Relationships between body weight and other morphological traits in young sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicas
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摘要
Correlation, multiple regression, and path analyses were used to investigate the relationships between body weight and three other morphological traits in juvenile Japanese sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus. We measured live body weight(BW), body length(BL), numbers of papillae(NP), and numbers of tube feet(NF) at 60, 80, 100, and 130 days post-hatching(dph). We calculated path correlation coe cients, correlation indices( R~2), and coe cients of determination with BW as the dependent variable and the other morphological traits as independent variables. The coe cient of variation for BW was high across all age groups, and all measured morphological traits were significantly correlated( P < 0.01). BL had the greatest direct ef fect on BW across all age groups(60 dph, 0.526; 80 dph, 0.404; 100 dph, 0.620;and 130 dph, 0.681), while NF had the greatest indirect ef fect on BW across all age groups(60 dph, 0.528;80 dph, 0.452; 100 dph, 0.666; and 130 dph, 0.603). Regression analyses between morphological traits and BW indicated that R 2 was greater than 0.85 only in the 100-dph specimens. The indirect ef fects of the other measured morphological traits on BW were age-dependent. The optimal regression equations,as determined with stepwise regression, were, for 60-dph specimens: BW_(60)=10~((-3.04+0.092 BL+0.014 NP+0.014 NF))( R~2 =0.632); for 80-dph specimens: BW _(80)=10~((-3.035+0.056 BL+0.017 NP+0.02 NF))( R~2 =0.686); for 100-dph specimens:BW_(100) =10~((-3.742+0.069 BL+0. 633*l g( NP)+0. 464*l g( NF)))( R~2 =0.893); and for 130-dph specimens: BW_(130)=10~((-2.472+0.065 BL+0.012 NP))( R~2 =0.774). Our work clarified the correlation between various morphological traits and body weight of a commercially-important sea cucumber species( A. japonicus). Our predictive models for body weight might be useful for the aquaculture and selective breeding of A. japonicus. These models might also provide theoretical support for the indirect selection of traits that are di cult to select directly.
Correlation, multiple regression, and path analyses were used to investigate the relationships between body weight and three other morphological traits in juvenile Japanese sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus. We measured live body weight(BW), body length(BL), numbers of papillae(NP), and numbers of tube feet(NF) at 60, 80, 100, and 130 days post-hatching(dph). We calculated path correlation coe cients, correlation indices( R~2), and coe cients of determination with BW as the dependent variable and the other morphological traits as independent variables. The coe cient of variation for BW was high across all age groups, and all measured morphological traits were significantly correlated( P < 0.01). BL had the greatest direct ef fect on BW across all age groups(60 dph, 0.526; 80 dph, 0.404; 100 dph, 0.620;and 130 dph, 0.681), while NF had the greatest indirect ef fect on BW across all age groups(60 dph, 0.528;80 dph, 0.452; 100 dph, 0.666; and 130 dph, 0.603). Regression analyses between morphological traits and BW indicated that R 2 was greater than 0.85 only in the 100-dph specimens. The indirect ef fects of the other measured morphological traits on BW were age-dependent. The optimal regression equations,as determined with stepwise regression, were, for 60-dph specimens: BW_(60)=10~((-3.04+0.092 BL+0.014 NP+0.014 NF))( R~2 =0.632); for 80-dph specimens: BW _(80)=10~((-3.035+0.056 BL+0.017 NP+0.02 NF))( R~2 =0.686); for 100-dph specimens:BW_(100) =10~((-3.742+0.069 BL+0. 633*lg( NP)+0. 464*l g( NF)))( R~2 =0.893); and for 130-dph specimens: BW_(130)=10~((-2.472+0.065 BL+0.012 NP))( R~2 =0.774). Our work clarified the correlation between various morphological traits and body weight of a commercially-important sea cucumber species( A. japonicus). Our predictive models for body weight might be useful for the aquaculture and selective breeding of A. japonicus. These models might also provide theoretical support for the indirect selection of traits that are di cult to select directly.
