红层盆地岩性差异对丹霞地貌发育的控制
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摘要
陆相红层盆地的岩性在横向上和纵向上都有比较明显的变化,导致发育的丹霞地貌形态迥异。本文以赣东北信江盆地、粤北丹霞盆地、陕北地区为例,采用对比分析、数值模拟等研究手段,总结了红层盆地中常见的岩石及地貌类型,提出岩性在丹霞地貌坡面演化过程中的关键作用。在信江盆地中,龙虎山、龟峰等挺拔高耸的山峰主要发育在盆地南缘的河口组厚层砾岩中,而盆地中部贵溪、弋阳地区的近圆形山丘则产在塘边组大型交错层理风成砂岩中;与其类似,丹霞山的赤壁陡崖主要发育在丹霞组厚层砾岩夹风成砂岩中;相反,陕北地区波浪状地貌主要发育在洛河组风成砂岩中。利用河道-山坡综合地形演化(CHILD)地貌模拟软件,假设在同样的构造抬升和河流侵蚀作用下,分别模拟了细砂岩、细砾岩、中砾岩构成的山体坡面的演化过程。模拟结果显示,细砂岩山体易形成较为平缓的坡面,中砾岩易形成陡峻崖壁和巷谷,而介于二者之间的细砾岩则形成较为明显的沟壑系统。CHILD模拟结果与实地观测一致。因此,红层岩性差异在丹霞地貌演化过程中扮演了重要的角色,也是未来地貌定量模拟研究中需要考虑的关键因素。
The terrestrial red basins are characterized by distinct lateral and vertical lithologic changes, which leads to development of different Danxia landscapes. The comparative analysis and numerical modeling are used to summarize the dominant rock and Danxia landscape types, and to propose that lithology plays a key role in the Danxia slope evolution in the Xinjiang Basin of northeastern Jiangxi Province, Danxia Basin of northern Guangdong Province and northern Shaanxi Province. In the Xinjiang Basin, the prominent cliffs particularly occur in the conglomerate-dominated Hekou Formation at the southern basin margin, while the subrounded low hilly terrains develop in the eolian sandstone-dominated Tangbian Formation in Guixi and Yiyang areas at the middle areas of the basin. Similarly, the prominent cliffs generally occur in the conglomerates with eolian sandstone interbeds of the Danxia Formation in the Danxiashan Global Geopark of northern Guangdong Province. In contrast, the wavy landscapes develop in the Luohe Formation eolian sandstones in northern Shaanxi Province. Under the assumption of the similar tectonic uplift and river erosion, the Channel-Hillslope Integrated Landscape Development(CHILD) model was used to test slope evolution in the fine-grained sandstone, fine-grained conglomerate, and pebbly conglomerate. The modelling results showed that the gentle slopes develop in the fine-grained sandstones, the gullies occur in the fine-grained conglomerates, while the prominent cliffs occurred particularly in the pebbly conglomerates. Therefore, lithology is the fundamental factor that needs to be paid more attention in the future quantitative modeling of Danxia landscapes.
The terrestrial red basins are characterized by distinct lateral and vertical lithologic changes, which leads to development of different Danxia landscapes. The comparative analysis and numerical modeling are used to summarize the dominant rock and Danxia landscape types, and to propose that lithology plays a key role in the Danxia slope evolution in the Xinjiang Basin of northeastern Jiangxi Province, Danxia Basin of northern Guangdong Province and northern Shaanxi Province. In the Xinjiang Basin, the prominent cliffs particularly occur in the conglomerate-dominated Hekou Formation at the southern basin margin, while the subrounded low hilly terrains develop in the eolian sandstone-dominated Tangbian Formation in Guixi and Yiyang areas at the middle areas of the basin. Similarly, the prominent cliffs generally occur in the conglomerates with eolian sandstone interbeds of the Danxia Formation in the Danxiashan Global Geopark of northern Guangdong Province. In contrast, the wavy landscapes develop in the Luohe Formation eolian sandstones in northern Shaanxi Province. Under the assumption of the similar tectonic uplift and river erosion, the Channel-Hillslope Integrated Landscape Development(CHILD) model was used to test slope evolution in the fine-grained sandstone, fine-grained conglomerate, and pebbly conglomerate. The modelling results showed that the gentle slopes develop in the fine-grained sandstones, the gullies occur in the fine-grained conglomerates, while the prominent cliffs occurred particularly in the pebbly conglomerates. Therefore, lithology is the fundamental factor that needs to be paid more attention in the future quantitative modeling of Danxia landscapes.
