,et al,2017. The weather research and forecasting model:overview,system efforts, and future directions[J]. Bull Amer Meteor Soc,98(8):1717-1737.
Shan H X,Guan Y P, Huang J P,2012. Effects of spectral nudging on the 2010 East Asia summer monsoon using WRF mode[J].Chin J Oceanol Limnol,30(6):1105-1115.
Skamarock W C,2004. Evaluating mesoscale NWP models using kinetic energy spectra[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 132(12):3019-3032.
Skamarock, W C,Klemp J B,Dudhia J,et al,2008. A description of the advanced research WRF version 3[R]. NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR, Boulder:National Center for Atmosphere Research.
Spero T L,Otte M J,Bowden J H,et al,2014. Improving the representation of clouds, radiation, and precipitation using spectral nudging in the Weather Research and Forecasting model[J]. J Geophys Res, 119(20):11682-11694.
Tang J P,Song S,Wu J,2010. Impacts of the spectral nudging technique on simulation of the East Asian summer monsoon[J].Theor Appl Climatol, 101(1-2):41-51. DOI:10. 1007/s00704-009-0202-1.
von Storch H,Langenberg H, Feser F, 2000. A spectral nudging technique for dynamical downscaling purposes[J]. Mon Wea Rev,128(10):3664-3673.
Waldron K M,Paegle J,Horel J D, 1996. Sensitivity of a spectrally filtered and nudged limited-area model to outer model options[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 124(3):529-547.
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