Correlation, multiple regression, and path analyses were used to investigate the relationships between body weight and three other morphological traits in juvenile Japanese sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus. We measured live body weight(BW), body length(BL), numbers of papillae(NP), and numbers of tube feet(NF) at 60, 80, 100, and 130 days post-hatching(dph). We calculated path correlation coe cients, correlation indices( R~2), and coe cients of determination with BW as the dependent variable and the other morphological traits as independent variables. The coe cient of variation for BW was high across all age groups, and all measured morphological traits were significantly correlated( P < 0.01). BL had the greatest direct ef fect on BW across all age groups(60 dph, 0.526; 80 dph, 0.404; 100 dph, 0.620;and 130 dph, 0.681), while NF had the greatest indirect ef fect on BW across all age groups(60 dph, 0.528;80 dph, 0.452; 100 dph, 0.666; and 130 dph, 0.603). Regression analyses between morphological traits and BW indicated that R 2 was greater than 0.85 only in the 100-dph specimens. The indirect ef fects of the other measured morphological traits on BW were age-dependent. The optimal regression equations,as determined with stepwise regression, were, for 60-dph specimens: BW_(60)=10~((-3.04+0.092 BL+0.014 NP+0.014 NF))( R~2 =0.632); for 80-dph specimens: BW _(80)=10~((-3.035+0.056 BL+0.017 NP+0.02 NF))( R~2 =0.686); for 100-dph specimens:BW_(100) =10~((-3.742+0.069 BL+0. 633*lg( NP)+0. 464*l g( NF)))( R~2 =0.893); and for 130-dph specimens: BW_(130)=10~((-2.472+0.065 BL+0.012 NP))( R~2 =0.774). Our work clarified the correlation between various morphological traits and body weight of a commercially-important sea cucumber species( A. japonicus). Our predictive models for body weight might be useful for the aquaculture and selective breeding of A. japonicus. These models might also provide theoretical support for the indirect selection of traits that are di cult to select directly.
引文
Bahmani K,Izadi-Darbandi A,Noori S A S,Jafari A A,Moradi N.2012.Determination of interrelationships among phenotypic traits of Iranian fennel(F oeniculum vulgare Mill.)using correlation,stepwise regression and path analyses.Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants,15(3):424-444.
Chang Y Q,Ding J,Song J,Yang W.2004.Biology and Aquaculture of Sea Cucumbers and Sea Urchins.China Ocean Press,Beijing,China.(in Chinese)
Chang Y Q,Feng Z G,Yu J P,Ding J.2009.Genetic variability analysis infive populations of the sea cucumber Stichopus(Apostichopus)japonicus from China,Russia,South Korea and Japan as revealed by microsatellite markers.Marine Ecology,30(4):455-461.
Chang Y Q,Sui X L,Li J.2006.The current situation,problem and prospect on the Apostichopus japonicus aquaculture.Fisheries Science,25(4):198-201.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen S G,Xue C H,Yin L A,Tang Q J,Yu G L,Chai W G.2011.Comparison of structures and anticoagulant activities of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from dif ferent sea cucumbers.Carbohydrate Polymers,83(2):688-696.
Hu Y,Zhou C S,Yu H,Lu R M,Fang J,Tang M,Hu L H.2017.Ef fect of density,size and shelter type on growth and growth coe cient of Apostichopus japonicus in indoor cement pond.Journal of Aquaculture,38(7):10-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Huo Z M,Yan X W,Zhao L Q,Zhang Y H,Yang F,Zhang G F.2010.Ef fects of shell morphological traits on the weight traits of Manila clam(Ruditapes philippinarum).Acta Ecologica Sinica,30(5):251-256.