引文
[1] 彭华.中国丹霞地貌研究进展[J].地理科学,2000,20(3):203-211.[PENG Hua.A survey of the Danxia landform research in China [J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2000,20(3):203-211]
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[8] 李霞,何庆成,董颖,等.贵州赤水南部地区丹霞地貌类型特征及成因演化分析[J].地球学报,2013,34(4):501-508.[LI Xia,HE Qingcheng,DONG Ying,et al.An analysis of characteristics and evolution of Danxia Landform in the South of Chishui County,Guizhou [J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2013,34(4):501-508]
[9] 潘志新,彭华.国内外红层分布及其地貌发育的对比研究[J].地理科学,2015,35(12):1575-1584.[PAN Zhixin,PENG Hua.Comparative study on the global distribution and geomorphic development of red beds [J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(12):1575-1584]
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[11] ZHU Cheng,WU Li,ZHU Tongxin,et al.Experimental studies on the Danxia landscape morphogenesis in Mt.Danxiashan,South China [J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2015,25(8):943-966.
[12] 姜伏伟,郭福生,杨安林.丹霞地貌岩体差异胀缩特征及其成景作用[J].山地学报,2018,36(4):501-508.[JIANG Fuwei,GUO Fusheng,YANG Anlin.Differential expansion and contraction characteristics of Danxia landform rock mass and its geomorphological effect [J].Mountain Research,2018,36(4):501-508]
[13] 陈留勤,李馨敏,郭福生,等.丹霞山世界地质公园蜂窝状洞穴特征及成因分析[J].地质论评,2018,64(4):895-904.[CHEN Liuqin,LI Xinmin,GUO Fusheng,et al.Characteristics and origin of honeycombs in the Danxiashan Global Geopark in South China [J].Geological Review,2018,64(4):895-904]
[14] GUO Fusheng,CHEN Liuqin,XU Huan,et al.Origin of beaded tafoni in cliffs of Danxia landscapes,Longhushan Global Geopark,South China [J].Journal of Mountain Science,2018,15(11):2398-2408.
[15] 李馨敏,郭福生,陈留勤,等.龙虎山世界地质公园象鼻山栈道洞穴地貌成因[J].山地学报,2018,36(4):509-518.[LI Xinmin,GUO Fusheng,CHEN Liuqin,et al.Origin analysis of the cavities along the Xiangbishan cliffs in the Longhushan Global Geopark,Southeast China [J].Mountain Research,2018,36(4):509-518]
[16] YAN Zhenzhen,DU Xiaoping,FAN Xiangtao.Numerical simulation of the evolutionary process of Danxia landforms [J].Physical Geography,2015,36(4):322-336.
[17] YAN Luobin,PENG Hua,HU Zheng,et al.Stone pillar rockfall in Danxia landform area,Mt.Langshan,Hunan Province,China [J].Physical Geography,2016,37(5):327-343.
[18] 潘志新,彭华,任舫,等.美国Zion国家公园红层地貌发育研究[J].地球学报,2016,37(1):116-126.[PAN Zhixin,PENG Hua,REN Fang,et al.A study of the development of red bed landforms in Zion National Park,the United States [J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2016,37(1):116-126]
[19] CHEN Liuqin,GUO Fusheng.Upper Cretaceous alluvial fan deposits in the Jianglangshan Geopark of Southeast China:implications for bedrock control on Danxia landform evolution [J].Journal of Mountain Science,2017,14(5):926-935.