Jiang S G,Chang Y Q,Tian Y,Song J,Ding J,Zhao C.2009.Crossbreeding of dif ferent populations of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.Journal of Dalian Fisheries University,24(3):247-250.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu C L,Chang Y M,Liang L Q,Hu L H,Liu J L,Chi B J,Wu X G.2011.Correlation and path analyses of phenotypic traits and body mass of transgenic carp with growth hormone gene of salmon.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,22(7):1 893-1 899.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu H Z,Zheng F R,Sun X Q,Hong X G,Dong S L,Wang B,Tang X X,Wang Y Q.2010.Identification of the pathogens associated with skin ulceration and peristome tumescence in cultured sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka).Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,105(3):236-242.
Liu H,Xu Q,Liu S L,Zhang L B,Yang H S.2015.Evaluation of body weight of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus by computer vision.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,33(1):114-120.
Liu R,Wu X,Wang C,Cui L B.2017.Characteristics in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus culture ponds with three dif ferent sediments.Fisheries Science,36(1):29-35.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu X L,Chang Y Q,Xiang J H,Song J,Ding J.2002.Analysis of ef fects of shell size characters on live weight in Chinese scallop Chlamys Farreri.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,33(6):673-678.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu X L,Wu C G,Zhang Z H,Huang H,Li B,Zhang Y F,Sun C B,Xiang J H.2004.Mathematical analysis of ef fects of morphometric attributes on body weight of Penaeus vannamei.Acta Ecologica Sinica,24(4):857-862.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China.2013.China Fishery Statistical Yearbook 2013.China Agriculture Press,Beijing.29pp.(in Chinese)
Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China.2014.China Fishery Statistical Yearbook 2014.China Agriculture Press,Beijing.29pp.(in Chinese)
Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China.2015.China Fishery Statistical Yearbook 2015.China Agriculture Press,Beijing.29pp.(in Chinese)
Purcell S W,Samyn Y,Conand C.2012.Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World.Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World.p2.
Shao Y,Li C H,Zhang W W,Wang Z H,Lv Z M.2016.Thefirst description of complete invertebrate arginine metabolism pathways implies dose-dependent pathogen regulation in Apostichopus japonicus.Scientific Reports,6:23 783.
Song J,Pang Z G,Chang Y Q,Zhao C.2009.The method of inducing Apostichopus japonicus spawning in vivo.CHN:ZL 200910012325.0.(in Chinese)
Song J,Xiao D B,Zhang W J,Chang Y Q,Gong H N.2012.The study of correlativity between Octopus variabilis body measurement and weight traits.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,28(23):118-122.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang H H,Zhang W W,Li C H,Lv Z M,Jin C H.2015.Identification and characterization of a novel Foxo transcription factors in A postichopus japonicus.Fish&Shellfish Immunology,44(1):164-171.
Wang W,Ma C Y,Chen W,Ma H Y,Zhang H,Meng Y Y,Ni Y,Ma L B.2016.Optimization of selective breeding through analysis of morphological traits in Chinese sea bass(Lateolabrax maculatus).Genetics and Molecular Research,15(3),https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr.15038285.
Wei J,Chang Y Q,Nie Z L,Ding J,Song J,Cao X B.2007.The method for accurate measurement of the live body length of Apostichopus japonicus.CHN:CN200710010174.6 Aug 2007.(in Chinese)
Yücel C.2004.Correlation and path coe cient analyses of seed yield components in the Narbon Bean(Vicia narbonensis L.).Turkish Journal of Agriculture&Forestry,28(5):371-376.
Zhang S C,Yang H S,Liu S L,Zhang L B,Ru X S,Xu D X.2015.The influence of genetics factor on key growth traits and quantitative genetic analysis of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)heat-resistant and fastgrowing strain.Aquaculture International,23(1):219-233.
Zhang W J,Chang Y Q,Ding J,Xiao D B,Yu J Y,Zhou H S.2013.Correlation and regression of shell size and weight of Dosinia japonica Reeve.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,44(3):796-800.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang W J,Chang Y Q,Zhao C,Liu P J,Song J.2010.Ef fects of phenotypic traits on gonad traits in sea urchins Strongylocentrotus intermedius.Progress in Fishery Sciences,31(3):49-55.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang W J,Zhao C,Liu X J,Luo SB,Chang Y Q.2011.Evaluation of morphology traits to predict weight traits in the razor clam solen strictus.In:Proceedings of the 20115th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering.IEEE,Wuhan,China.
Zhao L Q,He Y Y,Yang F,Nie H T,Yan X W.2014.Correlation and path analysis of morphological and weight traits in marine gastropod Glossaulax reiniana.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,32(4):821-827.
Zhao Y Y,Zhu X C,Li Z,Jiang Y,Han Z B,Xu W B,Wang SY,Wei H,Dong J,Bai W L,Li X D.2016.Correlation analysis between body weight and morphometric traits of Palaemonetes sinensis.Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,47(6):681-686.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhu L,Li C H,Su X R,Guo C Y,Wang Z,Jin C H,Li Y,Li TW.2013.Identification and assessment of dif ferentially expressed genes involved in growth regulation in Apostichopus japonicus.Genetics and Molecular Research,12(3):3 028-3 037.
Chang Y Q,Ding J,Song J,Yang W.2004.Biology and Aquaculture of Sea Cucumbers and Sea Urchins.China Ocean Press,Beijing,China.(in Chinese)
Chang Y Q,Feng Z G,Yu J P,Ding J.2009.Genetic variability analysis infive populations of the sea cucumber Stichopus(Apostichopus)japonicus from China,Russia,South Korea and Japan as revealed by microsatellite markers.Marine Ecology,30(4):455-461.
Chang Y Q,Sui X L,Li J.2006.The current situation,problem and prospect on the Apostichopus japonicus aquaculture.Fisheries Science,25(4):198-201.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen S G,Xue C H,Yin L A,Tang Q J,Yu G L,Chai W G.2011.Comparison of structures and anticoagulant activities of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from dif ferent sea cucumbers.Carbohydrate Polymers,83(2):688-696.
Hu Y,Zhou C S,Yu H,Lu R M,Fang J,Tang M,Hu L H.2017.Ef fect of density,size and shelter type on growth and growth coe cient of Apostichopus japonicus in indoor cement pond.Journal of Aquaculture,38(7):10-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Huo Z M,Yan X W,Zhao L Q,Zhang Y H,Yang F,Zhang G F.2010.Ef fects of shell morphological traits on the weight traits of Manila clam(Ruditapes philippinarum).Acta Ecologica Sinica,30(5):251-256.
Jiang S G,Chang Y Q,Tian Y,Song J,Ding J,Zhao C.2009.Crossbreeding of dif ferent populations of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.Journal of Dalian Fisheries University,24(3):247-250.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu C L,Chang Y M,Liang L Q,Hu L H,Liu J L,Chi B J,Wu X G.2011.Correlation and path analyses of phenotypic traits and body mass of transgenic carp with growth hormone gene of salmon.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,22(7):1 893-1 899.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu H Z,Zheng F R,Sun X Q,Hong X G,Dong S L,Wang B,Tang X X,Wang Y Q.2010.Identification of the pathogens associated with skin ulceration and peristome tumescence in cultured sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka).Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,105(3):236-242.
Liu H,Xu Q,Liu S L,Zhang L B,Yang H S.2015.Evaluation of body weight of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus by computer vision.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,33(1):114-120.