[20] 刘鑫,陈留勤,李馨敏,等.江西象山地质公园丹霞地貌成景地层沉积环境分析[J].现代地质,2018,32(2):260-269.[LIU Xin,CHEN Liuqin,LI Xinmin,et al.Depositional environments of the bedrock of Danxia landform in Xiangshan Geopark of Jiangxi Province,SE China [J].Geoscience,2018,32(2):260-269]
[21] 李文灏,陈留勤,郭福生,等.江西龙虎山地区红层沉积相分析及与丹霞地貌发育关系研究——以仙人城景区为例[J].地质力学学报,2018,24(4):522-532.[LI Wenhao,CHEN Liuqin,GUO Fusheng,et al.Facies analysis of red beds and its relationship with the development of Danxia landform in Longhushan area of Jiangxi Province:an example from Xianrencheng scenic spot [J].Journal of Geomechanics,2018,24(4):522-532]
[22] WU Chihua,RODRíGUEZ-LóPEZ J R,LIU Chenglin,et al.Late Cretaceous climbing erg systems in the western Xinjiang Basin:Palaeoatmosphere dynamics and East Asia margin tectonic forcing on desert expansion and preservation [J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2018,93:539-552.
[23] 李祥辉,陈斯盾,曹珂,等.浙闽地区白垩纪中期古土壤类型与古气候[J].地学前缘,2009,16(5):63-70.[LI Xianghui,CHEN Sidun,CAO Ke,et al.Paleosols of the mid-Cretaceous :A report from Zhejiang and Fujian,SE China [J].Earth Science Frontiers,2009,16(5):63-70]
[24] 陈留勤,李鹏程,郭福生,等.粤北丹霞盆地晚白垩世丹霞组沉积相及古气候意义[J] .沉积学报,2019,37(1):17-29.[CHEN Liuqin,LI Pengcheng,GUO Fusheng,et al.Facies analysis and paleoclimate implications of the Late Cretaceous Danxia Formation in the Danxia Basin,Northern Guangdong Province,South China [J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2019,37(1):17-29]
[25] 谢渊,王剑,江新胜,等.鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系沙漠相沉积特征及其水文地质意义[J].沉积学报,2005,23(1):73-83.[XIE Yuan,WANG Jian,JIANG Xinsheng,et al.Sedimentary characteristics of the Cretaceous desert facies in Ordos Basin and their hydrogeological significance [J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2005,23(1):73-83]
[26] TUCKER G E,LANCASTER S,GASPARINI N,et al.The Channel-Hillslope Integrated Landscape Development Model (CHILD) [C]//HARMON R S,DOE W W.Landscape Erosion and Evolution Modeling.Boston:Springer,2001:349-388.
[27] TUCKER G E.Landscape Evolution [C]//SCHUBERT G.Treatise on Geophysics (Second Edition).S.l.Elsevier B V,2015:593-630.
[28] ATTAL M,TUCKER G E,WHITTAKER A C,et al.Modeling fluvial incision and transient landscape evolution:influence of dynamic channel adjustment [J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2008,113(F3):189-193.
[29] ROY S G,KOONS P O,OSTI B,et al.Multi-scale characterization of topographic anisotropy [J].Computers & Geosciences,2015,90:102-116.
[30] 孙丽,李志文.龙虎山丹霞地貌与中国传统文化关系浅析[J].东华理工大学(社会科学版),2013,32(3):272-275.[SUN Li,LI Zhiwen.Study on the relationship between Longhushan Danxia Landform and Chinese traditional culture [J].Journal of East China Institute of Technology ( Social Science),2013,32(3):272-275]
[2] 黄进.丹霞地貌坡面发育的一种基本方式[J].热带地貌,1982,3(2):107-134.[HUANG Jin.One of the basic development models of slopes in “Danxia” Terrain [J].Tropical Geomorphology,1982,3(2):107-134]
[3] YOUNG R W,WRAY R A L,YOUNG A R M.Sandstone landforms [M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2009,1-304.
[4] PENG Hua,REN Fang,PAN Zhixin.A review of Danxia landforms in China [J].Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie,2015,59(Suppl.1):19-33.