Liu R,Wu X,Wang C,Cui L B.2017.Characteristics in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus culture ponds with three dif ferent sediments.Fisheries Science,36(1):29-35.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu X L,Chang Y Q,Xiang J H,Song J,Ding J.2002.Analysis of ef fects of shell size characters on live weight in Chinese scallop Chlamys Farreri.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,33(6):673-678.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu X L,Wu C G,Zhang Z H,Huang H,Li B,Zhang Y F,Sun C B,Xiang J H.2004.Mathematical analysis of ef fects of morphometric attributes on body weight of Penaeus vannamei.Acta Ecologica Sinica,24(4):857-862.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China.2013.China Fishery Statistical Yearbook 2013.China Agriculture Press,Beijing.29pp.(in Chinese)
Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China.2014.China Fishery Statistical Yearbook 2014.China Agriculture Press,Beijing.29pp.(in Chinese)
Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China.2015.China Fishery Statistical Yearbook 2015.China Agriculture Press,Beijing.29pp.(in Chinese)
Purcell S W,Samyn Y,Conand C.2012.Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World.Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World.p2.
Shao Y,Li C H,Zhang W W,Wang Z H,Lv Z M.2016.Thefirst description of complete invertebrate arginine metabolism pathways implies dose-dependent pathogen regulation in Apostichopus japonicus.Scientific Reports,6:23 783.
Song J,Pang Z G,Chang Y Q,Zhao C.2009.The method of inducing Apostichopus japonicus spawning in vivo.CHN:ZL 200910012325.0.(in Chinese)
Song J,Xiao D B,Zhang W J,Chang Y Q,Gong H N.2012.The study of correlativity between Octopus variabilis body measurement and weight traits.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,28(23):118-122.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang H H,Zhang W W,Li C H,Lv Z M,Jin C H.2015.Identification and characterization of a novel Foxo transcription factors in A postichopus japonicus.Fish&Shellfish Immunology,44(1):164-171.
Wang W,Ma C Y,Chen W,Ma H Y,Zhang H,Meng Y Y,Ni Y,Ma L B.2016.Optimization of selective breeding through analysis of morphological traits in Chinese sea bass(Lateolabrax maculatus).Genetics and Molecular Research,15(3),https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr.15038285.
Wei J,Chang Y Q,Nie Z L,Ding J,Song J,Cao X B.2007.The method for accurate measurement of the live body length of Apostichopus japonicus.CHN:CN200710010174.6 Aug 2007.(in Chinese)
Yücel C.2004.Correlation and path coe cient analyses of seed yield components in the Narbon Bean(Vicia narbonensis L.).Turkish Journal of Agriculture&Forestry,28(5):371-376.
Zhang S C,Yang H S,Liu S L,Zhang L B,Ru X S,Xu D X.2015.The influence of genetics factor on key growth traits and quantitative genetic analysis of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)heat-resistant and fastgrowing strain.Aquaculture International,23(1):219-233.
Zhang W J,Chang Y Q,Ding J,Xiao D B,Yu J Y,Zhou H S.2013.Correlation and regression of shell size and weight of Dosinia japonica Reeve.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,44(3):796-800.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang W J,Chang Y Q,Zhao C,Liu P J,Song J.2010.Ef fects of phenotypic traits on gonad traits in sea urchins Strongylocentrotus intermedius.Progress in Fishery Sciences,31(3):49-55.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang W J,Zhao C,Liu X J,Luo SB,Chang Y Q.2011.Evaluation of morphology traits to predict weight traits in the razor clam solen strictus.In:Proceedings of the 20115th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering.IEEE,Wuhan,China.
Zhao L Q,He Y Y,Yang F,Nie H T,Yan X W.2014.Correlation and path analysis of morphological and weight traits in marine gastropod Glossaulax reiniana.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,32(4):821-827.
Zhao Y Y,Zhu X C,Li Z,Jiang Y,Han Z B,Xu W B,Wang SY,Wei H,Dong J,Bai W L,Li X D.2016.Correlation analysis between body weight and morphometric traits of Palaemonetes sinensis.Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,47(6):681-686.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhu L,Li C H,Su X R,Guo C Y,Wang Z,Jin C H,Li Y,Li TW.2013.Identification and assessment of dif ferentially expressed genes involved in growth regulation in Apostichopus japonicus.Genetics and Molecular Research,12(3):3 028-3 037.
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