[5] 黄进.丹霞山地貌[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.[HUANG Jin.Landforms of Danxiashan [M].Beijing:Science Press,2010,1-239]
[6] 郭福生,姜勇彪,胡中华,等.龙虎山世界地质公园丹霞地貌成景系统特征及其演化[J].山地学报,2011,29(2):195-201.[GUO Fusheng,JIANG Yongbiao,HU Zhonghua,et al.Evolution and genesis system features of Danxia landform in Longhushan World Geopark [J].Mountain Research,2011,29(2):195-201]
[7] 黄进,陈致均,齐德利.中国丹霞地貌分布(下)[J].山地学报,2015,33(4):649-673.[HUANG Jin,CHEN Zhijun,QI Deli.Distribution of Danxia landform in China (Last) [J].Mountain Research,2015,33(4):649-673]
[8] 李霞,何庆成,董颖,等.贵州赤水南部地区丹霞地貌类型特征及成因演化分析[J].地球学报,2013,34(4):501-508.[LI Xia,HE Qingcheng,DONG Ying,et al.An analysis of characteristics and evolution of Danxia Landform in the South of Chishui County,Guizhou [J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2013,34(4):501-508]
[9] 潘志新,彭华.国内外红层分布及其地貌发育的对比研究[J].地理科学,2015,35(12):1575-1584.[PAN Zhixin,PENG Hua.Comparative study on the global distribution and geomorphic development of red beds [J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(12):1575-1584]
[10] 彭华,邱卓炜,潘志新.丹霞山顺层洞穴风化特征的试验研究[J].地理科学,2014,34(4):454-463.[PENG Hua,QIU Zhuowei,PAN Zhixin.Experimental study on the weathering features of bedding caves at Mt.Danxiashan [J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(4):454-463]
[11] ZHU Cheng,WU Li,ZHU Tongxin,et al.Experimental studies on the Danxia landscape morphogenesis in Mt.Danxiashan,South China [J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2015,25(8):943-966.
[12] 姜伏伟,郭福生,杨安林.丹霞地貌岩体差异胀缩特征及其成景作用[J].山地学报,2018,36(4):501-508.[JIANG Fuwei,GUO Fusheng,YANG Anlin.Differential expansion and contraction characteristics of Danxia landform rock mass and its geomorphological effect [J].Mountain Research,2018,36(4):501-508]
[13] 陈留勤,李馨敏,郭福生,等.丹霞山世界地质公园蜂窝状洞穴特征及成因分析[J].地质论评,2018,64(4):895-904.[CHEN Liuqin,LI Xinmin,GUO Fusheng,et al.Characteristics and origin of honeycombs in the Danxiashan Global Geopark in South China [J].Geological Review,2018,64(4):895-904]
[14] GUO Fusheng,CHEN Liuqin,XU Huan,et al.Origin of beaded tafoni in cliffs of Danxia landscapes,Longhushan Global Geopark,South China [J].Journal of Mountain Science,2018,15(11):2398-2408.
[15] 李馨敏,郭福生,陈留勤,等.龙虎山世界地质公园象鼻山栈道洞穴地貌成因[J].山地学报,2018,36(4):509-518.[LI Xinmin,GUO Fusheng,CHEN Liuqin,et al.Origin analysis of the cavities along the Xiangbishan cliffs in the Longhushan Global Geopark,Southeast China [J].Mountain Research,2018,36(4):509-518]
[16] YAN Zhenzhen,DU Xiaoping,FAN Xiangtao.Numerical simulation of the evolutionary process of Danxia landforms [J].Physical Geography,2015,36(4):322-336.
[17] YAN Luobin,PENG Hua,HU Zheng,et al.Stone pillar rockfall in Danxia landform area,Mt.Langshan,Hunan Province,China [J].Physical Geography,2016,37(5):327-343.
[18] 潘志新,彭华,任舫,等.美国Zion国家公园红层地貌发育研究[J].地球学报,2016,37(1):116-126.[PAN Zhixin,PENG Hua,REN Fang,et al.A study of the development of red bed landforms in Zion National Park,the United States [J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2016,37(1):116-126]
[19] CHEN Liuqin,GUO Fusheng.Upper Cretaceous alluvial fan deposits in the Jianglangshan Geopark of Southeast China:implications for bedrock control on Danxia landform evolution [J].Journal of Mountain Science,2017,14(5):926-935.
[20] 刘鑫,陈留勤,李馨敏,等.江西象山地质公园丹霞地貌成景地层沉积环境分析[J].现代地质,2018,32(2):260-269.[LIU Xin,CHEN Liuqin,LI Xinmin,et al.Depositional environments of the bedrock of Danxia landform in Xiangshan Geopark of Jiangxi Province,SE China [J].Geoscience,2018,32(2):260-269]
[21] 李文灏,陈留勤,郭福生,等.江西龙虎山地区红层沉积相分析及与丹霞地貌发育关系研究——以仙人城景区为例[J].地质力学学报,2018,24(4):522-532.[LI Wenhao,CHEN Liuqin,GUO Fusheng,et al.Facies analysis of red beds and its relationship with the development of Danxia landform in Longhushan area of Jiangxi Province:an example from Xianrencheng scenic spot [J].Journal of Geomechanics,2018,24(4):522-532]
[22] WU Chihua,RODRíGUEZ-LóPEZ J R,LIU Chenglin,et al.Late Cretaceous climbing erg systems in the western Xinjiang Basin:Palaeoatmosphere dynamics and East Asia margin tectonic forcing on desert expansion and preservation [J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2018,93:539-552.
[23] 李祥辉,陈斯盾,曹珂,等.浙闽地区白垩纪中期古土壤类型与古气候[J].地学前缘,2009,16(5):63-70.[LI Xianghui,CHEN Sidun,CAO Ke,et al.Paleosols of the mid-Cretaceous :A report from Zhejiang and Fujian,SE China [J].Earth Science Frontiers,2009,16(5):63-70]
[24] 陈留勤,李鹏程,郭福生,等.粤北丹霞盆地晚白垩世丹霞组沉积相及古气候意义[J] .沉积学报,2019,37(1):17-29.[CHEN Liuqin,LI Pengcheng,GUO Fusheng,et al.Facies analysis and paleoclimate implications of the Late Cretaceous Danxia Formation in the Danxia Basin,Northern Guangdong Province,South China [J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2019,37(1):17-29]
[25] 谢渊,王剑,江新胜,等.鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系沙漠相沉积特征及其水文地质意义[J].沉积学报,2005,23(1):73-83.[XIE Yuan,WANG Jian,JIANG Xinsheng,et al.Sedimentary characteristics of the Cretaceous desert facies in Ordos Basin and their hydrogeological significance [J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2005,23(1):73-83]
[26] TUCKER G E,LANCASTER S,GASPARINI N,et al.The Channel-Hillslope Integrated Landscape Development Model (CHILD) [C]//HARMON R S,DOE W W.Landscape Erosion and Evolution Modeling.Boston:Springer,2001:349-388.
[27] TUCKER G E.Landscape Evolution [C]//SCHUBERT G.Treatise on Geophysics (Second Edition).S.l.Elsevier B V,2015:593-630.
[28] ATTAL M,TUCKER G E,WHITTAKER A C,et al.Modeling fluvial incision and transient landscape evolution:influence of dynamic channel adjustment [J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2008,113(F3):189-193.
[29] ROY S G,KOONS P O,OSTI B,et al.Multi-scale characterization of topographic anisotropy [J].Computers & Geosciences,2015,90:102-116.
[30] 孙丽,李志文.龙虎山丹霞地貌与中国传统文化关系浅析[J].东华理工大学(社会科学版),2013,32(3):272-275.[SUN Li,LI Zhiwen.Study on the relationship between Longhushan Danxia Landform and Chinese traditional culture [J].Journal of East China Institute of Technology ( Social Science),2013,32(3):272-275]
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